Used Klockner Wood Shredder for sale (7,162)

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Demonstration unit with 7 operating hours immediately available (ex works Neckartailfingen) Shredder MRZ 830 Commodity code: 84659600 Year of manufacture: 2023 Infeed opening 800x1000 mm Motor: 22 kW; 400 V - 50 Hz - 3 phase Blades: multiple-rotation hydraulically actuated slide Njdpov Sqrpsfx Ab Uewl Screen size selectable (10 - 40 mm) Weight approx. 1,600 kg Dimensions (l x w x h) approx. 2290 x 1420 x 1750 mm Turbo coupling Standard equipment includes: - automatic star/delta start - fast hydraulics - auto. OFF when rotor is idling - speed 70-90 rpm for high throughput - cycle control to avoid idle times - performance-enhancing step control of the hydraulic slide - Pertinax guides for hydraulic slide - vibration-dampening machine feet - CE compliant The shredder is designed for shredding natural wood, chipboard, and MDF, as well as other materials after testing and approval by the manufacturer. Included: - Shredder raised by 30 cm (preparation for conveyor belt) Additional shredder options: - Articulating conveyor belt + €8,770 net Horizontal section: 1200 mm Inclined section: 2500 mm Angle: adjustable from 0-60 degrees Discharge height: approx. 2000 mm + - 100 mm - Overband magnet + €6,780 net - Control for conveyor belt and overband magnet + €2,750 net (Start and stop synchronized with the shredder) Requirements for the raw material: - The moisture content (as received) must be below 30%, - Metals and mineral contaminants such as sand, stones, etc. lead to increased wear.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, production time appr. 4 months * for suction perception, see picture 4 and 5 Tariff number: 84659600 Main motor: 55 kW; 400 V - 50 Hz - 3 ph including turbo coupling, Hydraulic motor: 2.2 kW, 400 V - 50 Hz - 3ph Knife: 76 pieces, rotatable Knife size: 35 x 35 x 20 mm Rotor diameter: 360 mm Control: PLC Siemens S7-1200 Funnel opening approx. 1530 x 1235 mm Hopper volume approx. 2.5 square meters hydraulically operated slide Screen perforation: 10 - 30 mm Extraction nozzle Ø 200 mm Weight approx. 4,500 kg Dimensions (lxwxh) approx. 2765 x 2520 x 1730 mm Turbo coupling Nwsdpfxjd Hkqhj Ab Uol Included as standard: - V-rotor for other throughput - 2nd row of knives on the rotor - Control cabinet with Siemens PLC control - automatic star / delta start - fast hydraulics - Automobile. OFF when the rotor is idling - Speed ​​70-90 rpm for high throughput - Clock control to avoid idle times - Performance-increasing step control of the hydraulic slide - Pertinax guides for hydraulic slides - anti-vibration machine feet - CE conformity The shredder is for shredding natural wood, chipboard and MDF board other materials after testing and approval by the manufacturer Recognition from the raw material: - The moisture content (atro) must be below 30% - Metals and mineral impurities such as sand, stones, etc. Interests to interests wear

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2023, operating hours: 111 h, functionality: fully functional, power: 22 kW (29.91 HP), overall weight: 4,000 kg, The PS1600 was designed for shredding pallets into high-quality wood chips. - Recycling of pallets into high-quality wood chips - Significant space saving by eliminating the need for disposal sites - No disposal costs - Simple and safe operation Details Technical data Machine type: PS1600 Operating hours: 111 h Year of manufacture: 03/2023 Cutting unit opening: 284 x 1,588 mm Drive description: Belt drive with a 2-stage gearbox and elastomer damper Drive power: 22 kW Rotor speed: 53 rpm Energy efficiency class: IE3 Voltage / frequency: 400 V / 50 Hz Cutting system: Rotor Feed table with infeed belt and infeed roller Speed control of the infeed rollers Design: Smooth Rotor diameter: 300 mm Number of knife rows: 1 Number of cutting tools: 43 Perforated screen: 70 x 40 mm with chip breaker Color / paint Nwjdpfxozntu Ue Ab Usl Machine: Gray Covers: Gold yellow Control cabinet Control: Siemens LOGO control Color: Light gray Dimensions and weight Machine dimensions: l x w x h 4660 x 2320 x 2030 mm Total weight: 4 t Accessories Discharge screw: 3000 mm Trough chain conveyor 45°: 4000 mm Downpipe: 1000 mm Light barrier in the chip area OPTIONAL on request: Magnetic separator

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, ♻ Universal use (diverse wood, pallets with nails and pins, particle boards, waste and scraps, veneer, MDF plates, cardboard boxes, plastics, textile etc.) ♻ A shredding system integrated with a conveyor and magnetic separator offers a comprehensive solution for material processing and purification. ♻ The system consists of a powerful shredder capable of breaking down various materials, a conveyor which helps to evenly distribute the shredded material, ensuring a steady flow for further processing or disposal and a magnetic separator that efficiently removes ferrous or magnetic particles from the mixture, enhancing material purity and preventing equipment damage. Technical data: Shredder: Nwodpfxstpwlre Ab Ujl ✔ Power: 30 kW ✔ Shaft length: 870 mm ✔ Shaft diameter: 270 mm ✔ Shaft RPM: 80-120 rpm ✔ Number of cutting knives: 38 ✔ Granulation: 10-50 mm ✔ Capacity: up to 8 m3/h* ✔ Filling opening: 2031 x 1565 mm ✔ Weight: 2450 kg Z conveyor: ✔ Frequency converter (adjustment of conveyor speed) ✔ Overband magnetic separator ✔ Length: 6500 mm ✔ Width: 350 mm ✔ Capacity: 0,5 kg/s ✔ Power 0,25 kW ✔ Transport wheels 1 years warranty or 1000 working hours

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, ♻ Universal use (diverse wood, pallets with nails and pins, particle boards, waste and scraps, veneer, MDF plates, cardboard boxes, plastics, textile etc.) ♻ A shredding system integrated with a conveyor and magnetic separator offers a comprehensive solution for material processing and purification. ♻ The system consists of a powerful shredder capable of breaking down various materials, a conveyor which helps to evenly distribute the shredded material, ensuring a steady flow for further processing or disposal and a magnetic separator that efficiently removes ferrous or magnetic particles from the mixture, enhancing material purity and preventing equipment damage. Technical data: Shredder: ✔ Power: 22 kW ✔ Shaft length: 650 mm ✔ Shaft diameter: 270 mm ✔ Shaft RPM: 80-120 rpm ✔ Number of cutting knives: 28 ✔ Granulation: 10-50 mm ✔ Capacity: up to 5 m3/h* ✔ Filling opening: 1446 x 1342 mm ✔ Weight: 1750 kg Z conveyor: Nwodpfxjtpvdhe Ab Usl ✔ Frequency converter (adjustment of conveyor speed) ✔ Overband magnetic separator ✔ Length: 6500 mm ✔ Width: 350 mm ✔ Capacity: 0,5 kg/s ✔ Power 0,25 kW ✔ Transport wheels 1 years warranty or 1000 working hours

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, ♻ Universal use (diverse wood, pallets with nails and pins, particle boards, waste and scraps, veneer, MDF plates, cardboard boxes, plastics, textile etc.) ♻ A shredding system integrated with a conveyor and magnetic separator offers a comprehensive solution for material processing and purification. ♻ The system consists of a powerful shredder capable of breaking down various materials, a conveyor which helps to evenly distribute the shredded material, ensuring a steady flow for further processing or disposal and a magnetic separator that efficiently removes ferrous or magnetic particles from the mixture, enhancing material purity and preventing equipment damage. Technical data: Nwodpfx Aotpwh Sjb Uel Shredder: ✔ Power: 30 kW ✔ Shaft length: 870 mm ✔ Shaft diameter: 270 mm ✔ Shaft RPM: 80-120 rpm ✔ Number of cutting knives: 2x19 ✔ Granulation: 10-50 mm ✔ Capacity: up to 7 m3/h* ✔ Filling opening: 1446 x 1565 mm ✔ Weight: 2050 kg Z conveyor: ✔ Frequency converter (adjustment of conveyor speed) ✔ Overband magnetic separator ✔ Length: 6500 mm ✔ Width: 350 mm ✔ Capacity: 0,5 kg/s ✔ Power 0,25 kW ✔ Transport wheels 1 years warranty or 1000 working hours

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2026, operating hours: 18 h, functionality: fully functional, power: 15 kW (20.39 HP), REUSER SD600 Industrial Shredder – Demo Machine with Less Than 20 Operating Hours Economically shred residual wood instead of disposing of it at high costs. Are you looking for a reliable solution for processing wood waste, cut-offs, pallets, chipboard, or other wood residues? With the REUSER SD600, you get a powerful industrial shredder in a robust, professional design – ideal for carpentry shops, joineries, timber construction companies, pallet manufacturers, sawmills, and recycling companies. Demo Machine – Almost Like New This unit is a demo machine with fewer than 20 operating hours. The machine was only used for a few weeks at a customer's site. The customer then decided to opt for a larger machine model. Take advantage of this opportunity now and secure this almost-new machine at a significant price advantage compared to a new machine. Your Advantages ✔ Demo machine with less than 20 operating hours ✔ Immediately available – no long delivery times ✔ Technically inspected and ready for immediate use ✔ Significant price advantage compared to a new machine ✔ Robust industrial design ✔ 12 months warranty ✔ Inspection and demonstration possible at any time Ideally suited for: Carpentry shops Joineries Timber construction companies Sawmills Pallet manufacturers Furniture industry Plastic processors Recycling companies Disposal companies Suitable for: Nwsdeznuhvjpfx Ab Ujl ✓ Solid wood ✓ Chipboard ✓ MDF ✓ OSB ✓ Pallets ✓ Wood waste ✓ Cut-offs ✓ Plastics ✓ Packaging materials

Condition: used, Technical specifications: For shredding wood waste. Nwodeziac Iepfx Ab Uel Inlet dimensions: 760x880 mm Outlet dimensions for shredded wood: 200x200 mm Safety switch Engine power: 11 kW Power supply: 400 V Overall dimensions: Length: 1200 mm Width: 1000 mm Height: 1900 mm

Condition: excellent (used), Weima WL6 wood chipper 18.5kW engine Nwedpfx Abjzkqnqe Ujl rotor length 800mm, 21 knives on the rotor, hydraulic hopper, automatic reverse function 15mm screen at the bottom and 20mm screen at the top Machine has undergone inspection, in very good condition Weight approximately 1500kg

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2020, Powerful hacker or shredder with 45 kW motor, also suitable for plastic. Rotor width: 1000 mm, rotor diameter: 360 mm, approximately 50–60 blades on the rotor. Inclined conveyor belt with magnetic roller available separately. Nsdpfx Aew Tdudjb Uewl

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), functionality: fully functional, power: 22 kW (29.91 HP), color: yellow, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, rotational speed (max.): 98 rpm, rotor diameter: 300 mm, The LR1000 is particularly distinguished by its high reliability and excellent performance. The most well-known models of the LR series are particularly popular for demanding applications where high throughput is required. Further technical data: Cutting head opening: 1000x1050 mm Hopper volume: approx. 1000 liters Drive power, conveyor screw: 0.55 kW Elastic belt drive Drive power, hydraulics: 1.1 kW Dimensions: 1761 x 1630 x 1704 mm Gearbox Design: 2-stage spur gear gearbox in an oil bath for low maintenance Cutting head Number of cutting tools: 27 Optional equipment Machine housing in a 45° design Nwsdpfjzmh Efex Ab Usl Extension of the conveyor screw channel by 400 mm with downward discharge for LR1000 with 25 mm perforated screen 4x adjustable machine feet for LR1000 with vibration dampers Light barrier in the lower machine housing 1x control element, external, with start/stop and emergency stop buttons 2x emergency stop contacts including relay Industrial horn 230 V AC

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, power: 15 kW (20.39 HP), overall weight: 1,250 kg, fuel type: electric, For sale is a ROBUST REUSER SD 600 industrial shredder in like-new condition. The machine comes from an exhibition and has not been used in production. It has no operating hours and is therefore offered as a new machine from an exhibition. The SD 600 is a compact and powerful shredder for various materials, such as wood, plastic, cardboard, paper, and electrical cables. Thanks to the PLC control, automatic operation, and robust cutting unit, the machine is ideal for craft, recycling, and industrial businesses. Technical data: Model: ROBUST REUSER SD 600 Condition: New machine / Exhibition machine Operating hours: 0 Motor power: 15 kW Operating voltage: 400 V Frequency: 50 Hz Fuse rating: 40 A gG / 50 A D Weight: approx. 1,250 kg Dimensions L × W × H: 1.88 × 1.12 × 1.67 m Rotor diameter: 222 mm Rotor length: 550 mm Rotor speed: 80–120 rpm Number of cutting blades: 14 Size of the feed opening: 946 × 567 mm Granulate size: approx. 10–30 mm Capacity: up to 2.5 m³ per hour HOLE SIEVE HARDOX 450 (30mm) The actual throughput and granulate size depend on the material used and the size of the sieve openings. Features and advantages PLC control included Suction connection Ø 160 mm included Fully automatic operation Hardened blades with four usable cutting edges Robust sieve made of HARDOX Protected hydraulic system Star-delta motor control Quiet and energy-efficient operation Compact and robust design Easy installation Low maintenance requirements We offer the following warranty on the machine: 12 months or up to 1,000 operating hours, whichever comes first. The machine is available immediately. Inspection and further information are available by prior arrangement. Nedpszl A I Esfx Ab Uewl The stated selling price is a net price. The statutory value-added tax will be added and shown separately on the invoice. Sale subject to prior sale and errors.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2024, power: 18.5 kW (25.15 HP), We offer for sale a high-quality ROBUST SD 60 industrial shredder, designed for efficient processing of wood waste, offcuts, and production residues. The machine is a modern unit (year 2024) and represents a reliable solution for recycling and size reduction in woodworking operations. Key Features & Benefits Manufacturer: ROBUST d.o.o. Model: SD 60 Year of manufacture: 2024 Universal shredder for wood waste and industrial materials Compact design with high performance Robust construction for continuous operation Adjustable output size via screen system Nwjdozgtnlspfx Ab Uol Technical Specifications Rotor & Cutting System Rotor diameter: 260 mm Rotor working length: 549 mm Rotor speed: 80–120 rpm Number of knives: 14 pcs Material Input Infeed opening: approx. 939 × 567 mm Infeed hopper volume: approx. 0.4 m³ Output & Processing Screen size: 30 mm Output capacity: approx. 500 kg/h (beech offcuts) (depending on material type and screen size) Drive & Power Main motor power: 15 / 18.5 kW Hydraulic motor: 0.75 kW Voltage: 400 V Frequency: 50 Hz Required fusing: min. 32 A Dimensions & Weight Machine dimensions: approx. 1.88 × 1.12 × 1.67 m Weight: approx. 1,250 kg Condition & Equipment Condition: Good Modern machine (2024) Applications Wood waste processing Chips and offcuts shredding Recycling of production residues Suitable for joinery workshops and industrial plants Machine available immediately

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2010, functionality: fully functional, Industrial WEIMA extraction and briquetting setup removed from a working environment. Used from new by the same company and regularly serviced/maintained. Includes: WEIMA TH 520 extraction/filter unit WEIMA WL8 shredder Briquette press Blower system Control cabinet Associated ducting/pipework Model: TH 520 Year: 06/2010 400V 3 Phase 7.5kW 50Hz Weight: approx 1.2 tonne Joinery workshops Furniture manufacturing MDF/wood waste processing Recycling operations Biomass fuel production System is currently operational and can be demonstrated working. Buyer responsible for removal/transport. Located: South Wales Message for more details, viewing or video walkthrough. Open to offers Nwjdezgclaopfx Ab Usl

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 4,500 kg, LAIMET HS28 screw-type shredder in very good condition. Maximum diameter: 28 cm. Motor power: 250 kW. Capacity: 150-200 m3/hour. Nwedpfx Aozd Rwfjb Usl

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, REINBOLD CRUSHER, AZR 800, 22 kW Njdpfxezmiaqs Ab Ujwl Rotor, D.252 40 round blades.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, ♻ P series pre-shredders with high quality cutters and low rotation speed for a lower energy consumption and maximum productivity. Perfect shape and design for shredding wood pallets, plastics, styrofoam or similar materials. ✔ Power: 1 x 5,5kW + 1 x 9,2 kW ✔ Shaft length: 1580 mm ✔ Shaft diameter: 355 mm ✔ Shaft RPM: 5,3/10,3 rpm ✔ Number of cutting knives: 12/12 ✔ Granulation: - ✔ Capacity: up to 60 pcs./h ✔ Material discharge opening: - ✔ Material: Pallets, styrofoam, electronic waste, plastics, wood,... ✔ Filling opening: 1560 x 800 mm ✔ Dimensions L/W/H: 3,45/1,08/0,51 m ✔ Weight: 1400 kg Without mounting components and hopper Nwedpfx Absic U Dfs Uol 2 years warranty or 2000 working hours

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, ♻ The MONSTER is a hybrid machine with two shaft PRE- SHREDDER P150 TWIN (with two reduction gearboxes) combined with one shaft SHREDDER SD90XL for efficient shredding of various types of pallets, styroform, plastic, waste, scrap and electrical devices. ✔ Power: 30 kW + 1x 5,5 kW-9,2 kW (shredder + pre-shredder) ✔ Shaft length: 870 mm + 1580 mm (shredder + pre-shredder) ✔ Shaft diameter: 270 mm + 355 mm (shredder + pre-shredder) ✔ Shaft RPM: 80-120 + 5,3-10,3 rpm (shredder + pre-shredder) ✔ Number of cutting knives: 2x19 + 12/12 (shredder + pre-shredder) ✔ Granulation: 10-50 mm ✔ Capacity: up to 60 pallets/h* Nwsdpshwwpljfx Ab Uol ✔ Material: Pallets, styrofoam, electronic waste, plastics, wood,... ✔ Filling opening: 2072 x 1070 mm ✔ Dimensions L/W/H: 3,73/1,78/2,67 m ✔ Weight: 4200 kg 2 years warranty or 2000 working hours

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, ♻ Universal use (diverse wood, pallets with nails and pins, particle boards, waste and scraps, veneer, MDF plates, cardboard boxes, plastics, textile etc.) ✔ Power: 22 kW Nsdpfx Aehwwpzjb Uswl ✔ Shaft length: 650 mm ✔ Shaft diameter: 270 mm ✔ Shaft RPM: 80-120 rpm ✔ Number of cutting knives: 2x14 ✔ Granulation: 10-50 mm ✔ Capacity: up to 5 m3/h* ✔ Material discharge opening: 160 mm ✔ Filling opening: 1446 x 1342 mm ✔ Dimensions L/W/H: 1,92/1,55/1,79 m ✔ Weight: 1750 kg 2 years warranty or 2000 working hours

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, ♻ Universal use (diverse wood, pallets with nails and pins, particle boards, waste and scraps, veneer, MDF plates, cardboard boxes, plastics, textile etc.) ✔ Power: 18,5 kW ✔ Shaft length: 550 mm ✔ Shaft diameter: 260 mm ✔ Shaft RPM: 80-120 rpm ✔ Number of cutting knives: 14 ✔ Granulation: 10-30 mm ✔ Capacity: up to 4 m3/h* ✔ Material discharge opening: 160 mm ✔ Material: Plastics, cardboard, wood (chipboards, MDF boards, waste,...) ✔ Filling opening: 939 x 567 mm ✔ Dimensions L/W/H: 1,88/1,12/1,67 m ✔ Weight: 1250 kg Nwodpoiq U A Sofx Ab Uol 2 years warranty or 2000 working hours

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, ♻ The model SD 45 is characterized by a low power connectivity, high productivity, ease to use with a long warranty period. ✔ Power: 15 kW ✔ Shaft length: 430 mm ✔ Shaft diameter: 160 mm ✔ Shaft RPM: 265 rpm ✔ Number of cutting knives: 15 ✔ Granulation: 10-50 mm ✔ Capacity: up to 1,5 m3/h* ✔ Material discharge opening: 152 mm ✔ Material: Plastics, cardboard, wood (chipboards, MDF boards, etc.) ✔ Filling opening: 620x430 mm Njdpfx Absic U Dij Uowl ✔ Dimensions L/W/H: 0,95/1,08/1,91 m ✔ Weight: 920 kg 4 years warranty or 2000 working hours

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, ♻ Universal use (diverse wood, pallets with nails and pins, particle boards, waste and scraps, veneer, MDF plates, cardboard boxes, plastics, textile etc.) ✔ Power: 30 kW ✔ Shaft length: 870 mm ✔ Shaft diameter: 270 mm ✔ Shaft RPM: 80-120 rpm ✔ Number of cutting knives: 2x19 Nwedpfoiq U D Esx Ab Uel ✔ Granulation: 10-50 mm ✔ Capacity: up to 7 m3/h* ✔ Material discharge opening: 200 mm ✔ Filling opening: 1446 x 1565 mm ✔ Dimensions L/W/H: 2,15/1,97/2,04 m ✔ Weight: 2050 kg 2 years warranty or 2000 working hours

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, ♻ Universal use (diverse wood, pallets with nails and pins, particle boards, waste and scraps, veneer, MDF plates, cardboard boxes, plastics, textile etc.) ✔ Power: 30 kW ✔ Shaft length: 870 mm ✔ Shaft diameter: 270 mm Nwedpjiq U Ayefx Ab Usl ✔ Shaft RPM: 80-120 rpm ✔ Number of cutting knives: 38 ✔ Granulation: 10-50 mm ✔ Capacity: up to 8 m3/h* ✔ Filling opening: 2031 x 1565 mm ✔ Dimensions L/W/H: 3,21/1,97/2,04 m ✔ Weight: 2450 kg 2 years warranty or 2000 working hours

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, ♻ Universal use (diverse wood, pallets with nails and pins, particle boards, waste and scraps, veneer, MDF plates, cardboard boxes, plastics, textile etc.) ✔ Power: 18,5 kW ✔ Shaft length: 870 mm ✔ Shaft diameter: 270 mm ✔ Shaft RPM: 80-120 rpm ✔ Number of cutting knives: 2x19 Nwedpfx Aehzlr Ieb Ujl ✔ Granulation: 10-50 mm ✔ Capacity: up to 7 m3/h* ✔ Material discharge opening: 200 mm ✔ Filling opening: 1446 x 1565 mm ✔ Dimensions L/W/H: 2,15/1,97/2,04 m ✔ Weight: 2050 kg 2 years warranty or 2000 working hours

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Delivery time approx. 3-4 months Shredder MRZ 830 Commodity code: 84659600 Feed opening 800x1000 mm Motor: 18.5/22 kW; 400 V - 50 Hz - 3-phase Blades: multiple, rotatable Hydraulically operated slide Screen opening as desired (10 - 40 mm) Suction nozzle Ø 200 mm Weight approx. 1,600 kg Dimensions (l x w x h) approx. 2290 x 1420 x 1750 mm Turbo coupling Standard features include: - Automatic star/delta starter - Fast hydraulics - Auto. OFF when the rotor is idle - Speed 70-90 rpm for high throughput Noded Dgw Uspfx Ab Uewl - Cycle control to avoid idle times - Performance-enhancing stepped control of the hydraulic slide - Pertinax guides for the hydraulic slide - Vibration-damping machine feet - CE compliant The shredder is designed for shredding untreated wood, chipboard and MDF boards, and other materials after testing and approval by the manufacturer. Additional shredder options: - Raise shredder by 30 cm (preparation for conveyor belt) + €2,140 net - Articulating conveyor belt + €8,770 net Horizontal section: 1200 mm Rising section: 2500 mm Angle: adjustable from 0-60 degrees Discharge height: approx. 2000 mm + - 100 mm - Over-band magnet + €5,980 net - Control system for conveyor belt and over-band magnet + €2,750 net (Start and stop synchronized with the shredder) Requirements for the raw material: - Moisture content (as received) must be below 30% - Installation temperature: temperature-controlled room at a minimum of +5°C - Metals and mineral contaminants such as sand, stones, etc. will lead to increased wear.