Used Rigo All Models for sale (36,164)

Condition: used, Kompleksowo przetestowany, używany mieszalnik lemieszowy produkcji Winkworth (Anglia) model RT400 wykonany ze stali kwasoodpornej AISI 316. Materiał: stal kwasoodpornej AISI 316 Pojemność robocza: 400 litrów (w zależności od produktu) Wymiary komory mieszającej: długość 1300 mm x średnica 800 mm Typ rozładunku: zawór klapowy pneumatyczny, umieszczony centralnie na spodzie Mieszadło: szybkoobrotowy wał z przyspawanymi łopatami w kształcie "T" Silnik: napęd produkcji SEW z silnikiem elektrycznym o mocy 22 kW Dodatkowe wyposażenie: - 1 boczne mieszadło intensywne (chopper - Refiner) napędzane bezpośrednio silnikiem elektrycznym o mocy 7,5 kW, możliwość podłączenia drugiego mieszadła Poniżej dostępny jest link do filmu ukazujący mieszalnik podczas testowego uruchomienia: Specifications: Bowl Volume: 105.7 gal Motor Power: 22 kW Material Of Construction: Stainless Steel Ksdpfx Ajykn Shefdenb Choppers (Y/N): Y Number Of Choppers (1-10): 1 Horsepower Of Choppers: 10.057 Vacuum Internal (Y/N): N Jacket (Y/N): N Dimensions: 1300mm Long x 800mm Diameter

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, Drying and Burn-in Furnace TRO, Model I Knjdpfed I T Exsx Afdeb For drying racks with max. 50rods, useable size 60x90cm, outer dimensions: approx. 2290mm wide x 1390mm deep x 2230mm high, useable space: approx. 1400x1070x1660cm. Suitable for vaporisation of low amounts of solvent, authorised for inks and solvents up to hazard class A II, according to safety requirements DIN EN 1539. Equipped with control of the minimum exhaust volume and a heating system in regard to the exceedance of the max. temperature. Fixing and drying temperature: up to max. 180°C. Power connection: 400V/50Hz, 21kW, weight: approx. 650kg, varnishing: corps RAL 7035 (light grey), doors RAL 7037 (dust grey). Special varnishing upon request. Chamber dryer, all-steel construction, with good thermal insulation. Simple insertion of drying racks by means of easy-to-open wing doors. The air is sucked out of the drying chamber by ventilators, is blown through thermostat-controlled heating registers and re-fed temperature-controlled to the drying chamber. The solvents released during the drying process are dissipated from the exhaust side of the ventilator while supply air gets into the drying chamber. The horizontal air guide in the drying chamber guarantees an even temperature control. The required temperature can easile adjusted via actual and nominal value thermostat. Overheating protection by safety thermostat. Particularly suitable for fixing and drying of textile inks, flock glues as well as for burning-in of plate and aluminium signs up to 180°C. - Various drying racks for different applications available. - We recommend the installation of a gas warning unit. Delivery time 10-12 weeks. ATTENTION: Not permitted for solvents! Not permitted for foods!

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, power: 7.5 kW (10.20 HP), Batch ball mills find applications in various industries where the processing of materials in discrete batches is required. The versatility of batch ball mills makes them suitable for a range of applications. Here are some common batch ball mill applications: 1. Ceramics Industry: - *Glaze Preparation:* Batch ball mills are extensively used in the ceramics industry for preparing glazes. Raw materials such as feldspar, quartz, and clay are ground with ceramic balls to achieve the desired particle size for glaze formulation. 2. Chemical Industry: - *Material Grinding:* Batch ball mills are used for grinding and blending various chemical materials. This includes the production of pigments, dyes, and other specialty chemicals where precise particle size control is crucial. 3. Pharmaceuticals: - *Drug Formulation:* In pharmaceutical manufacturing, batch ball mills are used for grinding and blending powders to create drug formulations. The controlled environment provided by these mills is essential for maintaining the integrity of pharmaceutical compounds. 4. Food Industry: - *Ingredient Mixing:* Batch ball mills may find application in the food industry for mixing and grinding ingredients. This can include the production of food additives, flavorings, and other powdered or granular products. Knodpfoq I N H Nex Afdob 5. Mining and Minerals Processing: - *Ore Grinding:* Batch ball mills are used in mining and minerals processing for grinding minerals and ores. The controlled grinding helps in obtaining the desired particle size for subsequent processes, such as mineral separation or extraction. 6. Paints and Coatings: - *Pigment Dispersion:* In the paints and coatings industry, batch ball mills are employed for dispersing pigments into paint formulations. Achieving a uniform particle size is crucial for the quality and appearance of the final coating. 7. Building Materials: - *Raw Material Grinding:* Batch ball mills are used in the preparation of raw materials for the production of building materials, such as cement and concrete. Grinding of materials like limestone and clay helps in obtaining the desired fineness for subsequent processes. 8. Electronic Materials: - *Ceramic Powder Processing:* In the electronics industry, batch ball mills can be employed for processing ceramic powders used in the production of electronic components and insulating materials. 9. Research and Development: - *Material Testing:* Batch ball mills are often used in research and development laboratories for testing and optimizing material formulations. They provide a controlled environment for small-scale processing and experimentation. 10. Customized Applications: - *Specialized Processes:* Batch ball mills can be adapted for various specialized processes in different industries where precise grinding and mixing are required. Custom modifications can be made based on specific application requirements. When using a batch ball mill, it's important to consider factors such as the type of material being processed, desired particle size, and the specific requirements of the end product. Additionally, following the manufacturer's guidelines and maintaining proper operating conditions are essential for efficient and effective milling processes. Technical details We have different options for different requirements, please contact our team for more info.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, power: 300 kW (407.89 HP), Ball Mill for Mining & Fine Powder Making: A ball mill is a fundamental grinding device widely used in mining, metallurgy, cement, and chemical industries. It is designed to grind ores and other materials into fine powder through impact and attrition between steel balls and the material inside a rotating cylindrical shell. In mining plants, ball mills are essential for ore beneficiation, while in powder-making industries, they ensure uniform particle size and high surface area for further processing. Working Principle The ball mill operates on the principle of impact and friction. As the cylindrical shell rotates around its horizontal axis, the grinding media—usually steel or ceramic balls—are lifted along the inner wall by centrifugal force and friction. When they reach a certain height, they fall freely, striking and grinding the material below. This repeated motion breaks down the material into fine particles. The process can be carried out in dry or wet conditions depending on the application. Structural Composition A standard ball mill consists of several main components: Feeding part: Ensures uniform material input through a feeder or screw conveyor. Discharging part: Can be grate type or overflow type, depending on the discharge method. Rotating part: The cylindrical shell made of steel plates, lined with wear-resistant liners. Transmission system: Includes motor, reducer, small transmission gear, and electrical control. Grinding media: Steel or ceramic balls of various diameters for efficient grinding. The internal liner design and ball size distribution are optimized to achieve maximum grinding efficiency and minimal energy consumption. Technical Details/Typical Specifications: Feeding size: ≤25 mm Discharge size: 0.074–0.4 mm Capacity: 0.65–615 t/h (depending on model and material hardness) Cylinder speed: 18–38 r/min Kodpfxjq Ngafj Afdonb Power: 18.5–4500 kW Liner material: High manganese steel, rubber, or alloy steel Grinding media load: 30–45% of cylinder volume Operating Modes: Dry grinding: Used for materials that must remain moisture-free, such as cement clinker, limestone, and quartz. Wet grinding: Common in ore beneficiation, where water or slurry improves grinding efficiency and particle uniformity. Application in Mining and Powder Production In mining operations, ball mills are used after crushing to further reduce ore size and liberate valuable minerals. They are integrated into grinding circuits with classifiers, hydrocyclones, and flotation systems. The ground material is classified by size, and oversized particles are returned to the mill for regrinding. This closed-circuit system ensures consistent product fineness and efficient energy use. In fine powder production, ball mills are used to produce materials such as silicate, ceramic powder, refractory materials, and chemical raw materials. The uniform particle size achieved by ball milling enhances product quality and performance in downstream applications. Conclusion A ball mill is an indispensable piece of equipment for both mining and fine powder making. Its ability to grind materials into fine, uniform particles makes it vital for ore beneficiation and industrial powder production. With flexible configurations, high efficiency, and reliable operation, modern ball mills provide a cost-effective and energy-efficient solution for large-scale grinding, ensuring consistent quality and productivity across diverse applications.

Year of construction: 2026, condition: new, Josan & Sons ‼️Net price: €42,000‼️ We also offer leasing and financing options. Feel free to ask us. We have shredders and other recycling machines in stock in Heilbronn for all types of recycling! From copper recycling to plastic recycling, you can purchase all the machines you need from us. Feel free to ask us. You can also watch videos on our website. Two-shaft shredder 80 cm shaft width Knsdpfjp E Egpsx Afdjb 2 motors, 18.5 kW each Very powerful shredder for tires, steel, wood, cables, plastics, etc. – a universal shredder. Robust, durable – quality guaranteed by Josan. Net price: €42,000.00 +19% VAT: €7,980.00 Gross price: €49,980.00 Subject to errors. Images/price may vary.

Condition: good (used), machine/vehicle number: 2212 0030, turning height: 1,150 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 4,000 kg, power: 0.037 kW (0.05 HP), TOS Vertical Lathe model SK 12 A, 37Kw Skoda main motor, plate diameter 1250mm, maximum diameter to be turned on the right carriage 1540mm, working height 1100mm, maximum weight of the part to be turned 4000kg, 1 carriage with 3-position turret, 1 vertical carriage with 45º inclination, includes the display of the degree inclination, weight of the lathe 20 tns, Knjdpfx Ajqnwqzefdjb

Condition: good (used), HOT PRESS model SIMI 4LP second hand machine plates useful size mm. 2500 x 1300 n.04 pistons diam.mm. 80 max. thrust Ton. 60 specific pressure max. kg.2 / cm2 opening mm. 320 hot water plates heating via wood boiler (optional) weight kgs. 3000 Kjdpfx Aom Ud Dfjfdjnb

Year of construction: 2026, condition: new, ceramic ball mill ,Batch ball mill ,also called ceramic ball mill ,it is used for fine grinding of feldspar,quartz,clay,ore and so on.The ceramic ball mill is mainly used for material mixing, grinding,uniform product fineness,and saving power.It can be dry or wet.The machine can use different liner types according to production needs to meet different needs.The fineness of the grinding operation is controlled by the grinding time ceramic ball mill Working principle when ball mill working,steel balls inside drum will rotate with the drum to some height,and then steel balls fall down with materials to reach the point of grinding. Working Principle of Ceramic ball mill ceramic ball mill ,Intermittent ball mill grinding operation is finished in the cylinder body. When the cylinder rotates, materials ascend to a certain height and then fall along a certain path due to the balls' gravity. Two forces are generated on the balls inside. One is the force on balls through tangent direction; the other is a opposite force in the contrast to the diameter of balls, as a result of the force generated when the balls slide down. These two forces will constitute a couple for the steel balls. The balls are squeezed between the cylinder and the adjacent steel balls, so the couple can make unequal-sized friction force. The balls will orbit along with the cylinder axis and then fall down, which can produce a strong impact force on the ores in the cylinder body and, as a result, the ores will be crushed. In conclusion, the ores in the cylinder body are mainly crushed by composite effect of peeling force, impact force and extrusion force. Kjdevzx Auspfx Afdonb Ceramic ball mill also named Intermittent ball mill which adopts the wet intermittent operation, is used for fine grinding and mixing the material such as feldspar, quartz, clay ceramic raw materials. The discharging and the mud size can through through 1000 sieve pore. This machine is high milling machinery, materials should be Broken in the fineness of the state into the grinding mill to get the highest efficiency and economic benefits. The cement mill is key equipment for the grinding process of the cement clinker after the crushing process of it. It is mainly used in the cement silicate product industry. After long term design and manufacture of the cement mill, our company now has series of cement mill with various specifications to meet with different requirement from our customers. Features of Cement Mill Our company adopts suitable transmission methods according to different specifications. We have brim drive and center drive as transmission form. The cylinder adopts new type step lining to increase the grinding area. And it is easily repairable and changeable. The new designed separate-chambered structure adopts flexible lifting blade and fixed lifting blade and it is easily fixed and repaired. Technical Details We have different models and options for different requirements, please contact us for more info.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1974, Technical details: turning diameter over bed: 500 mm turning diameter over support: 300 mm turning length: 2100 mm centre distance: 2000 mm spindle passage: Bohrung ca. Ø 60 mm range of revolution per miute: 35,5 - 1800 / 18 step U/min rapid motion - x-axis: Support 4,2 m/min tailstock quill taper MT: MK 5 tailstock quill adjustment: 180 mm control voltage: 220 V weight of the machine ca.: 3,25 t dimension machine approx.LxWxH: 3,5 x 1,2 x 1,6 m Thread cutting possible, e.g. metric thread, module thread and inch threadEilgang Quersupport Futterschutz 2x Späneauffangwanne Zubehör: (siehe vergleichbar auf Foto) 2x Lünette (1x geschlossen und 1x offen) Planscheibe 3-Backenfutter Backenpaare Knsdpfx Aeu Ix Dcefdsb Flansch Spitzen div. Zahnräder *

Condition: new, thread dia. M6 - M36 mm turning speeds 156 U/min radius 1200 mm angle adjustable from - to 0 - 90 Grad weight of the machine ca. 0,4 t dimensions of the machine ca. 1,4 x 0,1 x 0,7 m Electric tapping machine / 4450136SET Fast and precise thread cutting with freely positionable swivel arm - The machine head can be swiveled from 0 to 90 degrees - Quick change chuck with slip clutch for safe thread cutting without Risk of breakage - Right-left rotation can be selected on the machine head - Setting of thread size, speed, pitch and cutting depth via Touchscreen on the swivel arm - Manual mode: the stops after the set cutting depth is reached Spindle automatic, forward and reverse must be activated manually. - Automatic mode: changes after the set cutting depth is reached the machine automatically from the forward to the return - ideal for that Thread cutting of several blind holes Incl. 1 each GT12 M6, M8, M10, M12, M14, M16, M18, M20, M22-24, M27, M30, M33, M36 Ksdpjg N Nl Iofx Afdjnb Substructure 900 x 600 x 875 mm

Condition: used, bore capacity in steel (diameter) 40 mm threading bis M 30 throat 330 mm Kjdjyzty Tjpfx Afdonb bore stroke 180 mm 4 speeds 60 - 765 U/min table-size 720 x 360 mm total power requirement 2,6 / 3,2 kW weight 350 kg dimensions 720 x 1100 x 2050 mm Equipment: - automatic feed - infinitely variable speed - thread cutting device - adjustable drilling depth stop - coolant device - spindle protection - drill chuck

Condition: new, bore capacity in steel (diameter) 40.0 mm bore capacity in cast iron 45.0 mm throat 300 mm bore stroke 160 mm morse taper 4 MK table: 615 x 430 mm turning speeds 100 - 1800 U/min column diameter 145 mm thread M 24 ST60 thread M 30 GG20 feed 0.1-0.2-0.3-0.4 mm/U distance spindle /table 138 / 688 mm engine output 1.4 / 2.2 kW weight 470 kg Machine height 1865 mm NEW ALZMETALL MODEL RANGE 7 "TFT - LCD display with touch function: * Spindle speed setpoint * Actual speed display * Integrated drilling depth display * with touch zero point transfer * Virtual drilling depth scale in the display * Machine status displays and warnings in the display * Service information * Selectable user language: DE / EN / FR / ES / IT / NL / RU. Furnishing: - Thread cutting device * for thread cutting with a stop * max. 6 threads / min (thread cutting performance depends on the spindle speed) * Thread depth adjustable via depth stop * in the TFT - LCD display (3 tools). - Infinitely variable speed setting by means of an adjusting lever - Electromagnetic feed clutch * with overload protection and electrical * Comfort cross-handle switch * Feed rates selectable 0.1-0.2-0.3-0.4 mm / rev - Spindle protection with electrical fuse - Three separate buttons for clockwise rotation - counterclockwise rotation - stop - Mushroom pushbutton (latching) for EMERGENCY STOP - Main switch, lockable Knjdpfoxab Nkex Afdjb - Right and left rotation by contactor control - Control voltage 24 volts - Protection class IP 54 - Paint: DD textured paint signal white RAL 9003, PANTONE 7545c, black - Machine oil first filling: oil bottle, loose delivery including special accessories: - 12. LED machine light - 24. Coolant system A * in the machine base

Condition: new, sheet width 1050 mm plate thickness 1,5 mm distance between columns -- mm weight of the machine ca. 280 kg dimensions of the machine ca. 1300 x 750 x 1515 mm Manual folding machine FSBM 1020-20 HSG / 3770103 - The workpiece is clamped using a foot pedal, so both hands remain free for material feed - Different tool variants available E, S2, HS2 and HSG - The strong auxiliary cylinder makes bending easier - Wide clearance between the upper and lower beam of up to 25 mm - Self-lubricating slide bearings - Clamping pressure of the upper beam can be easily adjusted using handy knurled screws - Adjustment of the material thickness by means of a knurled screw - Adjustable stop for bending angle Equipment details: FSBM 1020-20 HSG - With segmented goat foot tools, segmented bending bar and segmented bed pad - Segments have a hardness of HRC24-26 Kjdpfx Afeudc Izjdsnb VA steel 1.2 mm Aluminum 2.4 mm

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2018, plate thickness 1,2 mm roll diameter 62 mm throat 100 mm weight of the machine ca. 50 kg Knedpfx Aforaqhxsdjb dimensions of the machine ca. 560 x 220 x 500 mm Manual bead bending machine Description: - Heavy-duty and stable cast iron construction - Adjustable lower shaft - Special steel shafts - Built in accordance with CE standards

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1994, bore capacity in steel (diameter) 35 mm throat 300 mm bore stroke 180 mm turning speeds 55 - 1450 U/min taper MK 4 column diameter 145 mm total power requirement 2,2 kW weight 500 kg dimensions 800 x 1000 x 2000 mm Features: - Heavy-duty pillar drill - Infinitely variable speed control (V-belt) - Automatic spindle feed * with electromagnetic engagement - Pole-changing motor - Right/left rotation of the drill spindle Knodpszu Tk Nefx Afdob - Fixed drilling depth stop - Machine table with 2 T-slots * height-adjustable via hand crank - Coolant system - Machine vise - Drill chuck - Emergency stop

Condition: new, saw blade diameter 355 mm capacity 90 degrees: round 130 mm capacity 90 degrees: square 125 x 125 mm capacity 90 degrees: flat 170 x 110 mm turning speeds 700 / 900 / 1100 / 1300 U/min mitre joint cuts -/+ degrees - 45 / + 0 total power requirement 3.5 kW weight of the machine ca. 25.0 kg Description: - mobile dry metal cutter - for use on a construction site, among other things - with brushless motor - particularly efficient, durable and maintenance-free - for burr-free sawing of profiles and pipes made of steel, iron, copper, brass, aluminum, plastics and composite materials without coolant - use e.g. in metal construction, in carpentry, for interior fitters, etc. - easy to transport - four speeds can be selected at the touch of a button - motor with soft start - digital display showing the selected speed . and current power in watts - angle adjustment 0° - 45° for miter cuts - vice with quick adjustment - large LED work light on the underside of the handle * to illuminate the work area - secure stand thanks to non-slip hard rubber feet - with spindle lock for quick saw blade changes Knedpfsxabypex Afdsb - incl. 1x saw blade for steel 355x25.4x2.4mm Z66

Condition: new, bore capacity in steel (diameter) 60.0 mm threading M 42 throat 350 mm bore stroke 200 mm turning speeds 60 - 1530 U/min table: 720 x 510 mm bore spindles - Morse Taper 4 Kurzspindel MK column diameter 200 mm feed 0.15-0.2-0.3-0.36 mm/U distance spindle /table 159 / 884 mm engine output 3.6 / 4.3 kW Knsdpfxsxabgij Afdeb weight 605 kg Machine height 1950 mm Furnishing : - automatic feed with electromagn. Feed clutch - 4 feed levels 0.15 / 02, - 0.3 - 0.36 mm / rev - stepless speed adjustment - digital speed display - Feed overload protection - Spindle protection with electr. validation - digital speed display - machined base plate including special equipment: - Coolant device mounted in the foot pos. 24. - Thread cutting device pos. 20.0 - LED machine light pos. 12.

Condition: new, 18 mm M 12 M 14 MK 2 225-4.300 U/min. spindle stroke 80 mm throat 190 mm column diameter 65 mm 300x240 mm 2 x 12 x 80 mm 75/357 mm 300x240 mm 2 x 12 x 80 mm 437/437 mm Kjdpfxezz Aihs Afdsnb feed von Hand Handkurbel total power requirement 0,37/0,55 kW Machine height 840 mm

Condition: good (used), bore capacity in steel (diameter) 28 mm arm length 700 mm workpiece height max. 1300 mm tool taper MK3 feeds 0,1-0,3 mm/U spindle turning speed range 100-1.220 U/min Knjdozfqmcepfx Afdjb total power requirement 1,4 kW weight of the machine ca. 1,3 t dimensions of the machine ca. LBH 1,8 x 0,8 x 2,3 m Incl. cube table Incl. drilling feed Mechanical clamping

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: VER927599-40 R2, Year of construction: 2014, operating hours: 526 h, load capacity: 1,500 kg, fuel type: electric, mast type: duplex, motor manufacturer: STILL, tire condition: 85 %, rear tire type: cushion tires (black), Equipment: full service history, pallet forks, We are offering this STILL RX50-15 forklift truck in very good condition, year of manufacture 2014. Manufacturer: STILL Knjdpfoyup Avox Afdob Model: RX50-15 If you have any questions or need more information, feel free to send us a message or call us.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1975, machine/vehicle number: 2622, functionality: unexamined, throat depth: 300 mm, Column drilling machine Alzmetall AB 35 S, serial no. 2622, year of manufacture 1975. Drilling capacity: Ø 35 mm, overhang: 300 mm. Round drilling table with T-slots, height-adjustable, mounted on a round column with a base plate. Control panel with main switch and cutting speed chart on the drilling head. Knedpoz A Uqwsfx Afdjb Location: Homburg (Saar), Germany. Inspection by appointment only. Price on request, net plus VAT, ex works; dismantling and loading upon agreement. All information without guarantee.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, ALLU DS 4-12 bucket separator / screening bucket – manufactured in 2015 – 2,070 kg. For sale: an ALLU DS 4-12 bucket separator/screening bucket, manufactured in 2015. High-quality Finnish ALLU attachment for processing a wide variety of materials directly on the construction site. Technical data: * Manufacturer: ALLU Finland Oy * Type: DS 4-12 * Year of manufacture: 2015 * Serial number: DS41215444 * Weight according to nameplate: 2,070 kg * Recommended hydraulic oil flow: 95–160 l/min * For excavators approx. 20–35 t * 4 drums * Robust heavy-duty design Possible applications: * Sieving soil and topsoil * Construction rubble and recycled materials * Gravel and sand Knedpfjz Dm Nbox Afdob * Compost and biomass * Processing and separating soil material * Depending on the shaft configuration, also crushing and mixing The ALLU D series is designed for sieving, crushing, mixing, aerating, and loading material. Condition: used, with signs of wear and tear commensurate with its age. Inspection possible by appointment.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Allen Bradley 1326AB-B530E-21 Servomotor Series C SN:R517258 , professionally completely overhauled and tested with 12 months warranty, 100% functional, scope of delivery according to photos, The agreed sales discounts do not apply to this item. Please ask for price separately! Kedpfxjtkgn Eo Afdsnb

Condition: ready for operation (used), Allen Bradley 1326AS-B660E-21 servo motor Series A SN:H000869, professionally completely overhauled and tested with 12 months warranty, 100% functional, scope of delivery as per photos, the agreed sales discounts do not apply to this article. Please ask for price separately! Knedstkgpqepfx Afdeb

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1991, Manufacturer: Kalfass Pgsb Aeq Htfnsz Hpn Esr Model Number: Universa8060 Knjdpfx Afoq Htfnjdjb Rate 40units/min Productdimensions 750x 500 x 140mm Maximum width 800mm Dimensions Welder2200 x 1400 x 1800 mm - Oven 1750 x 1350 x 1300mm -Mat 1700 x 600 x 1100 mm (band width 400mm) Compact L-sealer with shrink oven Created for the demand of industrialapplications The Kallfass 8060/650 compact L-sealers in combination with high-performance shrinktunnels. The qualities of this series of machines becomeevident when Subjected to hard, continuous use.