Used Mori Seiki Mv-653 for sale (1,109)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1998, travel distance X-axis: 800 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 510 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 510 mm, rotational speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, spindle speed (max.): 20,000 rpm, Fanuc control system 2 tables, 1100 x 600 mm Knjdpey Ndlpefx Adhsa 40-tool changer BT40 spindle Maximum spindle speed: 20,000 rpm 2 chip conveyors

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2001, travel distance X-axis: 840 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 760 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 840 mm, overall weight: 18,500 kg, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 30,000 W, number of axes: 4, This 4-axis MORI SEIKI SH633 was manufactured in 2001. It features an X-axis travel of 840 mm, Y-axis travel of 760 mm, and Z-axis travel of 840 mm. The machine is equipped with 2 pallets, each measuring 630 x 630 mm, and can handle a maximum workpiece weight of 1,200 kg. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the MORI SEIKI SH633 horizontal machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Machine mass: 18,500 kg • Number of pallets: 2 • Pallet size (L x W): 630 x 630 mm • Maximum workpiece weight: 1,200 kg • Number of tool pockets: 60 • Electrical specs: • Phase: 3 • Frequency: 50 Hz Knodpfxoyyzqko Adhea • Voltage: 200 V • Full load current: 252 A • Spindle motor current rating: 120 A • Interrupting capacity: 5 kA • Rated power: 87 kVA

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1999, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 669, travel distance X-axis: 560 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 510 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 510 mm, controller model: MSC 502, rotational speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel X-axis: 560 mm Travel Y-axis: 510 mm Travel Z-axis: 510 mm Distance spindle center to table: 50 – 650 mm Distance spindle nose to table center: 100 – 610 mm Kodpfxjyxm Ire Adhsna Main spindle Max. speed: 12,000 rpm Drive power: 22 / 18.5 kW Tool holder: MAS BT-40 Spindle bearing diameter: 70 mm Pallet changer Number of pallets: 2 Pallet size: 400 x 400 mm Max. workpiece diameter: 580 mm Max. workpiece height: 650 mm B axis Indexing time 90°: 2.5 sec Pallet change time: 6.0 sec Tool changer Number of tool stations: 60 positions Max. tool diameter: 80 mm Max. tool diameter with adjacent station empty: 125 mm Max. tool length: 300 mm Max. tool weight: 8 kg Tool-to-tool change time: 1.5 sec Chip-to-chip time: 3.7 sec Rapid traverse (X/Y/Z): 32 m/min Feed rate: 1 – 24,000 mm/min Creep feed rate: 0 – 1,260 mm/min MACHINE DETAILS Control: MSC 502 Total power requirement: 63 kVA Dimensions & Weight Required space approx.: 5.5 x 4.5 x 2.7 m Machine weight approx.: 9.0 t EQUIPMENT Documentation Chip conveyor Coolant system High-pressure coolant Internal coolant supply Tool magazine: 60 positions Pallet changer Pallets: 2 Signal lamp B axis Hydraulic unit Spindle oil cooler Note: The loading shaft must be supplied by the buyer.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1998, travel distance X-axis: 398 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 214 mm, total height: 1,800 mm, total width: 1,900 mm, product length (max.): 2,200 mm, number of axes: 2, Horizontal turning machine manufactured in 1998. This DMG Mori Seiki CL-200B features an X-axis travel of 398 mm and Z-axis travel of 214 mm. It is equipped with a Renishaw tool setter and a workpiece catcher that has never been used. The machine has approximately 10,000 operating hours and has always been operated in a single-shift environment. If you are looking to get high-quality turning capabilities, consider the DMG Mori Seiki CL-200B machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Operating hours: approx. 10,000 • Automatic cycle time counter has not reached its limit (indicates relatively low usage) • Operated in single-shift environment • Currently under power Ksdpfx Aoyxgg Ijdhjna Additional equipment • Renishaw tool setter • Workpiece catcher (never used) • Röhm chuck, approx. 1.5 years old Technical Specification Counter Spindle No Driven Tools No

Year of construction: 2004, condition: good (used), You can check under power, after scheduling an appointment. Knedpfoidqwdox Adhea Dismantling, moving and transporting the machine is entirely the customer's responsibility. We can help with loading as needed. Parity: EXW Székesfehérvár

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, For sale used Mori Seiki NHX5000 horizontal machining centre in excellent condition. Model: NHX-5000/40 Year: 2012 The machine is available on site by prior arrangement. Delivery parity: EXW Székesfehérvár. We can assist in disassembling and assembling the machine on request. Knjdpjuf S Rzsfx Adhoa

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2003, functionality: fully functional, For sale used Mori Seiki VL-25A1 in excellent condition. Year: 2003 Knodpfx Ajuf Tb Uedhoa Mori Siki Mori Siki Mori Siki Mori Siki, 2003. Delivery parity: EXW Székesfehérvár. We can assist in disassembling and assembling the machine on request.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, MAIN SPINDLE: Spindle nose: A2-8 Main spindle drive power: 18.5 kW Max. main spindle speed: 4,000 rpm Max. spindle bore: 80 mm Max. machinable diameter: 366 mm C-axis 0.001 degree TURRET: Number of positions: 12 pcs. Number of driven tools: 12 pcs. Travel X/Z axis: 280 / 785 mm Travel Y axis: +/- 50 mm Max. speed driven tools: 6,000 rpm Kodjx Rvgzopfx Adhona Power driven tools: 5.5 kW TAILSTOCK: Taper: MT5 Distance between centers: 705 mm ELECTRICAL SUPPLY: Total drive: 39 kVA WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONS: Space requirements: 3,800 x 2,143 mm Machine height: 2,232 mm Machine weight: 6,100 kg ACCESSORIES: Control: MORI MSX-850 II Tool measuring device Parts removal Chip conveyor Coolant tank Tool holders and driven tools

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2002, travel distance X-axis: 345 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 995 mm, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis MORI SEIKI SL-403BMC/800 was manufactured in 2002. It features a maximum turning diameter of 650 mm and a maximum turning length of 863 mm. The machine offers an X-axis travel of 345 mm and a Z-axis travel of 995 mm. If you are looking to get high-quality turning capabilities, consider the MORI SEIKI SL-403BMC/800 horizontal turning machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Swing over bed: 710 mm • Swing over cross slide: 738 mm • Max. turning diameter: 650 mm • Max. turning length: 863 mm • Distance between centers: 1,125 mm Kodpfx Aoyvf Sisdhena Technical Specification Counter Spindle No Driven Tools No

Condition: excellent (used), 2 axis cnc Mori Seiki TL-40 lathe year 1998 MSD-518 II Fanuc control X-axis-240mm Z-axis-2950mm 20-2000tm spindle 91mm bar capacity 10-station turret 440mm maximum machining diameter 6805mm x2520mm diameter 10t weight Kjdpeuaqadjfx Adhjna

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, spindle speed (max.): 3,500 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 245 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 370 mm, spindle motor power: 11,000 W, overall weight: 2,800 kg, controller model: MSX -805II, number of axes: 2, This MORI SEIKI CL2000B was manufactured in 2008. A robust horizontal turning machine featuring a max turning diameter of 440 mm and length of 363 mm. It includes a 10-station turret and an 8-inch chuck. The control system is the Mori Seiki MSX-805II. Consider the opportunity to buy this MORI SEIKI CL2000B horizontal turning machine. Contact us for more information. Machine Benefits Technical Machine Benefits • Max turning length: 363 mm • Max turning diameter: 440 mm • Through spindle hole diameter: 73 mm • 8-inch chuck size Knjdpsx U Dlasfx Adhoa Extra Information Machine still under power Dimensions Machine Depth 1975 mm

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2014, spindle speed (max.): 6,000 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 260 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 590 mm, spindle motor power: 11,000 W, total height: 2,120 mm, overall weight: 5,500 kg, product length (max.): 2,900 mm, number of axes: 3, This 3s DMG Mori Seiki NLX1500MC/500 horizontal turning machine was manufactured in 2014. It features a maximum turning diameter without interference of 366 mm, X-axis travel of 260 mm, and Z-axis travel of 590 mm. With a spindle speed of 6,000 rpm and a turret with 12 driven stations, consider the opportunity to buy this DMG Mori Seiki NLX1500MC/500 horizontal turning machine. Contact us for further details. • Operating hours: 11,996 • Control: MAPPS M730BL • Max. turning diameter without interference: 366 mm • C-axis: 360,000° • Turning length: 515 mm • Spindle nose: A2-5" • Spindle bore: 61 mm • Bar capacity: Ø 52 mm Knjdpfx Ajyg Icledhja • Turret: 12 stations (all driven), indexing time 0.25 sec • Driven tools: 6,000 rpm, 5.5 kW • Tailstock: programmable (B-axis), stroke 564 mm • Coolant pump • Oil cooler • Electronic handwheel • 3-color status lamp • Air-conditioned electrical cabinet • Condition/availability: machine in perfect condition; excellent appearance; very good condition; videos available; immediately available Additional equipment • Chip conveyor • Bar feeder interface • Bar feeder: SAMSYS MULTI-3000 (short bar, 1000 mm) • Hydraulic chuck: KITAGAWA BB208, Ø 165 mm • Collet chuck: HAINBUCH COMBI TOPlus size 65 • HAINBUCH collets: Ø 6.5 – 10 – 16 – 18 – 20 – 25 – 26 – 30 – 40 mm • Square collets: 20×20 – 35×35 – 40×40 mm • Hex collet: 14 mm • Tool measuring probe arm • 7 driven toolholders (3 axial, 4 radial) • 15 static toolholders • Parts catcher • Automatic door opening/closing • Isolation transformer • Documentation & CD-ROM • Transport and handling clamping brackets

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2005, total height: 3,080 mm, table width: 3,275 mm, overall weight: 7,600 kg, product length (max.): 2,000 mm, This 5-axis MORI SEIKI ZV 400 SUPER MILLER was manufactured in 2005. It features an X-axis travel of 600 mm, Y-axis travel of 425 mm, and Z-axis travel of 450 mm. The machine includes a table diameter of Ø 350 mm and a maximum workpiece weight of 200 kg. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the MORI SEIKI ZV 400 SUPER MILLER vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Axis Travels: • X Axis: 600 mm • Y Axis: 425 mm + CUA stroke 75 mm • Z Axis: 450 mm • A Axis Rotation: 360° • B Axis Rotation: −20° / +110° • Distance between table and spindle nose: 65 – 515 mm • Table Diameter: Ø 350 mm • Maximum Workpiece Weight: 200 kg • Table Turning Speed: 30 – 1500 rpm • Tool Magazine Capacity: 50 tools • Maximum Tool Diameter (with adjacent tools): Ø 90 mm • Maximum Tool Diameter (without adjacent tools): Ø 125 mm • Maximum Tool Length: 300 mm • Maximum Tool Weight: 8 kg • Rapid Traverse X–Y–Z: 45000 mm/min Kodpfx Aoynhy Hodhsna

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2003, travel distance X-axis: 600 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 400 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 400 mm, table load: 350 kg, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis MORI SEIKI NV4000 was manufactured in 2003. It features a CNC control system, typically FANUC/MAPPS, and a vertical machining center design. Key specifications include a 600 mm x 400 mm x 400 mm axis travel, a table size of 700 mm x 450 mm, and a maximum spindle speed of 12,000 rpm. The tool magazine holds up to 40 tools. Consider the opportunity to buy this MORI SEIKI NV4000 vertical machining center. Contact us for more information. • Table size: 700 × 450 mm • Max workpiece size (L × W × H): approx. 750 × 450 × 400 mm • Tool holder type: BT40 (Big Plus option common) • Tool magazine capacity: typically 40 tools • Rapid traverse (X/Y/Z): 42 m/min Knedpfxsx Imudj Adhja • Machine technology: DCG – Driven at the Center of Gravity design to reduce vibration and increase accuracy and surface quality Technical Specification Taper Size BT 40

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1997, travel distance X-axis: 800 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 510 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 510 mm, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, number of axes: 3, This 3s MORI SEIKI SV-50s was manufactured in 1997. The CNC milling machine is in good working condition and has been used only a few times for prototype work. It features a FANUC spindle with a speed of 10,000 rpm and a tool changer with 30 positions. Consider the opportunity to buy this MORI SEIKI SV-50 vertical machining centre. Contact us for further details. • Condition: Used, in good working condition; reportedly used only a few times for prototype work Ksdjyk Awfjpfx Adhjna • Spindle: FANUC (as provided) • Tool changer: 30 positions • Table dimensions: approx. 270 x 250 x 230 mm (to be reconfirmed) Additional equipment • Chip conveyor (based on visual confirmation only) • Tool cabinet / cabinet with tooling • Machine vice (based on visual confirmation only) • Approx. 15 tool holders with collet chucks (based on visual confirmation only) • Elastic collets • Approx. 20 milling cutters, various sizes (based on visual confirmation only) • Dial indicator (noted twice; included once)

Condition: excellent (used), With Sub-spindle With C-axis, with Y-axis With driven tools FANUC/MORI MSX 501 control Turning diameter max 190 mm Turning length -235 mm Spindle speeds 50-5'000 rpm Top turret tool holders 1+2 with 16 driven positions Knsdjx I A Awspfx Adhoa Bar loader FMB Turbo 8-80 Workpiece pick-up device Tool presetting device Misc. accessories MARCELS MASCHINEN CH

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1991, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1063, turning length: 790 mm, turning diameter: 650 mm, travel distance X-axis: 350 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 860 mm, center width: 900 mm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Turning diameter: max. 650 mm Turning length: max. 790 mm Swing over bed: 890 mm Swing over cross slide: 560 mm Distance between centers: 900 mm Travel paths X-axis: 350 (25 + 325) mm Z-axis: 860 mm Main spindle Speed range: 4 – 1,010 rpm Drive power: 37 / 30 kW Max. torque: 3,870 Nm Number of speed ranges: 2 Spindle bearing diameter: 240 mm Spindle bore: 168 mm Max. bar diameter: 144 mm Usable bar diameter: 120 mm Kedjxb Amgspfx Adhona Spindle nose: JIS A2-11 Chuck diameter: 610 mm Turret Number of tool stations: 12 Square tool shank height: 32 mm Max. drill shank diameter: 65 mm Tailstock Travel: 680 mm Quill diameter: 110 mm Quill stroke: 100 mm Tailstock taper: MT 4 Feeds Rapid traverse X-axis: 5 m/min Rapid traverse Z-axis: 8 m/min Jog feed rate: 0 – 1,260 mm/min MACHINE DETAILS Control: MORIC T5F Electrical data Total power requirement: 69 kVA Frequency: 50 Hz Space requirement & weight Required space: approx. 6.0 x 3.0 x 2.6 m Machine weight: approx. 9.2 t EQUIPMENT Documentation Coolant system Tool presetting arm Three-jaw chuck Chip conveyor

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1997, CNC Vertical Machining Center MORI SEIKI Type: SV500-50 Year 1997 Fanuc MSC-518 Control Table: 1100 x 600 mm Travel: X 800 - Y 510 - Z 510 mm Rapid traverse 32 m/min Spindle mount: BT50 Spindle speeds up to 6000 rpm Complete documentation available. A clamping magnet is not included in the machine delivery. Knedjwa Nvujpfx Adhea For further information, see data sheets:

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1998, CNC Vertical Machining Center MORI SEIKI SV500-50, Year 1998, Fanuc MSC-518 Control With pallet changer. Table: 1100x600mm BT50 spindle mount, 40-position magazine. Knedpfowifzlsx Adhoa Spindle speeds up to 6,000 rpm Travels: X800, Y510, Z510, Rapid traverse 32 m/min Machine without magnetic chipboard. Complete machine documentation available.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2012, operating hours: 45,656 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: AX4E -NAOS 12-160, travel distance X-axis: 730 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 730 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 880 mm, table load: 500 kg, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel X-axis: 730 mm Travel Y-axis: 730 mm Travel Z-axis: 880 mm Max. spindle speed: 12,000 rpm Spindle drive power: 15 / 11 kW Max. torque: 102 Nm Tool holder: SK 40 Distance spindle center to table: 80 - 800 mm Distance spindle nose to table center: 70 - 950 mm Number of pallets: 2 Pallet size: 500 x 500 mm Max. workpiece weight: 500 kg Max. workpiece diameter: 800 mm Max. workpiece height: 1,100 mm Pallet change time: 9.5 s Indexing time: 1.49 s Number of tool stations: 60 Max. tool diameter: 70 mm Max. tool diameter with adjacent stations free: 170 mm Kodpfx Adox I Amishjna Max. tool length: 550 mm Tool-to-tool change time: 0.9 s Rapid traverse: 60 m/min Max. feed rate: 60,000 mm/min Creep feed range: 0 - 5,000 mm/min MACHINE DETAILS Total power requirement: 34 kVA Dimensions & Weight Footprint: approx. 5500 x 3000 x 2800 mm Machine weight: approx. 11.1 t Operating hours: 45,656 h EQUIPMENT Chip conveyor Coolant system Internal coolant supply IF Knoll Tool changer B-axis Pallet changer Oil mist separator Magazine tool breakage control Thread milling Note: Proof of spindle replacement in 2019 is attached.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1999, operating hours: 24,364 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 560 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 510 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 510 mm, controller model: Fanuc MSC 501 (Fanuc 16i), spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, TECHNICAL DETAILS X-axis travel: 560 mm Y-axis travel: 510 mm Knjdpfx Asyc Unmodhoa Z-axis travel: 510 mm Spindle speed range: 10,000 rpm Spindle motor power: 22 kW Rapid traverse (x/y/z): 32 mm/min Tool magazine capacity: 40 (SK40) Pallet size: 2 x 400 x 400 mm Table load: 0.5 t Table indexing: 1° MACHINE DETAILS Control: Fanuc MSC 501 (Fanuc 16i) Total power requirement: 56 kVA Dimensions & Weight Required space: approx. 2.9 x 4.1 x 3 m Machine weight: approx. 8.7 t Operating hours: 24,364 h EQUIPMENT Chip conveyor Interface for internal coolant supply

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: NT315HF0043, Control MSX-711 (Fanuc 3Li) for 5axes simult. Kedpfxed Hkuco Adhjna Spindel A2-5 40 pos. ATC type Capto C5 Bar-feeder LNS MoveS2 INVENTORY NR.2180207, MACHINE EQUIPPED WITH : Control MSX-711 (FANUC 3Li) for 5 axes simultaneous machining, color screen 15’’ and dialog system MAPPS III Memory capacity up to 1000 programs Options : tools correctors (milling spindle), B tools life gestion, input of tools correctors G10, 3 interpolations, variable thread step (G34), circular threading, personalised macro, high precision contouring control (control II contour AI), card ATA 1 GB, offset tool for 5 axes machining Chips conveyor (with chain) model/500 B-axis with direct motor (DDS) ATC type CAPTO C5/ 40 positions Tools to zero setting system with automatic arm for milling spindle High-pressure cooling system type KNOLL with 500L tank, pump and paper filtration, for cooling through spindle centre Cutting fluid coolant unit Type KNOLL Linear measuring system for Axes X1 / Y / Z1 Tool monitoring system through control of main spindle motor and feed motors Automatic workpiece measuring system with touch-test RENISHAW and macro B for use in Milling spindle Light signal Automatic machine stop Workpieces receptor vat Ø52mm, L120mm 10 additional M functions Flange for cylinder, threaded ring, traction tube, bore Ø 52 Clamping chuck HAINBUCH Spanntop Axzug Nova, with stop type 100 for pieces in chuck and for jobs in bars with passage, clamping head type 32, A2-5 direct mounting, adapter Hydraulic chuck KITAGAWA, type BB206A5, Ø170mm, A2-5 direct mounting, passage Ø52mm Bar-feeder LNS, Type Move S2 Diameter of roung bars : Ø8 – 80 mm, bars length : 700 mm – 1600 mm ; loading from the front ; longitudinal shift : 470 mm ; set of guidings Ø18-20 Ø24-26 and Ø28-30 ; pushers : 1x Ø 8 – 1x Ø 15 mm ; guiding devices for main spindle Ø 21 – 26 and 31 mm Fire extinctor through carbonic gas type Tyco KLA III with 10kg CO2 Aspiration system ELBARON RON/A 3000 D-2H with full rest

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2003, operating hours: 28,877 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: NH501CD0388, travel distance X-axis: 650 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 600 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 730 mm, controller model: Fanuc MGS-501, rotational speed (max.): 8,000 rpm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel range, X-axis: 650 mm Travel range, Y-axis: 600 mm Knjdpfxozcla Hs Adhoa Travel range, Z-axis: 730 mm Rapid traverse rate, X-axis: 50 m/min Rapid traverse rate, Y-axis: 50 m/min Rapid traverse rate, Z-axis: 50 m/min Maximum workpiece height: 900 mm Maximum workpiece diameter: 730 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 500 kg Table dimensions: 500 x 500 mm Table load capacity: 500 kg Maximum spindle speed: 8,000 rpm Distance from table center to spindle nose: 100 mm Number of spindles: 1 Torque: 302 Nm Number of tool positions in the tool magazine: 60 Tool length: 500 mm Tool diameter: 120 mm Tool weight: 30 g Tool holder type for turret 1: ISO 50 MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Fanuc MGS-501 Rated apparent power: 73 kVA Input voltage: 380 V Type of input current: Three-phase Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 4,900 x 2,595 x 2,770 mm Total weight: 13,200 kg Operating hours (according to diagram): 28,877 h Power-on time (according to diagram): 94,850 h EQUIPMENT CE marking Documentation/Manual Spindle speed infinitely adjustable Chip conveyor

Year of construction: 2007, condition: used, 4 pcs. rope pulleys for counter weight of a FB 225 Kedod Nbkzjpfx Adhena

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2010, CNC M57-701 IV Specifications X-axis travel: 560 mm Y-axis travel: 560 mm Z-axis travel: 630 mm Continuous B axis Table load capacity: 400 kg Spindle speed: 14,000 rpm Tool holder: BT 40 Tool magazine: 60 positions Accessories Pallet cubes 250x250x600 Pallet cubes 400x150x600 Knodpey Sh Akefx Adhsa Various tooling Attachment with D’Andrea facing head Machine supplied with manuals All technical data provided are indicative and subject to change without notice and should not be considered binding.