Used Imac Imac Fl 80-2500 for sale (21,911)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2009, total height: 2,470 mm, overall weight: 5,200 kg, This IMAC FL 80-2500 press brake was manufactured in 2009. It features a maximum force of 800 kN and a table width of 2500 mm. The distance between uprights is 1990 mm, and it has a throat depth of 280 mm. With a motor power of 7.5 kW and a weight of 5200 kg, consider the opportunity to buy this IMAC FL 80-2500 press brake. Contact us for more information. Ksdpfjx D Nfzjx Aayjdk Additional information • Table width: 2500 mm • Distance between uprights: 1990 mm • Throat depth: 280 mm • Maximum ram stroke: 180 mm • Maximum distance table/ram: 360 mm • Speed: > 10 min⁻¹ • Motor power: 7.5 kW • Maximum force: 800 kN (80 Ton) • Oil capacity: 200 Dimensions Machine Depth 2800 mm

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, SCHORR electric forklift RR25FL480E with a load capacity of 2500 kg, a lifting height of 4.8m (triplex mast) and lithium-ion technology. The SCHORR electric forklift is equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). Compared to conventional motors, the PMSM motor provides better energy savings and maximizes battery uptime by 10% in optimal operating scenarios. Our electric forklift is designed to take advantage of lithium technology and comes standard with a removable 80V/150Ah lithium-ion battery. This also enables spontaneous intermediate charging (opportunity charging) and is also maintenance-free. The battery can be charged at a normal 230V socket without having to be removed. Thanks to its small turning radius of only 2250 mm, it is able to maneuver easily even in the tightest spaces and narrow aisles. SCHORR electric forklift: -- 4.8m triplex mast -- Full free lift -- Incl. Li-Ion battery & internal charger -- All-rounder for indoor and outdoor use -- Removable lithium-ion battery - especially practical for multi-shift operation -- Opportunity charging / intermediate charging possible through lithium-ion battery -- Ergonomic work area allows safe & fatigue-free work -- Integrated charger allows charging at normal 230V outlet Technical data: -- Manufacturer: SCHORR -- Manufacturer's type designation: RR25FL480E -- Drive: Electric -- Operation: Seated -- Rated capacity/load: 2500 kg -- Load center distance: 500 mm -- Load distance: 495 mm -- Wheelbase: 1650 mm -- Tare weight: 4620 kg -- Axle load with load (front/rear): 5815/940 kg -- Axle load without load (front/rear): 1805/2450 kg -- Tires: hard rubber, non-marking / non-chalking tires Kjdpfx Aspz H Uisaysdk -- Tire size, front: 7.00-12 -- Tire size, rear: 18X7-8 -- Wheels, number front/rear (x = driven): 2x/ 2 -- Track width, front: 975 mm -- Track width, rear: 955 mm -- Inclination mast/fork carriage forward/backward: 6/ 10 -- height of mast retracted: 2220 mm -- Free stroke: 1655 mm -- Lift: 4800 mm -- Height of mast extended: 5825 mm -- Height of canopy (cabin): 2550 mm -- Seat height referred to SIP/stand height: 1110 mm -- Coupling height: 295 mm -- Total length: 3725 mm -- Length including fork back: 2550 mm -- Total width: 1154 mm -- Fork dimensions DIN ISO 2331: 40x122x1070 mm -- Fork carriage ISO 2328, class/type A, B: 2A -- Fork carriage width: 1040 mm -- Ground clearance with load under mast: 120 mm -- Ground clearance center wheelbase: 150 mm -- Aisle width with pallet 1000×1200 crosswise: 3945 mm -- Aisle width with pallet 800×1200 crossways: 4145 mm -- Turning radius: 2250 mm -- Travel speed with/without load: 11/12 km/h -- Lifting speed with/without load: 0.29/0.36 m/s -- Lowering speed with/without load: 0.4/0.43 m/s -- Max. Climbing capacity with/without load: 15/15 % -- Service brake: Hydraulic -- Service brake: Hydraulic -- Parking brake: Mechanical -- Traction motor, power S2 60 min: 8 kW -- Hoist motor, power at S3 15 %: 16 kW -- Battery voltage/rated capacity: 80 V / 150 Ah -- Steering version: Hydraulic -- Sound pressure level L pAZ (operator position): < 74 dB(A) We offer leasing as an attractive financing option. We will be happy to quote shipping costs on request. Inform now!

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, Radial drilling machine Manufacturer: Valmer Model: TR 80/2500 SP Year of manufacture: 2006 Table dimensions: 1,000 x 800 x 560 mm Max. drilling diameter: 80 mm Max. tapping diameter: 42 mm Max. distance spindle axis/column: 2,500 mm Min. distance spindle axis/column: 500 mm Horizontal head travel: 2,000 mm Max. distance spindle nose to working surface: 2,000 mm Min. distance spindle nose to working surface: 550 mm Kdodpfxjw Dbgyj Aayok Spindle stroke: 450 mm Morse taper: MT 6 Power: 7.5 kW Machine dimensions: 3,730 x 1,400 x 3,825 mm Weight: 11,000 kg

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, Technical Data: Working length: 2550 mm Distance between uprights: 2050 mm Press force: 80 tons CNC control: OPERATOR II Graphic TFT color monitor 14” Controlled axes: Y1/Y2; X1/X2; R1/R2; Z1/Z2 automatic crowning Stroke: 350 mm Throat depth: 420 mm Working height: 960 mm Motor power: 9 kW CE marking Dimensions (L x W x H): approx. 3400 x 2050 x 2550 mm Kdodpjy D T Rwefx Aaysk Weight: approx. 6 tons Accessories: 1 set of tools: 1 upper punch: 120 mm 1 segmented die: V50, V35, V22, V16 Condition: Very good condition, little used, only approx. 14,000 operating hours. The seller accepts no liability for typographical or data transmission errors. The machine is in optical, technical and wear condition appropriate to its age; used machines are sold without any warranty.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2004, AMADA MODEL HFT 8025 80 tons capacity x 2500 bending length hydraulic downstroking press brake complete with CD 2000 4 AXIS colour graphic cnc control, ERWIN SICK machine mounted electronic guards , side and rear interlocked fencing Model Amada HFT 8025 downstoke CNC Press brake Year 2004 Tonnage 100 KN Type CD 2000 CNC Controlled Axis Y1, Y2, X, R Max. Bend Length 2500 mm Open height 470 mm Stroke Length 350 mm Approach Speed 100 mm/sec Bending Speed 1 - 10 mm/sec Return Speed 1-100 mm/sec Oil Capacity Motor Power 7.5kw Weight 6100 kg Kedpfx Aju A Dgrjayedk Bed Length 2500 mm Bed Width 60 mm Open Height 470 mm Throat Depth 420 mm CNC Control Backguage Stoke (X axis) 700 mm/s Max gauge 1000mm R axis 250mm can be demonstrated under power BROCHURE AND FURTHER INFORATION AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2013, functionality: fully functional, stroke length: 200 mm, overall weight: 7,500 kg, working width: 2,500 mm, bending force (max.): 80 t, Equipment: foot remote control, TECHNICAL DETAILS Press force: 80 t Bending length: 2,500 mm Stroke: 200 mm MACHINE DETAILS Dimensions & Weight Required space (L x W x H): approx. 3,700 x 2,000 x 3,200 mm Machine weight: approx. 7,500 kg EQUIPMENT 2 support arms in front of the machine Light barrier in front of the machine Foot pedal Kdodjx I Ealjpfx Aayek

Condition: good (used), Bending tool, die, lower knife, lower tool, prism tool -Tool: for press brake Kodpfx Aasb A Nlfoyodk -Prisms: 30° 12 mm -Square: 80 x 80 mm -Length: 2500 mm -Weight: 120 kg

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2013, functionality: fully functional, stroke length: 200 mm, working width: 2,500 mm, bending force (max.): 80 t, control type: CNC control, actuation type: hydraulic, TECHNICAL DETAILS Pressure: 80 t Bending length: 2,500 mm Stroke: 200 mm MACHINE DETAILS Kdedpjw Rcgaefx Aayek Control: CNC EQUIPMENT 2 support arms in front of the machine Light curtain in front of the machine Foot switch

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1999, Technical data: Working length: 2550 mm Stand width: 2125 mm Pressing force: 80 tons Kedsvrh Rcopfx Aayjdk CNC control: AMADA OPERATOR II graphic Controlled axes: Y1/Y2; X1/X2; R1/R2; Z1/Z2 Motor-adjustable back stop Stroke: 200 mm Thrust: 420 mm Crafter Working height: 960 mm Motor power: 7.5 kW CE mark Dimensions (length x width x height): approx. 3000 x 2250 x 2250 mm Weight: approx. 6 tons Accessories: 1 set of AMADA standard tools Condition: The machine is in very good condition You can find more machines on our homepage. The seller is not liable for typing or data transmission errors. The machine's appearance, technology and wear and tear are in keeping with its age; used machines are sold without any warranty.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1985, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: M14I/9063, Offer Number: M14I/9063 Machinetype: thread rolling machine - flat die Info: vibratory feeder Make: HILGELAND Type: FL-10-80 Constr. year: 1985 diameter range: 10 mm shaft length under head: 180 mm Kdjdpoxnyrtofx Aayjk max. thread length: 80 mm output - pieces/min: 400 Location: Germany

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1980, Donewell press brake Type: 80-2500 Kdsdpfx Aasqgcqisyjk Control: Cybelec CP 9220 Pressing force: 80 T Working width: 2540 mm Year of construction: 1980 Dimensions: 255x130x265 cm LxWxH Weight: approx 6300 KG

Condition: used, Manufacturer: WIMACH-M Type: process vessel Single jacket Total volume: +/- 2750 Litres Useful volume: 2500 liters Kedpfx Ajx R Dy Ajayedk Stirring power : 0,77 Kw

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2021, functionality: fully functional, clamping force: 2,500 kN, Arburg Allrounder 630A Multi Component Plastics Injection Moulding Machine (2021) Arburg Allrounder 630A 2500-800/400 L2, Kdodpfx Aeygx Urjaysk 2500kN clamp force multi-component plastics injection moulding machine (2021) including 800 horizontal injection unit and 400 vertical injection units

Condition: used, mileage: 1,81,943 km, power: 280 kW (380.69 HP), first registration: 02/2016, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 8,750 kg, maximum load weight: 7,250 kg, overall weight: 19,500 kg, tire size: 11 R 22.5 / 13mm, axle configuration: 4x4, next inspection (TÜV): 11/2023, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: mechanical, emission class: euro6, suspension: steel, number of seats: 2, total width: 25,500 mm, front tire size: 11 R 22.5 / 13mm, operation weight: 16,000 kg, Equipment: air conditioning,

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, warranty duration: 12 months, The versatile all-rounder combines outstanding workmanship with a broad range of applications. Our machine also offers intuitive operation, optimizing your packaging processes. A high-quality unwind unit with double automatic roll centering ensures precise material guidance. Furthermore, our active material feed system guarantees optimal web tension for flawless packaging results. The highly efficient brushless motors and user-friendly color touchscreen control system provide maximum flexibility during format changes, significantly simplifying your packaging operations. The machine is equipped with memory storage for machine parameter settings and can save up to 50 different products. For this packaging line, we also offer fully and semi-automatic feeding solutions, which can be retrofitted upon request. The machine is available with either left- or right-hand operation and features a rotary cross-sealing unit with an electronic overload protection switch for maximum safety. Thanks to its performance, versatility, and technological advancement, our machine is ideally suited for packaging food products such as brioches, cakes, candies, pralines, chocolate, as well as pharmaceutical products and various gift items. If you are looking to optimize your packaging processes with high production capacity and superior quality, Impuls Packaging is your ideal partner. System features: 1. Chain conveyor belt 2.6 meters in length (other lengths available on request) 2. Adjustable bag former 3. Single film loader + automatic film centering device 4. Rotary end sealing, single sealing jaw 5. Robust central fin seal structure 6. Four servo drive controls - Active material feed shaft - Central sealing - End sealing - Conveyor belt 7. HMI control panel 8. Three individual temperature controllers 9. Housing made of stainless steel 304 10. Documentation in the local language 11. Print mark control 12. Programmable bag length or fully automatic product length detection 13. Standard direction: left to right Kdsdpfowld Upjx Aayek Technical Parameters 1. Product length: L120–500 mm 2. Product width: W30–200 mm 3. Product height: H10–80 mm 4. Packaging speed: up to 100 products/min (depending on product, bag length, and material) 5. Maximum film width: 600 mm 6. Connection voltage: 1Ph. 220V 50Hz 7. General power: approx. 4.8 kW 8. Machine weight: approx. 550 kg 9. Machine dimensions: approx. 4280 x 1200 x 1230 mm

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, warranty duration: 12 months, The all-rounder combines outstanding build quality with a wide range of applications. Our machine also offers intuitive operation to optimize your packaging processes. A high-quality material unwinder with dual automatic roll centering ensures precise material guidance. Furthermore, our active material advance unit guarantees optimal web tension for flawless packaging results. The highly powerful brushless motors and user-friendly color touchscreen control system give you maximum flexibility during format changes and greatly simplify your packaging operations. The machine features memory slots for storing machine parameters—up to 50 different products can be saved. For this packaging line, we also offer fully and semi-automatic infeed systems, which can be retrofitted at your request. The machine is available in both directions of operation and features rotary cross-sealing with an electronic overload protection switch for maximum safety. Thanks to its powerful performance, versatility, and technological sophistication, our machine is ideally suited for packaging food items such as brioches, cakes, candies, pralines, chocolate, as well as pharmaceutical products and various gift articles. If you wish to optimize your packaging processes with strong production performance and high quality, Impuls Packaging is your ideal partner. System features: 1. Chain conveyor belt, 2.6 meters in length (other lengths available on request) 2. Adjustable bag former 3. Single film loader + automatic film centering device 4. Rotary end seal, single sealing jaw 5. Robust, central fin seal structure 6. Four servo-driven systems: - Active material advance shaft - Center sealing - End sealing - Conveyor belt 7. HMI control panel 8. Three individual temperature controllers 9. 304 stainless steel housing 10. Documentation in the local language 11. Register mark control 12. Bag length programmable or with fully automatic product length detection 13. Standard operation from left to right Technical specifications: 1. Product length: L40–600 mm 2. Product width: W30-200 mm 3. Product height: H10–80 mm 4. Packaging speed: up to 80 products/min 5. Maximum film width: 600 mm 6. Power supply: 1Ph. 220V 50Hz Kjdpfx Aowld Tfoayedk 7. Total power: approx. 4.7 kW 8. Machine weight: approx. 550 kg 9. Machine dimensions: approx. 4300 x 1190 x 1210 mm

Condition: excellent (used), machine/vehicle number: YV2TBL0A09B532857, mileage: 7,26,808 km, first registration: 10/2008, fuel type: diesel, axle configuration: 4x2, wheelbase: 5,600 mm, fuel: diesel, color: other, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro5, total length: 9,550 mm, total width: 2,550 mm, loading space length: 7,300 mm, loading space width: 2,500 mm, loading space height: 2,400 mm, Year of construction: 2008, Equipment: ABS, central locking, cruise control, electric window regulation, spoiler, = Additional options and accessories = Kdodpoymq Hgefx Aayok - Air suspension - Aluminum fuel tank - Roof Spoiler - Speed limiter - Sun visor = Remarks = Tail lift: DHOLLANDIA, 1500 kg YV2TBL0A09B532857 = More information = Number of cylinders: 6 Engine capacity: 7.146 cc Empty weight: 7.840 kg Carrying capacity: 4.150 kg GVW: 11.990 kg Technical condition: very good Visual appearance: very good Registration number: BV-ND-99 = Dealer information = Do you have any questions or suggestions? Please feel free to contact us. We guarantee a response within 8 hours.Prices do not include VAT.No rights may be derived from the information provided.Office phone number: Mobile: Dutch - English - German - French - Spanish - Italian) Available via WhatsApp and Viber.Mobile: Available via WhatsApp and Viber.When paying by bank transfer, the funds must be transferred to our bank account listed below. Always verify the payment details on our website. Please contact us if you have received different information.If in doubt, please call us so we can verify the invoice and/or payment.Bank details: Bank name: ING Bank address: Bijlmerdreef 106 1102 CT Amsterdam IBAN number: NL97INGB0117176699 EORI/VAT/TAX: NL810574901B(01) BIC/SWIFT: INGBNL2A

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2012, operating hours: 43,331 h, functionality: fully functional, clamping force: 2,500 kN, screw diameter: 45 mm, clearance between the columns: 630 mm, displacement volume: 318 cm³, injection pressure: 2,470 bar, warehouse no.: 503604 manufacturer: ARBURG type: Allrounder 630 S 2500-800 controller: Selogica year of construction: 2012 operation hours: 43331 h clamping force: 2500 kN distance between tie-bars h x v: 630 x 630 mm size of mould plates h x v: 900 x 900 mm min. mould height: 300 mm max. mould height: 700 mm max. open daylight: 1300 mm opening stroke: 600 mm screw diameter: 45 mm swept volume: 318 ccm injection pressure: 2470 bar equipment included screen text german core pulling hydraulically 2x machine incl. belt conveyor machine incl. Handling machine incl. safety fencing Anti vibration mounts measures of machine l x w x h: 6.12m x 2.25m x 2.21m total weight: 12200KG technical data robot-system handling type: Linearroboter manufacture: Arburg controller: Multilift year of construction: 2012 X axis: 400 mm Kdedpfx Aaoyvzyqoyjk Z axis: 1400 mm C axis rotation: 90 ° total weight: 450 kg

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, operating hours: 38,000 h, functionality: fully functional, clamping force: 2,500 kN, screw diameter: 50 mm, clearance between the columns: 630 mm, displacement volume: 392 cm³, injection pressure: 2 bar, ejector force: 225 N, ejector stroke: 90 mm, plate length: 900 mm, plate width: 900 mm, total length: 6,400 mm, total width: 1,950 mm, total height: 2,210 mm, overall weight: 12,140 kg, type of input current: three-phase, input frequency: 50 Hz, input voltage: 400 V, clear span: 900 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, clamping force: 2500 kN distance between tie-bars h x v: 630 x 630 mm size of mould plates h x v: 900 x 900 mm min. mould height: 300 mm max. mould height: 700 mm max. open daylight: 900 mm opening stroke: 600 mm screw diameter: 50 mm Kdsdjyvzykspfx Aayok swept volume: 392 ccm injection pressure: 2000 bar equipment included: screen text german CEE-socket 16A CompactFlash interface for data storage core pulling hydraulically 1x air valve 2x machine incl. water flow regulator machine without material hopper machine without hopper loader Anti vibration mounts interface EUROMAP 67 interface OPC Schuko-socket 10A selection unit measures of machine l x w x h: 6.4m x 1.95m x 2.21m total weight: 12140KG

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 400 V, total width: 750 mm, total length: 750 mm, total height: 1,430 mm, input frequency: 50 Hz, Hommel Goldflocke GF 80 Super Wholegrain fresh flaker for all types of cereals Throughput approx. 400kg/h Stainless steel construction Machine is mobile DGUV V3 safety tested (only by us) Connection: 400V, 16A CEE plug Dimensions: 750 x 750 x 1430 mm (W x D x H) Used machine We have many more bakery machines in stock! Kdodpfx Aaoytzvfjysk

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 174 h, load capacity: 8,000 kg, lifting height: 4,700 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: triplex, construction height: 2,750 mm, Manufacturer + model: KALMAR ECG 80 - 6 Kdedpfx Aasyy Arcoyek Mast: 3F4700 ID: 25106.8337 Category: Demo Mast: 3F4700 Forks: 2400 mm Lowered height: 2750 mm Lifting height: 4700 mm Capacity: 8000 kg Year: 2019 Operating hours: 174 hours Battery: 80 V / 1550 Ah - Year 2019 Options - FULL cabin (safety gates) - Joystick control forwards/backwards - Spreader / sideshift - Complete road lighting!! - LED work lamp - Triplex FFL mast - Flashing beacon Complete, LIKE NEW!!!!

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 16,700 kg, overall weight: 24,000 kg, axle configuration: 3 axles, first registration: 04/2012, next inspection (TÜV): 06/2026, loading space length: 7,400 mm, loading space width: 2,540 mm, Equipment: ABS, * ABS * All-round orange warning beacon * BPW ECO axles * Adjustable length towing device * Rear support Kdedpfx Aajyv T Utoyek ----Body: Low-bed trailer, loading height approx. 880 mm, rear sloped, ramp height approx. 710 mm, steel/wood floor, lashing rings, insertion pockets with 4 removable stanchions, 1 pair of container locks at the front, spring-assisted ramps with anti-slip surface. Bucket recess/Length: 1600 mm / Width: 760 mm. Sale only to commercial customers. FOR EXPORT, ONLY THE NET PRICE IS PAYABLE! ALL INFORMATION WITHOUT GUARANTEE, ESPECIALLY REGARDING EQUIPMENT & ACCESSORIES. Our General Terms and Conditions (see imprint) form the basis of all contracts of sale, invoices, proforma invoices, orders, and sales discussions.

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, mileage: 45,85,685 km, power: 205.94 kW (280.00 HP), first registration: 11/2019, fuel type: diesel, fuel: diesel, color: blue, Volvo FL 280 Kodpfx Aaoxvd E Heyjdk Registered: 11/2019 Mileage: 458,568 km OPTIONS FOR CUSTOMIZED FINANCING OR LEASING AVAILABLE ON SITE. FROM 24 UP TO A MAXIMUM OF 96 INSTALLMENTS, ALSO WITH ZERO DOWN PAYMENT. OTHER LOCATIONS OF OUR GROUP: DOMENICO TRUCK SRL NAPLES BRANCH DOMENICO ESPOSITO S.P.A. EBOLI (SA) BRANCH – OFFICIAL DEALER MERCEDES-BENZ, FUSO, FOTON TRUCK, PIAGGIO COMMERCIAL AND MAXUS CONTACTS: 0823 1686306 335 6713062 OPENING HOURS: MONDAY–FRIDAY 8:30/19:00 – SATURDAY 08:30/14:00 Domenico Truck srl declines any responsibility for possible discrepancies in technical specifications, optional equipment or features, which may in some cases differ from those specified in the advertisement. We invite you to verify the details of the specific vehicle.

Year of construction: 2014, condition: used, Transnorm roller conveyor ejector GF 2500-700-685 RA2212 Make: Transnorm Roller width (RB): 685 mm, Steel rolls Nominal/outer width (NB): 700 mm Rolls diameter: 50 mm length: 1800 mm, 2500 mm or 3180 mm (double) Overall height frame: 250 ejector angle: 45°, left 3 rows ejector pneumatic controllable Motor MOVI-Mot 300-500V 1,75kW Conveyor speed: freely adjustable with frequency converter Scope of delivery: without supports (please enquire if required) Prices net plus VAT. ex central warehouse Dr. Sonntag GmbH & Co KG, 97076 Würzburg For individual, professional advice, simply contact us. Kedpjrg Nzxefx Aayjdk Simply contact us by phone or e-mail. We will be happy to help you with the planning and implementation of your projects. We look forward to hearing from you. With kind regards Your team at Dr. Sonntag GmbH & Co. KG Your specialist and contact for intralogistics

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, Labeling system for round and square canisters Stainless steel frame 170 mm wide link chain (optionally wider possible) Standard label width 140 mm or 190 mm, optionally up to 260 mm possible Label length 300 mm, optionally longer Dispensing speed up to 30 m/min., optionally 50 m/min Kdsdpfx Aaju Ia E Isyok Product diameter according to technical testing from 20 mm - 170 mm, optionally other sizes possible Touch screen display, with storage option Label dispenser with three-dimensional adjustment option Product separation with two-sided belts Product alignment for square bottles Top belt guide for square and oval products Other labeling options, such as lid labeling, seal labeling, bottom labeling, etc.