Used Noblelift Pt 16 Lithium Batterie for sale (20,744)

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 120 mm, fuel type: electric, construction height: 1,250 mm, fork length: 1,150 mm, empty load weight: 357 kg, total length: 1,590 mm, drive type: Elektro, construction width: 729 mm, Pallet Truck Load Center: 600 Fork Width: 173 mm Fork Thickness: 60 mm Isdpfx Alewm S Rujzoar Transmission: Electromechanical Condition: New Technical Condition: New Front Tires Type: Vulkollan Rear Tires Type: Vulkollan Battery Voltage: 24V Battery Ah: 100Ah Battery Type: Lithium-Ion Battery Year of Manufacture: 2025 Battery Condition: New Description: In addition to this truck, we also offer other forklifts and warehouse equipment. Our trucks are workshop and FEM4.004 tested. Please contact us by email or phone. You can also find us at hsr-gabelstapler. Of course, we also buy your used truck, even if you don't purchase a vehicle from us. Hire purchase and financing with favorable terms are available upon request. We would be happy to provide you with expert and detailed advice on our vehicles.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 8,464 h, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 3,000 mm, fuel type: electric, gearing type: automatic, Equipment: cabin, head guard, Toyota Traigo 18 Lithium-Ion Technology - Rear axle tyres: 16x6-8 - Front axle tyres: 18x7-8 - LED headlights - Forklift in fully functional condition Errors and prior sale excepted. Internal vehicle number: 9104 Iodpfx Aowwf Eaolzear

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 7,552 h, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 3,000 mm, fuel type: electric, gearing type: automatic, Equipment: cabin, head guard, Toyota Traigo 18 Lithium-ion Technology - Rear axle tires: 16x6-8 - Front axle tires: 18x7-8 - LED headlights - Forklift in fully operational condition Iajdpfx Alowwf Ibjzsr Subject to errors and prior sale. Internal vehicle number: 9105

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: PT16LiNEU, Year of construction: 2025, load capacity: 1,600 kg, fuel type: electric, construction height: 1,190 mm, fork length: 1,150 mm, empty load weight: 357 kg, total length: 1,590 mm, drive type: Elektro, construction width: 729 mm, Low lift pallet truck Chassis number: PT16LiNEU Load centre: 600 mm Fork width: 173 mm Fork thickness: 60 mm Condition: New unit Iaodpfeym Hi Rsx Alzer Technical condition: New Front tyre type: Polyurethane Front tyre condition: New Rear tyre type: Polyurethane Rear tyre condition: New Battery voltage: 24V Battery capacity: 100Ah Battery type: Lithium-ion Battery year: 2025 Battery condition: New CE certificate, lithium-ion technology,

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2024, load capacity: 1,500 kg, fuel type: electric, construction height: 715 mm, fork length: 1,150 mm, empty load weight: 121 kg, total length: 1,538 mm, drive type: Elektro, construction width: 540 mm, Low lift truck Load center of gravity: 600 Iajdevfzakjpfx Alzjr Fork width: 160 mm Fork thickness: 50 mm Gearbox: Electromechanical Condition: New device Technical condition: New Front tires type: Polyurethane Rear tires type: Polyurethane Battery Volt: 24V Battery Ah: 20Ah Battery manufacturer: Noblelift Battery type: Lithium-ion Battery year of manufacture: 2024 Description: In addition to this device, we offer other forklifts and warehouse equipment. Our devices are workshop and FEM4.004 tested. Please contact us by e-mail or by phone. You can also find us at hsr-gabelstapler Of course, we will also buy your used truck, even without you purchasing a vehicle from us. Installment plan & financing on favorable terms are available on request. We will be happy to advise you competently and in detail about our vehicles. Pulse control, non-creeping tires, lithium-ion technology, 3-wheel,

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, load capacity: 1,500 kg, lifting height: 150 mm, fuel type: electric, fork length: 1,150 mm, drive type: Elektro, Low lift pallet truck Iajdpfx Alsymt Imjzor Mast type: None Technical condition: New Description: NEW UNIT CE certificate,

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, operating hours: 479 h, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 5,300 mm, free lift: 1,250 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: triplex, construction height: 2,343 mm, fork length: 1,150 mm, drive type: Elektro, High-lift stacker Mast type: Triplex Technical condition: very good Front tyre type: bandage Iasdpfx Ajymt Duolzjr type Rear tyre type: bandage type Battery voltage: 24V Battery capacity: 300Ah Battery year: 2022 Battery condition: 80 - 100% Description: Workshop-inspected, new UVV & inspection, new paintwork Initial lift, full free lift, CE certificate,

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, load capacity: 1,500 kg, lifting height: 150 mm, fuel type: electric, fork length: 1,150 mm, drive type: Elektro, Weighing pallet truck Mast type: None Technical condition: New Description: NEW UNIT Iaedoymtw Iopfx Alzer CE certificate, scale,

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 2 h, load capacity: 3,800 kg, lifting height: 4,800 mm, free lift: 500 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: triplex, construction height: 2,200 mm, fork length: 1,200 mm, empty load weight: 5,520 kg, total length: 2,750 mm, drive type: Elektro, construction width: 1,250 mm, Electric 4-Wheel Forklift Load Center: 500 mm Fork Width: 120 mm Fork Thickness: 58 mm ISO Class: ISO Class 3 = 2,500 - 4,999 kg Mast Type: Triplex Condition: New unit Technical Condition: New Front Tire Type: Non-marking Front Tire Size: 28x9-15 Front Tire Condition: 80 - 100% Rear Tire Type: Non-marking Rear Tire Size: 6.50-10 Rear Tire Condition: 80 - 100% Iodpfx Aoxxd Akolzear Battery Voltage: 76V Battery Type: Lithium-ion Battery Year: 2025 Battery Condition: 80 - 100% Description: UVV safety inspection performed. In addition to this model, we have approximately 250 other forklifts of all weight classes available at our warehouse in Meschede-Calle. Visit our website: rf-stapler. Leasing and financing under favorable terms are always possible. We are also happy to purchase your used equipment outright, even if you do not buy a vehicle from us. Our certified forklift workshop specializes in repairs, service, restoration, and refurbishment of your forklift. We are also happy to display your vehicle for sale at our facility. Sideshift, 3rd valve, 4th valve, rear work lights, front work lights, heater, full cabin, windshield wiper,

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2022, lifting height: 150 mm, load capacity: 1,500 kg, - Fahrgeschwindigkeit beladen / unbeladen km/h 4,2 / 4,4 - Hubgeschwindigkeit, beladen / unbeladen m/s 0,015 / 0,022 - Max. Steigfähigkeit beladen / unbeladen % 6 / 16 - Betriebsbremse: elektromagnetisch - Antriebsmotor Leistung 60min kW 0,6 - Hubmotorleistung bei 10 % kW 0,50 - Batteriespannung, Nennkapazität V/Ah 24/20 ( 20/30 | 34/36 ) - Gewicht der Batterie kg 4,6 - Energieverbrauch nach VDI-Zyklus kWh/h Iaedpfx Aexfl Rpslzsr - Art der Antriebssteuerung: DC-Drehzahlregelung - Schallpegel am Ohr des Fahrers nach EN 12053 dB(A)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2022, lifting height: 150 mm, load capacity: 1,500 kg, - Fahrgeschwindigkeit beladen / unbeladen km/h 4,2 / 4,4 - Hubgeschwindigkeit, beladen / unbeladen m/s 0,015 / 0,022 - Max. Steigfähigkeit beladen / unbeladen % 6 / 16 - Betriebsbremse: elektromagnetisch - Antriebsmotor Leistung 60min kW 0,6 - Hubmotorleistung bei 10 % kW 0,50 - Batteriespannung, Nennkapazität V/Ah 24/20 ( 20/30 | 34/36 ) - Gewicht der Batterie kg 4,6 - Energieverbrauch nach VDI-Zyklus kWh/h - Art der Antriebssteuerung: DC-Drehzahlregelung - Schallpegel am Ohr des Fahrers nach EN 12053 dB(A) Ijdpfx Aoxfl R Aelzsar

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2022, lifting height: 150 mm, load capacity: 1,500 kg, - Fahrgeschwindigkeit beladen / unbeladen km/h 4,2 / 4,4 - Hubgeschwindigkeit, beladen / unbeladen m/s 0,015 / 0,022 - Max. Steigfähigkeit beladen / unbeladen % 6 / 16 - Betriebsbremse: elektromagnetisch - Antriebsmotor Leistung 60min kW 0,6 Ijdexfl Rispfx Alzsar - Hubmotorleistung bei 10 % kW 0,50 - Batteriespannung, Nennkapazität V/Ah 24/20 ( 20/30 | 34/36 ) - Gewicht der Batterie kg 4,6 - Energieverbrauch nach VDI-Zyklus kWh/h - Art der Antriebssteuerung: DC-Drehzahlregelung - Schallpegel am Ohr des Fahrers nach EN 12053 dB(A)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2022, lifting height: 150 mm, load capacity: 1,500 kg, - Fahrgeschwindigkeit beladen / unbeladen km/h 4,2 / 4,4 - Hubgeschwindigkeit, beladen / unbeladen m/s 0,015 / 0,022 - Max. Steigfähigkeit beladen / unbeladen % 6 / 16 - Betriebsbremse: elektromagnetisch - Antriebsmotor Leistung 60min kW 0,6 Iaodsxfl Rvopfx Alzer - Hubmotorleistung bei 10 % kW 0,50 - Batteriespannung, Nennkapazität V/Ah 24/20 ( 20/30 | 34/36 ) - Gewicht der Batterie kg 4,6 - Energieverbrauch nach VDI-Zyklus kWh/h - Art der Antriebssteuerung: DC-Drehzahlregelung - Schallpegel am Ohr des Fahrers nach EN 12053 dB(A)

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, load capacity: 1,500 kg, lifting height: 115 mm, fuel type: electric, construction height: 1,162 mm, fork length: 1,150 mm, empty load weight: 185 kg, total length: 1,560 mm, drive type: Elektro, construction width: 540 mm, Pallet Truck Load Center: 600 Fork Width: 182 mm Fork Thickness: 64 mm Isdpfx Aswmtvxslzoar Transmission: Electromechanical Condition: New Technical Condition: New Front Tires Type: Vulkollan Rear Tires Type: Vulkollan Battery Voltage: 24V Battery Ah: 20Ah Battery Manufacturer: Noblelift Battery Type: Lithium-Ion Battery Year of Manufacture: 2025 Description: In addition to this truck, we also offer other forklifts and warehouse equipment. Our trucks are workshop and FEM4.004 tested. Please contact us by email or phone. You can also find us at hsr-gabelstapler. Of course, we also buy your used truck, even if you don't purchase a vehicle from us. Hire purchase and financing with favorable terms are available upon request. We would be happy to provide you with expert and detailed advice on our vehicles.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, load capacity: 1,500 kg, lifting height: 115 mm, fuel type: electric, construction height: 1,162 mm, fork length: 1,150 mm, empty load weight: 185 kg, total length: 1,560 mm, drive type: Elektro, construction width: 540 mm, Pallet Truck Load Center: 600 Fork Width: 182 mm Fork Thickness: 64 mm Transmission: Electromechanical Condition: New Technical Condition: New Front Tires Type: Vulkollan Rear Tires Type: Vulkollan Battery Voltage: 24V Battery Ah: 20Ah Battery Manufacturer: Noblelift Battery Type: Lithium-Ion Battery Year of Manufacture: 2025 Description: In addition to this truck, we also offer other forklifts and warehouse equipment. Our trucks are workshop and FEM4.004 tested. Please contact us by email or phone. You can also find us at hsr-gabelstapler. Of course, we also buy your used truck, even if you don't purchase a vehicle from us. Hire purchase and financing with favorable terms are available upon request. We would be happy to provide you with expert and detailed advice on our vehicles. Iaedpfxewmtvfo Alzer

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, load capacity: 1,500 kg, lifting height: 115 mm, fuel type: electric, construction height: 1,162 mm, fork length: 1,150 mm, empty load weight: 185 kg, total length: 1,560 mm, drive type: Elektro, construction width: 540 mm, Pallet Truck Iodpewmtvrjfx Alzjar Load Center: 600 Fork Width: 182 mm Fork Thickness: 64 mm Transmission: Electromechanical Condition: New Technical Condition: New Front Tires Type: Vulkollan Rear Tires Type: Vulkollan Battery Voltage: 24V Battery Ah: 20Ah Battery Manufacturer: Noblelift Battery Type: Lithium-Ion Battery Year of Manufacture: 2025 Description: In addition to this truck, we also offer other forklifts and warehouse equipment. Our trucks are workshop and FEM4.004 tested. Please contact us by email or phone. You can also find us at hsr-gabelstapler. Of course, we also buy your used truck, even if you don't purchase a vehicle from us. Hire purchase and financing with favorable terms are available upon request. We would be happy to provide you with expert and detailed advice on our vehicles.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2024, load capacity: 1,500 kg, fuel type: electric, construction height: 715 mm, fork length: 1,150 mm, empty load weight: 121 kg, total length: 1,538 mm, drive type: Elektro, construction width: 540 mm, Low lift truck Load center of gravity: 600 Fork width: 160 mm Fork thickness: 50 mm Isdpfx Asvfzaqelzear Gearbox: Electromechanical Condition: New device Technical condition: New Front tires type: Polyurethane Rear tires type: Polyurethane Battery Volt: 24V Battery Ah: 20Ah Battery manufacturer: Noblelift Battery type: Lithium-ion Battery year of manufacture: 2024 Description: In addition to this device, we offer other forklifts and warehouse equipment. Our devices are workshop and FEM4.004 tested. Please contact us by e-mail or by phone. You can also find us at hsr-gabelstapler Of course, we will also buy your used truck, even without you purchasing a vehicle from us. Installment plan & financing on favorable terms are available on request. We will be happy to advise you competently and in detail about our vehicles. Pulse control, non-creeping tires, lithium-ion technology, 3-wheel,

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2024, load capacity: 1,500 kg, fuel type: electric, construction height: 715 mm, fork length: 1,150 mm, empty load weight: 121 kg, total length: 1,538 mm, drive type: Elektro, construction width: 540 mm, Low lift truck Load center of gravity: 600 Fork width: 160 mm Fork thickness: 50 mm Gearbox: Electromechanical Condition: New device Technical condition: New Front tires type: Polyurethane Rear tires type: Polyurethane Battery Volt: 24V Battery Ah: 20Ah Battery manufacturer: Noblelift Battery type: Lithium-ion Battery year of manufacture: 2024 Ijdpfx Aovfzawelzear Description: In addition to this device, we offer other forklifts and warehouse equipment. Our devices are workshop and FEM4.004 tested. Please contact us by e-mail or by phone. You can also find us at hsr-gabelstapler Of course, we will also buy your used truck, even without you purchasing a vehicle from us. Installment plan & financing on favorable terms are available on request. We will be happy to advise you competently and in detail about our vehicles. Pulse control, non-creeping tires, lithium-ion technology, 3-wheel,

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2014, operating hours: 3,980 h, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 4,920 mm, free lift: 1,615 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: triplex, construction height: 2,160 mm, fork carriage width: 980 mm, fork length: 1,200 mm, drive type: Elektro, Electric 3-wheel forklift Load center: 500 mm Mast type: Triplex Condition: Refurbished, without warranty Technical condition: Very good Front tire type: Superelastic Front tire condition: Very good Front tire condition: 80 - 100% Rear tire type: Superelastic Rear tire condition: Brand new Rear tire condition: New Iedpoxfm Ddefx Alzoar Battery voltage: 48V Battery capacity: 625Ah Battery manufacturer: Brand new! Battery type: PzS Battery year of manufacture: 2025 Battery condition: New Description: Overhauled, serviced, and inspected according to FEM 4.004 (UVV). Completely repaired, serviced and checked. Sideshift, Fork positioner available at extra cost. 3rd valve, 4th valve, rear work light, front work light, roof cover, front windscreen,

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, load capacity: 2,500 kg, lifting height: 4,500 mm, load center: 500 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: triplex, power: 11.5 kW (15.64 HP), gearing type: automatic, battery capacity: 280 Ah, battery voltage: 80 V, fork length: 1,070 mm, fork width: 120 mm, fork thickness: 40 mm, turning radius (outer): 2,020 mm, front tire type: cushion tires (black), front tire size: 23x9-10-16PR, rear tire type: cushion tires (black), rear tire size: 18x7-8-14PR, overall weight: 4,100 kg, empty load weight: 1,185 kg, total height: 2,148 mm, total length: 3,320 mm, color: green, Equipment: CE marking, cabin, head guard, lighting, Lonking LG25B 2.5-ton lithium electric forklift – brand new, designed for efficient and low-maintenance material handling. Equipped with a 4.5m triplex (3-stage) full free lift mast, offering excellent performance in warehouses and container work. Powered by an advanced lithium battery system (80V), providing long operating times, fast charging and zero emissions. Key features: - 2,500 kg lifting capacity - 4.5m triplex mast with full free lift - Lithium battery (80V / 280Ah) - Solid tyres - Compact design with 2020 mm turning radius - Smooth and quiet electric drive - Low maintenance and running costs Iedjy A Rchjpfx Alzear - CE marked Ideal for warehouses, logistics centres and indoor material handling. Available for contract hire from €109/week. Delivery available nationwide.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 3,002 h, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 220 mm, fuel type: electric, construction height: 1,250 mm, gearing type: automatic, overall weight: 430 kg, empty load weight: 289 kg, total length: 1,660 mm, color: silver, mileage: 3,002 km, first registration: 08/2015, suspension: other, number of seats: 1, driver cabin: other, wheelbase: 1,304 mm, emission class: none, fuel: electricity, The Still EXU 16 presents itself as a reliable and cost-effective solution for in-house material handling—designed for businesses that value efficiency, precision, and durability in equal measure. With its robust construction and proven electric technology, this device impresses with quiet, emission-free operation, making it ideal for daily use in warehouse and logistics environments. Iodpjymgvwefx Alzjar The automatic controls provide particularly intuitive and comfortable handling, allowing even longer operating periods to be managed effortlessly. Thanks to its compact dimensions and well-thought-out design, the pallet truck can be maneuvered precisely even in confined spaces, while the solid build ensures stability and safety in every situation. With a lift height of 215 mm, it reliably meets the demands of modern local goods handling. The 3,002 operating hours attest to well-maintained use and highlight the vehicle’s readiness for immediate deployment. The initial registration in August 2015 further indicates that this is a mature and durable model which has proven itself in practical use. This electric pallet truck represents an economical investment in smooth processes, reduced operating costs, and sustainable efficiency—a decision that pays off for your business day after day. Sale only to commercial customers (agriculture, freelancers, small or large businesses) or export. Subject to prior sale and errors excepted.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 2,848 h, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 220 mm, fuel type: electric, construction height: 1,250 mm, gearing type: automatic, overall weight: 430 kg, empty load weight: 289 kg, total length: 1,660 mm, color: silver, mileage: 2,848 km, first registration: 08/2015, suspension: other, number of seats: 1, driver cabin: other, wheelbase: 1,304 mm, emission class: none, fuel: electricity, The Still EXU 16 stands for efficient material handling, reliable technology, and a thoughtfully designed construction that effortlessly meets the daily demands of warehouse operations. This model impresses with its combination of compact size and a powerful electric drive, ensuring quiet and emission-free operation at all times—ideal for modern working environments with high requirements for efficiency and sustainability. The automatic drive system provides particularly pleasant and intuitive handling, allowing work processes to be completed quickly, safely, and without unnecessary interruptions. Especially in busy warehouse settings, this pallet truck demonstrates its strengths with precise control and a high degree of maneuverability. With a lift height of 215 mm, it is perfectly suited for fast and reliable pallet transport, helping to significantly accelerate logistics workflows. Ijdpfoymgv Dsx Alzoar Thanks to its compact length of 1,660 mm and narrow width of 720 mm, the truck remains extremely agile and flexible even in confined spaces. The 1,304 mm wheelbase ensures stable and safe handling, even during intensive use. The 2,848 operating hours indicate a solid usage record and underline the ongoing high operational readiness of this proven machine. First registered in August 2015, this is a mature model that has proven its worth in everyday practice. This electric pallet truck is therefore a cost-effective investment for companies seeking to optimize their internal processes, reduce operating costs, and rely on long-lasting quality. By choosing the Still EXU 16, you are investing in a dependable piece of equipment that sustainably improves your material flow and delivers consistent performance every day. Sale to businesses only (agriculture, freelancers, small and large enterprises) or for export. Errors and prior sale excepted.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2016, operating hours: 6,410 h, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 3,140 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: duplex, construction height: 2,120 mm, Manufacturer & model: LINDE E 16 PL - 386 / 02 evo * EX * Proplan 2G / Zone 1 Mast: 2F3140 ID: 25072.7804 Category: Used Mast: 2F Lowered height: 2120 mm Lifting height: 3140 mm Capacity: 1600 kg Year: 2016 Operating hours: 6410 h Battery: Completely NEW * 48V/625Ah * Year 2025 Options: CONTAINER specs!! * EX * Proplan !!!!! System = INERIS 08 ATEX 3022 X Gas group = IIB Type = Cat. 2G (approved for ZONE 1 and 2) Temperature class = T4 Equipped with: - Complete road lighting - Work spotlights - Joystick control for forward/reverse Ijdpfx Asyy Au Delzear - 2D - FFL mast - New tyres (ATEX specs)

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2016, operating hours: 6,368 h, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 3,140 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: duplex, construction height: 2,120 mm, Manufacturer + model: LINDE E 16 PL - 386 / 02 evo * EX * Proplan 2G / Zone 1 Mast: 2F3140 ID: 25073.0896 Category: Used Mast: 2F Lowered height: 2120 mm Lifting height: 3140 mm Capacity: 1600 kg Year: 2016 Hours: 6368 hours Battery: Completely NEW * 48v/625ah * Year 2025 Options: CONTAINER specs!! * EX * Proplan !!!!! System = INERIS 08 ATEX 3022 X Gas group = IIB Type = Cat 2G (approved for ZONE 1 and 2) Temp class = T4 Equipped with: - Complete road lighting - Spotlights - Joystick control for forward/reverse - 2D-FFL mast Iasdpfx Aljyy Auwezjr - New tires (ATEX specs)

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2017, operating hours: 5,159 h, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 3,140 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: duplex, construction height: 2,120 mm, Manufacturer & model: LINDE E 16 PL - 386 / 02 evo * EX * Proplan 2G / Zone 1 Mast: 2F3140 ID: 25063.3443 Category: Used Mast: 2F Lowered height: 2,120 mm Lifting height: 3,140 mm Capacity: 1,600 kg Year: 2017 Hours: 5,159 operating hours Battery: COMPLETELY NEW * 48v/625Ah * year 2025 Ijdpfx Aljyy Audszsar Options: CONTAINER specifications!! * EX * Proplan!!!!! System = INERIS 08 ATEX 3022 X Gas group = IIB Type = Cat 2G (approved for ZONE 1 and 2) Temperature class = T4 Equipped with: - Complete road lighting - Spotlights - Joystick forward/reverse control - 2D - FFL mast - New tires (ATEX specification)