Second-hand machinery for sale (2,00,000)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, functionality: fully functional, Equipment: documentation/manual, Sepro Success 7 Number of axis: 3 Reach: 1000 mm Payload: 3 kg X=1000 mm Y=400 mm Z=800 mm C= R1 pneu Euromap 67 yes Pressure circuit : 1 Robot is immediately available Available list of Robots: SUCCESS 7| R001321-03| 2016 ---|---|--- SUCCESS 7| P22212| 2014 SUCCESS 7| P24358| 2015 SUCCESS 7| P19869| 2013 SUCCESS 7| R001321-04| 2016 SUCCESS 7| R004687-01| 2017 SUCCESS 7| P22213| 2014 SUCCESS 7| R001321-02| 2016 Pjdpfjx Ec E Rex Alworb SUCCESS 7| P24357| 2015 SUCCESS 7| P22214| 2014

Condition: repair required (used), functionality: not functional, Walter HMC 500 WWM 5-axis tool grinding machine, damaged. A-axis: 750mm X-axis: 290mm Y-axis: 320mm Z-axis: 660mm Tool diameter: 200mm Psdpfxsz E Rcbs Alwsrb Error code shown in the picture.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, fuel type: electric, Year of construction: 2026, *All of our products are made with care and covered for 1 year warranty! *Installation and Operator Training FREE COMPACT series Stationary Concrete Batching Plants provide satisfaction of all levels need with practical and effective solutions. Stationary concrete batching plants can easily and efficiently reach high capacity production of homogeneous concrete mixture. COMPACT series have easy operating system and lowest investment costs. In addition, the plant provides the use of enterprise resources accurately, so that gaining time-saving will transform to more earnings. . Predpsz E Rd Sofx Alwob TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: Model: COMPACT 120 Production capacity: 120 m3 Mixer type: Twinshaft – 3 m3 Aggragate bunker: 4x20 m3 Cement weighing: 1750 kg Additives weighing: 40 kg Water weighing: 1000 lt Cement silo is optional. COMPACT 120 consist of: • Aggregate Storage Hopper • Aggregate Weighing Hopper • Aggregate Transfer Conveyor or Bucket System • Twinshaft Mixer • Mixer Chassis, Walking Platforms, Ladder • Water Weighing Hopper • Cement Weighing Hopper • Admixture Weighing Hopper • Air Compressor • Cement Screw Conveyor • Bolted Cement Silo • Top Filter, Safety Valve and Accessories • Control Cabinnet • PC and Automation System • Control and Power Panel FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE FEEL FREE TO CALL US!!!

Year of construction: 1972, condition: good (used), KZTS 1836A-14 Railway Wheelset Lathe Prodoz A Ap Uspfx Alwsb Year: 1972 Max. wheel diameter: approx. 1,140 mm Wheel diameter at rolling circle: 840 - 1,075 mm Max. axle length: approx. 2,600 mm Centre height: approx. 630 mm Speed range: 4 - 31.5 rpm Main motor: 55 kW Dimensions: approx. 7,250 × 4,380 × 1,890 mm Weight: approx. 39,500 kg Heavy-duty railway wheelset lathe for machining and reprofiling complete railway wheelsets. For more details, please contact us.

Condition: used, Cutter Duker Rex Hydro 65 Made of stainless steel Distribution cabinet made of special steel, inside the machine Control box integrated in machine housing Noise-canceling cover Bowl capacity: 65 liters Pedpowi Ixmsfx Alwsrb Electric power: 15kW Voltage: 380V / 50Hz 3 N/PE

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, 567 USED DEBAG Helios 8060 C electric, deck, shop oven. EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (in cm): - W: 92 - L: 147 - H: 204 INTERNAL DIMENSIONS OF BAKING CHAMBER (in cm): - W: 60 - L: 80 - H: 16 TECHNICAL DATA: - year of production: 2009 - power supply: 400V 50Hz - power per chamber: 6.8 kW EQUIPMENT: - hood - proofing chamber Paid options available: transport. The price is a net price. Our languages: ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, RUSSIAN, UKRAINIAN. Our offer includes: bakery ovens, trolley ovens, shelf, deck ovens, confectionery ovens, shop ovens, electric ovens, oil ovens, gas ovens, thermal oil ovens, bakery machines, bakery equipment, bread lines, roll lines, dough lines, croissant lines, baguette machines, kneading machines, mixers, sheeters, and croissant makers. To see our full current offer, visit our Bakeres profile. Podpfxoz Ezcfj Alworb

Condition: excellent (used), 569 Used BAKO LINE SKS 64 refrigerated cabinet. EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (cm) - W: 68 - L: 80 - H: 196 TECHNICAL DATA: - refrigerant: R134a - for 60x40 trays - operating temperature: −5°C to +12°C The price is a net price. Paid options available: transport. Our languages: ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, RUSSIAN, UKRAINIAN. Prodpfx Alsz Ezcrsweb

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, mileage: 2,98,192 km, power: 368 kW (500.34 HP), first registration: 02/2024, fuel type: diesel, overall weight: 8,177 kg, axle configuration: 4x2, wheelbase: 380 mm, color: white, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro6, Year of construction: 2023, number of cylinders: 6, cubic capacity: 12,777 cm³, steering wheel position: left, Equipment: full service history, power assisted steering, Features Predpfxez D Ufqs Alwsb I-See Predictive Cruise Control - Map based topography information Globetrotter XL Single energy battery system (2 batteries) NEW D13K500 diesel engine, 500hp, 2500Nm SCR and EGR I-shift Automated 12-speed - GCW 60 tonne Standard transmission shift - I-Shift or Powertronic Volvo Engine Brake - Retardation D13K-375kW/D16-500kW Advanced Emergency Brake System AEBS Driver attention support Driver comfort Electrically controlled air conditioning with sun sensor Comfort 4: suspended - belt in seat Comfort 4: suspended - belt in seat Height adjustable foldable top bunk 700 x 1900mm Lower bunk 815mm wide in the centre 1.8kW Air to air 33 litre under bunk mounted fridge / freezer with dividers Technical specifications Continental VDO 4.1 smart tachograph version 2 - legal demand from 21R22.5 Jost JSK 37 cast fixed or sliding fifth wheel Wheelbase: 3800 mm Drive axle ratio: 2.31:1 610 LITRE, RIGHT SIDE FUEL TANK 610 LITRE, LEFT SIDE FUEL TANK 65 litre under/behind cab Eco torque software - Improved economy mode. Fuel economy optimized cruise control for I-Save Technology Secondary colour information display. Fleet Management System gateway - required for telematics and Dynafleet dealer fit. Exterior LED headlamps V-shaped Front fog lights - white Static corner lights - works with indicator at low speed to light up direction Roof air deflector Cab side air deflector - long tractor Tyres Information Front left - 14 mm Front right - 14 mm Rear left inner - 14 mm Rear left outer - 13 mm Rear right inner - 15 mm Rear right outer - 15 mm

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, fuel type: electric, Year of construction: 2026, The bunker of the PRO-150 Mobile crushers has been developed by our engineers as user-oriented to operate with high-level efficiency. The vibration speed of the vibrating feeding bunker is easily guided by the automation system which can be adjusted manually. This feature prevents the bunker from wearing out and provides the user with longer and more efficient usage. Psdpsz Hb Epefx Alworb In order to avoid any performance loss due to the damp or muddy material processed in the crusher plants, the wobbler feeder contains all the necessary qualities. While the wobbler feeder has potential to process without any problems for many years. Aslo stands out with easy maintenance feature as well. The poor quality of material separated in the wobbler feeder is thrown into the bypass belt and therefore user get a high-quality final product. Additionally; if desires, the materials falling into the bypass can be sent directly to the screen thanks to the reversible conveyor in the bypass system under the wobbler feeder. FABO primary impact crushers are designed to crush soft and medium hard stones with high rotor speed. It is considered as the heart of the mobile system. With the help of high-speed rotating rotor crushing hammers, the products poured from the feeder are crushed with the help of pallets. Hydraulically adjustable rods allow the products to be obtained in the desired size. FABO folding type hydraulic belts send the right product to the crusher and the stock area according to customer requests after sorting through the vibrating screen. With foldable structure, the plant minimizes dimensions of the machine for the transportation. The number of stock belts can change due to customer requests. 10 mm EP 125 4-ply belt elastics moving on twisted sheets perfectly transport the aggregate coming out of the screen to the area desired by the user. Belt elasticity, which produced resistant to wear, offers many years of life without letting customer down. The flap system is a special system that allows the directly crushed material to be taken from the crusher with the help of the pre-stock belt without being screened in the mesh. The plant minimizes production time with its unique location just in front of the screen.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, fuel type: electric, Year of construction: 2026, *All of our products are made with care and covered for 1 year warranty! *Installation and Operator Training FREE FABO Concrete Mixers; single shaft, twin shaft and planet-type models are produced in three different models and different capacities. The durable and long-life wearing plates, reinforced mixing arms and paddles, has been projected by our engineers to suit every need and capacity. Our mixers have a significant market share both at home and abroad with the price advantage brought by mass production, short delivery time, quality manufacturing and spare part supply guarantee. Technical details:  Type: Twinshaft mixer (TWS 03)  Wet concrete capacity: 3 m3  Dimensions (length x width x height): 2300 x 4090 x 2750 mm  Feeding capacity: 4500 lt  Fresh concrete capacity: 3750 lt  Compacted concrete capacity: 3000 lt  Motor power: 2 x 55 kW  Hydraulic discharge gate  Automatic lubrication Predpjz Hby Tofx Alwob FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE FEEL FREE TO CALL US!!!

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, Screen Conveyor BELT CONVEYOR – 600mm/800mm/1000mm/1200mm/ WIDTH with ANY LENGTH 600 mm - 800 MM - 1000MM -1200MM CONVEYORS FROM FABO COMPANY • High quality Polat brand reductor • Drive drums are rubber coated and threaded. • Belts are EP 125, 4 layers’ double stick 10mm thickness • Conveyor belt system was protected with emergency stop • All motors are GAMAK or equivalent brand • A side scraper system is available to prevent spillage of the final product into the stock area during crushing • The gear units are 3 transmission type and the new generation is with torque connection system • Long life rollers Podpfjz Hb Idsx Alworb FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE FEEL FREE TO CALL US!!!

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, fuel type: electric, Year of construction: 2026, *All of our products are made with care and covered for 1 year warranty! *Installation and Operator Training FREE Psdpfxoz Hbt Hj Alworb COMPACT series Stationary Concrete Batching Plants provide satisfaction of all levels need with practical and effective solutions. Stationary concrete batching plants can easily and efficiently reach high capacity production of homogeneous concrete mixture. COMPACT series have easy operating system and lowest investment costs. In addition, the plant provides the use of enterprise resources accurately, so that gaining time-saving will transform to more earnings. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: Model: COMPACT 60 Production capacity: 60 m3 Mixer type: Twinshaft mixer 1 m3 Cement weighing: 600 kg Additives weighing: 30 kg Water weighing: 250 kg Cement silo is optional. COMPACT-60 consists of: • Aggregate Storage Bunker • Aggregate Weighing Hopper • Aggregate Weighing Conveyor • Aggregate Transfer Conveyor or Bucket System • Twinshaft Mixer • Mixer Chassis, Walking Platforms, Ladder • Water Weighing Hopper • Cement Weighing Hopper • Admixture Weighing Hopper • Air Compressor • Cement Screw Conveyor • Bolted Cement Silo • Top Filter, Safety Valve and Accessories • Control Cabinnet with Air Conditioner • PC and Automation System • Control and Power Panel FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE FEEL FREE TO CALL US!!!

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER: 6929 TECHNICAL DATA - Length of workpiece: 2800 mm - Width of workpiece: 950 mm - Main motor: 5.5 kW - Fan motor: 2.2 kW - Width of abrasive belt: 160 mm - Diameter of dust extraction nozzle: 185 mm - Rotation: clockwise/counterclockwise - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 4080x1800x1400 mm - Weight: approximately 1000 kg ADVANTAGES – Unpainted Predjzfprqspfx Alwob – Made in Germany – Complete documentation (DTR) – Used sander, very good condition Net price: 8900 PLN Net price: 2070 EUR Net price calculated based on an exchange rate of 4.3 PLN/EUR (price may be subject to change in case of significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1999, functionality: fully functional, type of input current: three-phase, overall weight: 1,100 kg, input voltage: 400 V, filter area: 286 m², suction capacity: 7,000 m³/h, input frequency: 50 Hz, Equipment: type plate available, Dust extraction unit, fume extraction unit, self-cleaning filter, pneumatic, vacuum-operated for continuous operation, from the renowned Donaldson Torit brand. Suitable for plasma cutting, laser cutting, sandblasting, soda blasting, welding, and for all types of dry dust. The fan is located behind the filter on the clean air side, minimizing the risk of explosion. The filter cartridges are pneumatically cleaned with pulses of compressed air during operation, ensuring high device efficiency. Fan power: 9 kW Flow rate: 7000 m3/h Inlet diameter: 350 mm Prodpfx Aez Hkgijlwob Number of filter cartridges: 12 Filtration area: 286.8 m2 Year of manufacture: 1999 Dimensions: Width: 2.10 m Depth: 2.50 m Height: 3.37 m Base: 2.11 m x 1.52 m Stock number: 1171

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1996, functionality: fully functional, Automatic Sheet Feeder A-20-P (Pile Table, Mabeg Suction Head, Double Sheet Control, Suction Belt Table) Automatic Laminating Unit EK 102 (Waterbased & Thermal) Seperating Unit: Seperating Roller Jogging Table (Delivery) Format: 1020 x 1140 mm Prsdpfozvwkvox Alwjb Condition: Cleaned

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Kingsland 70P625 punching machine Prsdpfx Alez Ehxaowsb 70 tons of pressure fully operational

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, mileage: 3,07,986 km, power: 331 kW (450.03 HP), first registration: 05/2024, fuel type: diesel, overall weight: 8,269 kg, axle configuration: 4x2, wheelbase: 385 mm, color: white, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro6, Year of construction: 2023, number of cylinders: 6, cubic capacity: 12,800 cm³, steering wheel position: left, Equipment: full service history, power assisted steering, Features Predictive Powertrain Control (PPC). Cruise control. L-cab BigSpace, 2.50m, level floor. AGM-Batteries, 2 x 12 V/220 Ah, maintenance-free. Engine OM471, inline 6, 12.8 l, 330kW (449hp),2200 Nm. EURO 6. Automatic gearbox. Mercedes PowerShift 3. Transmission G211-12/14.93-1.0. High Performance Engine Brake. Advanced Emergency Brake System AEBS Driver attention support Driver comfort Automatic climate control. Driver's suspension seat, comfort. Armrests on both sides, co-driver's seat. Luxury top bunk, narrow. Luxury bottom bunk. Pedpfsz Egn Tsx Alworb Auxiliary hot water heater, cab. Pull-out refrigerator, under lower bunk. Technical specifications Continental VDO 4.1 smart tachograph version 2 - legal demand from 21/08/2023 Stability Control Assist (ESP). Lane Keeping Assist. Active Brake Assist 5. Front axle tyres 315/70 R22.5. Rear axle tyres 315/70 R22.5. Drive axle ratio 2.41 Fifth-wheel coupling ex factory, standard, Jost JSK 37C. Height = 150 mm. Wheelbase 3850 mm, wheel arrangement 4x2. Tank 790l+120l AdBlue,left,735x700x2170,alu.,step. Lockable. Second tank, 430 l, right,735 x 700 x 1000 mm,alu. Lockable. Speed limiter, 80 km/h. Technology Truck Data Center 7. Interface for fleet management system FMS. Exterior LED main headlamps. Foglamps, halogen. LED daytime running lamps. MirrorCam Tyres Information Front left - 15 mm Front right - 14 mm Rear left inner - 5 mm Rear left outer - 5 mm Rear right inner - 5 mm Rear right outer - 5 mm

Condition: like new (used), Morgana Autocreaser 33 automatic creaser The device is in very good condition. A modern device that allows you to create a crease (groove), thanks to which we can bend paper or other materials more easily. Sheet size 330x900mm Psdpfjz E A Ngex Alworb Weight: 400gsm programmer Weight: 150kg Manufacturer: Morgana, UK Image Creasing: Yes Creased materials: paper, cardboard, cardboard

Condition: good (used), TYMC-800 Honeycomb Hot Foil Stamping Machine The latest version, with a honeycomb plate for locks. The machine is designed for hot foil stamping, hot stamping, and standard die cutting without having to remove the hot plate. The machine is brand new and comes with a warranty. Format: Die-cutting 830x590mm Gold plating 800x540mm Weight 3000kg Operating speed 25 cycles/min Foil feed 1-500mm Operating temperature 20-150°C Power supply 380V Equipment: – Electromagnetic clutch and brake – Quick-assembly frame – Control panel with touchscreen PLC programmer Prsdpez E A Nmofx Alwob – Two independent feeds, controlled by stepper motors – 3 operating modes: continuous, time-delayed, manual – Four independent heating systems, saving energy – Central lubrication – Additional safety guards – Photocells – Operating tools and instructions, CE declaration – Pressure plate Machine available immediately We provide installation and training (individual pricing) 12-month warranty. The machine is brand new. Our machines are among the few that meet all the standards required for operation in Poland. Testing is available at our showroom in Radom.

Condition: good (used), Polar Mohr N92 PRO HD Paper Cutting Guillotine Machine in perfect condition, serviced, and ready to work. Manufactured in 2021. Unprecedented model on the market. Cutting visualization on the monitor. Technical specifications: Cutting width: 920mm Stack height: 130mm Programmer with a 21.5” HD color touchscreen display 400V power supply Weight: 2000kg Enlarged side tables Chrome table surface Table backlight and optical cutting line Flexibly adjustable clamping force Additional rear table covers Spare knife, cutting sticks, tapping block, and operating tools. Prsdpfoz E A Ntex Alwob

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, maximum load weight: 27,000 kg, overall weight: 8,809 kg, axle configuration: 3 axles, first registration: 01/2022, total length: 14,040 mm, total width: 2,600 mm, suspension: air, color: white, Year of construction: 2022, Equipment: cooling unit, full service history, power assisted steering, Technical specifications FP 60 SMART. THERMO KING SLXi 300 - 50 with BlueBox, OptiSet and modulation. 2 temperature sensors for CargoWatch Podpfxjz Eakne Alwerb FP double leaf insulated rear door, NX17 foam, w. double stainl. steel lock. mech. Plastic toolbox with cover holder, sleeves and drawer behind the unit. SCHMITZ black plastic fuel tank 245l 1 filling neck; BIO-Diesel proofing. Tyres 385/65 R22.5. Overall length - 13550mm. Overall trailer width - 2600mm. Total height (unladen) - 4000mm. Pallet rack for 36 Euro/ 24 ISO pallets. ROTOS SCB running gear (disc brakes). Tyres Information Front left - 8 mm Front right - 7 mm Middle left - 10 mm Middle right - 8 mm Rear left - 5 mm Rear right - 5 mm

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 1 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: MZsmcs01, type of input current: three-phase, Equipment: CE marking, Automatic Sterile Vial Filling Machine Prjdpsx Anciofx Alwjb A compact automatic solution for precise filling and capping of sterile liquids in small vials. The machine provides stable, accurate and hygienic operation for pharmaceutical and laboratory applications.

Year of construction: 2026, condition: new, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 110 kg, usable tank capacity: 30 l, machine/vehicle number: DPF-995, Equipment: CE marking, TECHNOMAKS DPF-995 Professional Diesel Particulate Filter Cleaning Machine – 12V – Automatic – Test & Report Thanks to the TECHNOMAKS Mobile Diesel Particulate Filter Cleaning Machine, DPF cleaning can be easily performed on vehicles manufactured to Euro 5 and Euro 6 standards. It tests the fill level and performs cleaning without removing the diesel particulate filter. It easily removes soot and ash from vehicles through the oxygen temperature sensor and differential pressure sensors. It operates with a special cleaning fluid, water, and a generator, providing cleaning in a maximum of half an hour without removing the DPF filter. Pjdpjz D Hriofx Alwjrb Using hydrogen-based chemicals, it dissolves soot, ash, and oil residues that have accumulated on the DPF and catalytic converter, and then removes them through the exhaust system with the help of water. After the liquid cleaning, a drying process is performed, and the cleaning process does not damage the DPF. It performs result-oriented measurement and cleaning operations on the vehicle. After the Diesel Particulate Filter Fill Level Test, the cleaning rate results can be reported on a receipt. Compared to other devices, it saves time because the DPF does not need to be removed. It offers DPF fill level testing and result-oriented operations. In terms of price/performance, it is more advantageous than other devices. In workshop use, operations can be completed quickly without the need to send vehicles elsewhere.

Year of construction: 2026, condition: new, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 220 V, oil tank capacity: 5 l, machine/vehicle number: GDI-6000, Equipment: CE marking, It features a specially designed ergonomic structure. (The cabinet section also serves as a cargo carrying box.) Aluminum body, test rail, and bottle holder; flexible, custom test tubes resistant to hot and cold weather conditions, 6X150 (mg). From 1 injector to 6 injectors, with easy-to-connect fittings, injectors can be connected in a short time. Thanks to the injector drip reservoir, you can perform detailed spray pattern detection. Each test lasts a maximum of 90 seconds. With a 200 bar system (Electronic Measurement) specially designed for the GDI-6000, pressures are measured clearly. The GDI-6000 reaches a maximum of 200 bar. Thanks to this pressure, drip tests can be observed very clearly. With the ability to print receipts, you can provide test results to service centers and organizations that require them. Thanks to the DATABASE, the (mg) values that more than 6000 different types of injectors should deliver can be seen on the 7.0-inch touch screen. Thanks to the NEW-ENJ+ MODE, you can create and save injectors and injection parameters that are not found in the DATABASE. Thanks to the OHM-TEST MODE, you can measure the injector (OHM test) values. AUTO-1: Low speed (4000 RPM) AUTO-2: Medium speed (5000 RPM) AUTO-3: High speed (7000 RPM) DRIP TEST: Thanks to the Leaking Out mode, you can perform injector drip (leakage) tests clearly under pressure. Thanks to the MANUAL MODE, you can perform the desired RPM, PULSE, and TIMER tests with the RPM+ PULSE+ and TIMER+ settings. Pedoz D H Dfspfx Alwerb

Year of construction: 2026, condition: new, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 110 kg, tank capacity: 10 l, machine/vehicle number: CARBON-973, Equipment: CE marking, It performs in-engine carbon and soot cleaning using hydrogen technology in all gasoline, diesel, LPG, and hybrid engine vehicles. It has a hydrogen gas production capacity of 1,500 liters per hour, and the gas duration can be adjusted as needed. It can clean engines up to 3,500 cc in diesel vehicles and up to 6,000 cc in gasoline vehicles. It operates with a 220V / 230V – 10 Ampere electrical infrastructure. Predpfx Aloz D Sw Dewob It provides effective cleaning of air intake pipes, throttle body, injector nozzles, piston oil rings, intake and exhaust valves with their lower surfaces, piston surface, and the upper surfaces of intake valves. It helps to clean carbon and soot buildup in critical engine components such as MAF and MAP sensors, cylinder head air passages, EGR valve, turbocharger, and manifold. Without requiring disassembly and reassembly, it cleans in-engine soot and carbon deposits with high efficiency in a maximum of 1.5 hours. After an approximately 45-minute process, it supports engine performance and helps to achieve up to a 10% improvement in lost horsepower. It contributes to the optimization of fuel consumption, supporting the achievement of performance close to factory specifications. It offers an economical and efficient solution with a high price-performance advantage. It contributes to bringing exhaust emission values closer to ideal operating levels. It supports the engine running quieter, smoother, and with less knocking. It helps to reduce potential engine failures and maintenance costs caused by carbon buildup.