Used Demag Kb160 for sale (664)

Condition: used, Demag Ergocontrol, 4 MB- for NC4 control system - removed from Demag ET 6 system - removed from running machine Kdsdporr Ehmsfx Aniou - fully functionalmanufacturer: Demag spare part no.: 7If the spare part is traded in exchange, a partial credit note will be issued after receipt of the defective part and inspection by the manufacturer. We reserve the right to refuse a credit note due to the condition or age of the returned part. The defective part must be in a repairable condition, the credit note will be issued after feedback from the manufacturer. Dition: gebraucht

Year of construction: 2004, condition: excellent (used), machine/vehicle number: BN320Ausschub, DEMAG KBK - Single girder extending crane - Crane runway with dimensions approx. 8m + 1.5m (8m monorail + 1 central 5.5m rail) with approx. 1.5m extension. Payload / lifting capacity 320KG Technical data of the system: Crane runway made of Demag KBK2 rails Ksdpfeu I U Anjx Aniedu The installation is supplied complete: KBK rails, rail connectors, trolleys, end plates, brackets/supports, extension frame type B2/2 etc. incl. 320KG Demag DK chain hoist - lifting height approx. 3m Power supply on the long side by means of internal conductor rails (KBKII-R) Crane is disassembled and immediately available Running rails can be extended to length x Very good used condition, see pictures Item location is 75053 Gondelsheim Shipping by forwarding agent or collection by appointment only Demag KBK1 KBK2 and KBK3 tracks are stock items ! Other KBK installations are also in stock. Payload 125KG - 1600KG Please ask for your crane runway with load capacity and dimensions without obligation.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 1992, machine/vehicle number: DN2349, Demag hall crane, portal crane, single-girder crane, including steel structure with floor control. Dimensions of the steel structure approx. 7.5 x 4 m with 1x Demag bridge crane, 2 tons. Payload/lifting capacity: 2000 kg - 2 tons. Technical data of the system: Crane track/steel structure consisting of HEB160 and IPE300 beams. Length of steel structure approx. 6 m Length of running rails approx. 7.5 m Total width of steel structure approx. 4 m Total height of crane approx. 4.64 m Top of running rails approx. 4.4 m Bottom of running rails approx. 4.15 m Hook height approx. 3.2 m Kdjdpfx Asz Tdb Uoniou Base plates at the supports approx. 40 x 40 cm. System is delivered complete: Steel structure/supports made of HEB160 (embedded approx. 10 cm), running rails IPE300 incl. power rail/power supply. 1x single-girder crane with 2000 kg Demag PK10 chain hoist with floor control. Crane is disassembled and immediately available. The location of the item is 75053 Gondelsheim. Very good condition, see pictures. Shipping by freight forwarder or collection by appointment only.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2023, Machine No. 26, Serial No. 7271-0616, NC5+ control system, maximum clamping force 1,300 kN, conveyor system, manufacturer Colortronic, handling system, manufacturer Wittmann, type Primus 14-0704, year of manufacture 2023, safety enclosure, conveyor belt, L/W approx. 1,800 x 800 mm, skylight. Kodsz H Rc Dopfx Aniedu

Year of construction: 2017, condition: excellent (used), machine/vehicle number: SI8x4125, DEMAG KBK crane canopy crane runway with dimensions approx. 6x5m (5m bridge) This crane is available several times ! Payload / lifting capacity 125 KG - 0,125to Technical data of the system: Crane runway made of Demag KBK1 + KBK2L rails System is supplied complete: KBK rails, rail connectors, trolleys, end plates, brackets/hangers etc. Crane is with internal power supply incl. 125KG Demag DC chain hoist - lifting height approx. 3.5m Crane is disassembled and immediately available Kodpjupwa Rofx Aniedu Used condition, see pictures Item location is 75053 Gondelsheim Shipping by forwarding agent or collection by appointment only Demag KBK1 KBK2 and KBK3 tracks are stock items ! Other KBK installations are also in stock. Payload 125KG - 1600KG Please ask for your crane runway with load capacity and dimensions without obligation.

Year of construction: 2010, condition: like new (used), machine/vehicle number: MBUT134WSK, Technical data: 1x Demag KBK 1 wall slewing crane NL 125KG with chain hoist Payload at full radius 125KG / 0.125ton payload Projection: approx. 2m Weight completely approx. 150kg with steel chain hoist 125Kg chain hoist including bolts, cable drag, chassis, end cap etc. ----- ----- Alternatively, 3m cranes with 125 or 250kg payload are also available Ksdpfx Anepwgr Hjiedu Swivel range 300°, connection to 400V 16A Crane is dismantled and available immediately Item location is 75053 Gondelsheim There are other cranes available, load capacity 80-5000 kg, please inquire See pictures (example photo) Shipping by courier or collection only by appointment

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2007, machine/vehicle number: TD2002/0364, DEMAG KBK overhead crane, span approximately 8x4m – expandable upon request!! Load capacity / lifting capacity 500 KG – 0.5 tons Technical data of the system: Overhead crane with Demag KBK2 rails System is delivered complete: KBK rails, rail connectors, trolleys, end plates, supports/hangers, etc. Kdsdpfx Anez Tc Nqjisu incl. Dalmec manipulator PFS 80KG NL Articulated boom, rotatable 360 degrees, with an outreach of approximately 3m Crane is dismantled and immediately available Very good condition, see pictures Item location is 75053 Gondelsheim Shipping via freight forwarder or collection only by appointment Demag KBK1, KBK2, and KBK3 rails are in stock! Other KBK systems are also available. Load capacity 125KG - 1600KG Please request your overhead crane with the required load capacity and dimensions.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2007, operating hours: 91,250 h, clamping force: 13,000 kN, screw diameter: 110 mm, injection weight: 5,200 g, Hydraulic injection moulding machine manufactured in 2007. This DEMAG D 1300 features a clamping force of 1300 t and an injection weight of 5200 g. It includes a handling system with a Wittmann DR 853 robot, offering impressive Z, Y, and X-axis strokes of 3500 mm, 2500 mm, and 1600 mm respectively. If you are looking to get high-quality injection moulding capabilities, consider the DEMAG D 1300 machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. - Control Brand / Model: Demag NC4- Hydraulic Core Pulls: 4- Hydraulic Cascades: 12- Hot Runner Control Zones: 32- Handling System / Robot: Wittmann DR 853 227 (YOM 2014)- Robot Z-Axis Stroke: 3500 mm- Robot Y-Axis Stroke: 2500 mm- Robot X-Axis Stroke: 1600 mm- Robot C-Axis: 90°- Robot B-Axis: Servo 270°- General Condition: Very good overall condition, annual maintenance performed, currently under power / in series production Ksdpfoz E Hh Hox Aniedu

Condition: reconditioned (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, Equipment: documentation/manual, Sumitomo DEMAG Systec 170/520-600 NC 5 Year of manufacture: 2008 Control system: NC 5 Screw: 45mm Injection volume: 323ccm / 294g Clamping force: 1700KN Tie-bar spacing: 520mm x 520mm Mold height: min 275mm - max 585mm Maximum plate spacing: 1085mm Opening stroke: 500mm Ejector stroke: 160mm Core pull: 2x Pneumatic valve: 1x Equipment: Core pull, 2-circuit, serial to tool movement on the movable platen Pneumatic valve 5/2, No. 1, on the movable tool platen Ejector parallel to the tool movement Clamping force controlled Freely programmable inputs/outputs (3 inputs/3 outputs) 3 in/3 out, freely programmable Start/stop program (with purging) Interface for handling, Euromap 67 (50-pin) Interface for tool protection (ejector plate safeguard) Plug-in ejector plate safeguard Integrated hot runner control, 8 zones Tool protection Kedpjz Rkmfefx Anijdu Switch-off of tool cooling Closed-loop clamping force control Active mold protection via sensor Hydraulic screw drive, high speed Temperature control of cooling feed zone Follow-up pressure switchover WID 1 circuit Back pressure programmable Injection via DFE pump, speed closed-loop Intrusion Reduced nozzle sealing force at open mold, programmable Process data recording (PDE) with graphics and control Extended storage for process/mold data and report lists on internal memory Program for storing process data on external memory Switch-on/off program with purging Flexible clamping sequence with ejector and cores Amendment report Event history Help function, integrated hints via control Detailed hints via control Preventive maintenance program 2 freely programmable screens Intrusion 2x socket combination 380V, 230V Printer Change journal PDE control, graphics ERGOStart The machine is currently being overhauled and tested for functionality.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2013, machine/vehicle number: TD2002/0365, DEMAG KBK overhead crane, span approximately 4x4m – expandable upon request! Load capacity / lifting capacity: 500 KG - 0.5 tons Technical data of the system: Overhead crane track made of Demag KBK2 rails The system is delivered complete: KBK rails, rail connectors, trolleys, end plates, supports/hangers, etc. Includes Dalmec manipulator PFS 120KG NL Articulating boom, rotatable 360 degrees, with approximately 3m reach The crane is disassembled and immediately available Very good condition, see pictures The item is located in 75053 Gondelsheim Shipping via freight forwarder or collection only by prior appointment Kdedpfx Asztutvsniou Demag KBK1, KBK2, and KBK3 rails are in stock! Other KBK systems are also available. Load capacity 125KG - 1600KG Please inquire about your overhead crane with the required load capacity and dimensions.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1977, machine/vehicle number: TH2001/0171-7548 /// RES !, DEMAG KBK Crane System, Crane Runway with dimensions approx. 15x7m (7m bridge) Load capacity / Lifting capacity 500 KG - 0.5t Technical data of the system: Crane runway made from Demag KBK1+2 rails Kdsdpfxovdndaj Aniju System is delivered complete: KBK rails, rail connectors, carriages, end plates, brackets/hangers, etc. Includes 500kg Demag DK chain hoist (not as pictured DC model) - lifting height approx. 3.5m (chain hoist is newer than the crane) Crane is dismantled and immediately available Used condition, see pictures Item location: 75053 Gondelsheim Shipping by freight forwarder or collection by appointment only Demag KBK1, KBK2, and KBK3 rails are in stock! Other KBK systems also available. Load capacities 125kg - 1600kg Please inquire about your crane runway, specifying load capacity and dimensions, without obligation.

Year of construction: 1983, condition: excellent (used), machine/vehicle number: 20020233 UG 1 Brücke, DEMAG KBK crane canopy crane runway with dimensions approx. 29 x 6m (6m bridge - double girder crane) Payload / lifting capacity 1000 KG - 1to Kdjdpfx Anjty Tdbeieu Technical data of the system: Crane runway made of Demag KBK2 rails with internal current routing System is supplied complete: KBK rails, rail joiners, trolleys, end plates, cable trailing, brackets/hangers etc. incl. Demag PK5 - 1000KG chain hoist - lifting height approx. 4m Crane is disassembled and immediately available Used condition, see pictures Item location is 75053 Gondelsheim Shipping by forwarding agent or collection by appointment only Demag KBK1 KBK2 and KBK3 tracks are stock items ! Other KBK installations are also in stock. Payload 125KG - 1600KG Please ask for your crane runway with load capacity and dimensions without obligation.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2013, Sumitomo Demag Systec 100/420-310 with Sepro SR SDR11 S3 TRANS robot / Hybrid Machine Year of manufacture: 2013 Injection unit: Screw diameter: 35 mm Shot weight: 149 g Injection pressure: 2024 bar Dosage volume: 168 ccm Clamping unit: Clamping force: 100 t Tie bar spacing: 420x420 mm Platen size: 600x600 mm Ejector: hydraulic Clamping unit: hydraulic Control system: NC5 Additional equipment: Hybrid machine: high-speed, energy-saving, and very quiet Operating hours: approx. 38,000 h in automatic mode Robot interface Air valve x 2 Hydraulic core pull x 1 Hardened injection unit - bimetallic Main motor of the machine - servo motor driven by inverter - energy saving Built-in printer Machine was regularly serviced by authorized Sumitomo Demag service Robot Sepro SR SDR11 S3 TRANS Year of manufacture: 2013 5-axis robot: 3 axes driven by servomotors (electric); axes A and C (rotation) - pneumatic Touch control panel Robot safety package Robot with adapter, safety enclosure Robot acquisition available at an additional cost Dimensions: Weight: 4400 kg Length/Width/Height: 4.20x1.40x2.00 m All machines offered are started up by our service technicians before sale. It is possible to obtain a video of the technical tests of the selected machine, or to take part in technical live tests at our facility in Łódź. Kedsz Ipi Sopfx Anisdu Price: On request

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2002, A crane with chain hoist is offered. Lifting capacity: 800kg, hook travel: 3m, main hoisting speed: 4m/min, fine hoisting speed: 1m/min. Inspection possible by arrangement. Kdsdpfs Aba Skex Aniju

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2007, clamping force: 1,000 kN, screw diameter: 40 mm, clearance between the columns: 420 mm, injection pressure: 1,865 bar, injection weight: 192 g, mold height (min.): 200 mm, ejector stroke: 100 mm, Year of manufacture: 2007 Injection shot weight: 192g Injection unit 410 Screw diameter: 40 mm Specific injection pressure: 1865 bar Injection volume: 217 ccm Injection shot weight: 192 g Screw L/D ratio: 20 Kdedpfxjzt I Rnj Anisu Mold closing unit 100 Mold plate dimensions: 600x600 mm Distance between columns: 420x420 mm Ejector force: 35 kN Mold height: 200 mm Ejector stroke: 100 mm Weight: 5000 kg Control system: NC4 Tooling: - 2 x hydraulic core - pneumatic valve - Euromap 67 connector

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2014, Sumitomo Demag Systec 210/580-430 with Sepro Success 22 robot / Hybrid machine Year of manufacture: 2014 Injection unit: Screw diameter: 35 mm Shot weight: 153 g Injection pressure: 2640 bar Dosing volume: 168 ccm Clamping unit: Clamping force: 210 t Tie bar spacing: 580x580 mm Platen size: 860x860 mm Ejector: hydraulic Clamping unit: toggle Controller: NC5 Additional equipment: Very good technical condition Hybrid machine: high-speed, energy-saving and quiet Operating hours: approx. 30,000 h in automatic operation Euromap 67 Robot interface Air valve x 9 Hydraulic needle core pull, controlled by a proportional valve x 1 Hydraulic core pull x 4 Air core pull x 5 Controller with hot runners x 8 Injection unit hardened - bimetal Main motor of the machine - servo motor driven by an inverter - energy saving Proportional valve on the injection unit – precise injection Kjdpfsz Ipkcex Anisdu Parallel movements Integrated printer Dimensions: Weight: 8930 kg Length/Width/Height: 6.02x1.76x2.15 m All offered machines are started by our service technicians before sale. It is possible to obtain a video of the technical tests of the selected machine or to participate in technical live tests at our company in Łódź. Price: On request

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1988, CRANE HALL with ADDITION 492 m² + 288 m² with 2 x 10-ton crane runways *for DIY enthusiasts* DEMAG, year of construction 1988 Crane hall (all dimensions are approximate) Width: 13.50 m Length: 36.50 m Eaves height: 8.89 m Ridge height: 9.25 m Roof slope: 3.05° Snow load at previous location: approx. 85 kg/m² Crane runways: 2 pieces Crane runway 1: 10 tons Cantilever at a height of: 8.85 m, the same for both cranes Hook height at 7.00 m, the same for both cranes Serial No. 1: Serial No. 88205500 Type FKKF, year of construction 1988 Drive motor 1 Crane runway 2: 10 tons Serial No. 2: Serial No. 88205510 Type FKKF, year of construction 1988 Drive motor 2 Addition Width: approx. 12.00 m Length: approx. 24.00 m Ksdpfxsz Hlx He Aniedu Height: approx. 5.60 - 6.00 m Crane runway support provided for approx. 2.5 - 4 tons Equipment Supports: HEA 400, 14 pieces, 9.80 m, 17,150 kg incl. struts to truss, approx. 1.40 m Truss: IPE 400, 7 pieces, 10.70 m, 4,966 kg Gable wall supports Wall posts: IPE 140, 32 pieces, 6.00 m, 2,478 kg Pressure tubes roof: DN 80, 14 pieces, 6.00 m, 528 kg Gable wall supports Wind bracing in 3rd bay, 10 mm, 10 pieces, 6.23 m, approx. 23 kg Crane runway rails: 2 x 36 m 1 gable frame Supports: IPE 360, 3-4 pieces Pressure tubes: 90 mm, 11 pieces Corner supports: HEA 300, 3 pieces, 5.60 m The supports were cut off, 1 support was tapered, approx. 60 were embedded in concrete. Roofing: none Wall panels: none Windows: none Doors: none Gates: none Power cable crane runway: none Structural calculations / plans: none Lighting: none Crane runway drive, addition: none

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, Sumitomo Demag Systec 350/720-2300 / Production Line with Wittmann-Demag DR833 Robot Year of manufacture: 2012 Injection Unit: Screw diameter: 70 mm Shot weight: 1103 g Injection pressure: 1877 bar Dosage volume: 1212 cm³ Kdedpfsz Iplmox Aniju Clamping Unit: Clamping force: 350 t Tie bar distance: 720x720 mm Platen size: 1040x1060 mm Ejector: hydraulic Clamping system: toggle lever Control system: NC5 Additional equipment: Euromap 67 Robot interface 5x air valves 1x hydraulically operated core pull with proportional valve 5x hot runner controls Hardened injection unit – bimetal Moog proportional valve on the injection unit – high-precision injection Parallel movements Central lubrication 3 variable-capacity hydraulic pumps Integrated printer Machine has been regularly serviced by authorized Sumitomo Demag technicians Robot Wittmann-Demag DR833 Year of manufacture: 2011 4-axis robot: 3 axes driven by servomotors (electric), Y-axis telescopic; C-axis pneumatic, A-axis movement Axis travel: X-900, Y-1600, Z-3000 Touch control panel Robot safety package Robot with adapter, conveyor belt, and protective enclosure Purchase of the robot and conveyor belt at additional cost Dimensions: Weight: 15,750 kg L x W x H: 8.26 x 2.01 x 2.27 m All offered machines are started up by our service technicians prior to sale. It is possible to obtain a video of technical tests for the selected machine, or to participate in live technical tests at our facility in Łódź. Price: On request

Condition: used, A Demag all-electric injection molding machine with Wittmann 3-axis robot and safety enclosure is offered. Clamping force: 1500kN, locking force: 1650kN, max. mold opening stroke: 495mm, min./max. mold height: 275mm/585mm, max. distance between mold platens: 1080mm, mold platens X/Y: 770mm/770mm, clear distance between tie bars X/Y: 520mm/520mm, max. mold weight: 1700kg, max. mold weight on the movable mold platen: 1150kg, ejector stroke: 125mm, ejector force: 35kN, ejector retraction force: 35kN, screw diameter: 35mm, L/D ratio: 20, max. injection pressure: 2430bar, stroke volume: 166cm³, shot weight: 146g, max. metering stroke: 173mm, max. nozzle stroke: 400mm, nozzle immersion depth: 20mm, nozzle contact force: 30kN, installed barrel heating capacity: 9.4kW, material hopper capacity: 35l, control: CDIAS, operating hours: approx. 76000h, machine weight: approx. 7400kg. Including WITTMANN 3-axis robot, year of manufacture: 2006, travel X/Y/Z: 550mm/1200mm/2000mm, robot weight: approx. 240kg as well as safety enclosure and 1x core pull preparation AS. Documentation available. An on-site inspection is possible. Kodpo Aa Alwsfx Anijdu

Condition: used, Demag plasticising unit IU mm - removed from Demag Ergotech system 200-560-320 - removed from running machine - fully functional - displacement: 231 cm³ - injection pressure: 1855 bar - moulded part weight max. PS: 210 g - cylinder E: .01 mm, A: .01 mm   - screw E: 39.55 mm, A: 39.8 mm, RSP 39.92 mm - Ø - 06--DEM-001 - year of manufacture 2005 Kedeh Nv Itopfx Aniodu - also suitable for IU320 and IU610 - nut and coupling must be exchanged manufacturer: Demag Dition: gebraucht

Year of construction: 2001, condition: excellent (used), machine/vehicle number: BO873+846+847, DEMAG KBK crane canopy crane runway with dimensions approx. 9x7m (7m bridge) This crane is available several times ! Payload / lifting capacity 250 KG - 0,25to Technical data of the system: Crane runway made of Demag KBK2 rails System is supplied complete: KBK rails, rail connectors, trolleys, end plates, brackets/hangers etc. Crane is with internal power supply incl. 250KG Demag chain hoist - lifting height approx. 4m Crane is disassembled and immediately available Used condition, see pictures Item location is 75053 Gondelsheim Kodpfxotz R Thj Anijdu Shipping by forwarding agent or collection by appointment only Demag KBK1 KBK2 and KBK3 tracks are stock items ! Other KBK installations are also in stock. Payload 125KG - 1600KG Please ask for your crane runway with load capacity and dimensions without obligation.

Year of construction: 2003, condition: excellent (used), machine/vehicle number: MBUT133-544, DEMAG KBK crane canopy crane runway with dimensions approx. 10.5 x 6m Payload / lifting capacity 500 KG - 0.5to Technical data of the system: Kdedpfxety Sxws Anisu Crane runway made of Demag KBK1/2 rails System is supplied complete: KBK rails, rail joiners, trolleys, end plates, cable trailing, brackets incl. steel 500KG chain hoist - lifting height approx. 3m Crane is dismantled and immediately available Used condition, see pictures Item location is 75053 Gondelsheim Shipping by forwarding agent or collection by appointment only Demag KBK1 KBK2 and KBK3 tracks are stock items ! Other KBK installations are also in stock. Payload 125KG - 1600KG Please ask for your crane runway with load capacity and dimensions without obligation.

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 1989, machine/vehicle number: ROD396, DEMAG KBK Crane Ceiling Crane Runway with dimensions approx. 19.5x7m (2x 7m bridge) Payload / Lifting Capacity: 2x 250 kg - 0.25 t Technical Data of the System: Runway made from Demag KBK2 rails, one side with KBKII-R rails featuring integrated power feed System is supplied complete: KBK rails, rail connectors, trolleys, end plates, brackets/hangers etc. including 2 bridges, each 250 kg including 2x 250 kg Demag DC chain hoists Crane is dismantled and immediately available Used condition, see pictures Item location: 75053 Gondelsheim Kdsdpfx Anexdvn Asiou Shipping by freight carrier or collection only by appointment Demag KBK1, KBK2 and KBK3 rails are in stock! Other KBK systems available. Load capacities from 125 kg to 1600 kg Please inquire about your crane runway with required capacity and dimensions, non-binding.

Year of construction: 2001, condition: excellent (used), machine/vehicle number: 20020232 EG 1 Brücke, DEMAG KBK crane canopy crane runway with dimensions approx. 31 x 6m (6m bridge - double girder crane) Payload / lifting capacity 1000 KG - 1to Technical data of the system: Crane runway made of Demag KBK2 rails with internal current routing System is supplied complete: KBK rails, rail joiners, trolleys, end plates, cable trailing, brackets/hangers etc. incl. Demag DK5 - 1000KG chain hoist - lifting height approx. 4m Crane is disassembled and immediately available Used condition, see pictures Item location is 75053 Gondelsheim Shipping by forwarding agent or collection by appointment only Demag KBK1 KBK2 and KBK3 tracks are stock items ! Other KBK installations are also in stock. Payload 125KG - 1600KG Please ask for your crane runway with load capacity and dimensions without obligation. Kodpjty Tcqefx Anisdu

Year of construction: 1989, condition: good (used), machine/vehicle number: TH2000/9953, DEMAG KBK crane canopy crane runway with dimensions approx. 9x4m (4m bridge) There are multiple copies of this crane! Payload / lifting capacity 500 KG - 0.5 tonnes Kdedov Iakaopfx Anieu Technical data of the system: Crane runway made of Demag KBK2 rails System is delivered complete: KBK rails, rail connectors, chassis, end plates, brackets/hangers etc. Incl. 500Kg steel chain hoist - lifting height approx. 3.5m Crane is dismantled and immediately available Used condition, see pictures Item location is 75053 Gondelsheim Shipping by freight forwarder or collection only by appointment Demag KBK1 KBK2 and KBK3 rails are in stock! Other KBK systems are also in stock. Payload 125KG - 1600KG Please enquire about your crane runway with load capacity and dimensions without obligation.