Used Doosan Cnc Lathe for sale (11,638)

Year of construction: 2006, condition: good (used), CNC control Sinumerik 810D 12-fold revolver bar loading device Breuning Irco Simag 42.1R (max. bar diameter 42mm) chip conveyor tail stock Technische Daten / technical details: Umlaufdurchmesser über Bett / rotary diameter over bed 550 mm max. Drehdurchmesser / max. turning diameter 300 mm max. Drehlänge / max. turning lenght 300 mm X-Weg / X-travel 170 mm Z-Weg / Z-travel 335 mm max. Stangendurchlass / max. bar diameter 45 mm Drehzahl / spindle speed 6000 UpM /rpm Werkzeugrevolver / turret head 12 fach /holes Eilgang X / rapid feed X 36 m/min Eilgang Z / rapid feed Z 36 m/min. Antriebsleistung / drive capacity 20 kW Gewicht der Maschine ca. / weight ca. 3500 kg Technische Daten, Zubehör und Beschreibung der Maschine sind unverbindlich - Technical data, accessories and description of the machine are not binding. Lsdpfx Ajlfdazefujhh

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2016, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 669 mm, turning diameter: 330 mm, travel distance X-axis: 260 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 762 mm, bar passage: 75 mm, CNC control Sinumerik 828D 12-fold revolver Sauter VDI40 driven tools C-axis 3-jaw chuck and collet chuck device Tool Eye part catcher chip conveyor tail stock coolant device with high pressure pump bar loading device Iemca Technische Daten / technical details: Umlaufdurchmesser über Bett / rotary diameter over bed 600 mm max. Drehdurchmesser / max. turning diameter 330 mm max. Drehlänge / max. turning length 669 mm X-Weg / X-travel 260 mm Ljdpfx Afsyt Hp Djujhh Z-Weg / Z-travel 762 mm Drehzahl / spindle speed 3400 UpM /rpm Werkzeugrevolver / turret head 12 fach /holes max. Stangendurchmesser / max. bar diameter 75 mm Eilgang X / rapid feed X 20 m/min Eilgang Z / rapid feed Z 24 m/min. Gewicht der Maschine ca. / weight ca. 5700 kg Technische Daten, Zubehör und Beschreibung der Maschine sind unverbindlich - Technical data, accessories and description of the machine are not binding.

Year of construction: 2012, condition: good (used), Mazatrol Smart CNC control 3-jaw chuck C-axis driven tools 12-fold revolver Tool Eye tail stock coolant device chip conveyor Technische Daten / technical details: max. Umlaufdurchmesser / max. swing diameter 660 mm max. Drehdurchmesser/ max. turning diameter 350 mm max. Drehlänge / max. turning length 532 mm Planweg (x) / cross way (x) 225 mm Längsweg (z) / longitudinal way (z) 560 mm Drehzahlbereich / spindle speed 5000 UpM /rpm Drehzahl angetriebene Werkzeuge / speed of driven tools 4500 UpM / rpm Werkzeugrevolver / turret head 12 fach /holes Eilgang X/Z / rapid feed X/Z 30/33 m/min Antriebsleistung Spindel / drive capacity spindle 15 kW Gewicht der Maschine ca. / weight 4500 kg Lsdpfx Afoiyx Dioujhh Technische Daten, Zubehör und Beschreibung der Maschine sind unverbindlich - Technical data, accessories and description of the machine are not binding.

Condition: used, CNC turning machine MONFORTS, type RNC 300 MultiTurn with driven tools and Y-axis Year of manufacture 2005 CNC control system FANUC Series 18i-TB Maximum turning diameter over the bed cover 380 mm Spindle bore 67 mm Spindle speed 25 - 5000 rpm Tool turret 12 stations Tool holder, cylindrical VDI 30 mm Lsdpfx Afszfau Aouehh Motor power, spindle drive 23 kW Total power consumption 41 kVA Mains connection 400 volts, 50 Hz, 63 amps - with tailstock, chuck and collet chuck system - 3-jaw chuck SCHUNK ROTA NCD Ø 165 mm with a large number of chuck jaws - Collet chuck system HAINBUCH 65, without collets (only one collet as a sample) - 25 tool holders VDI 30 - 4 driven tools with collet ER 25 - Chip conveyor with integrated coolant system - approx. 20,000 operating hours Machine footprint with chip conveyor L x W x H approx. 4100 x 2600 x 2100 mm Footprint of the base machine L x W x H 3000 x 2400 x 2100 mm Weight approx. 6 tons very good condition

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2018, MAZAK QUICK TURN 100MSY Max. machining diameter: 280 mm Max. milling speed: 5,000 rpm Max. spindle speed: 5,000 rpm Max. bar diameter: 42 mm The machine is equipped with: - CNC control: Mazatrol SmoothG - KITAGAWA 3-jaw chuck for main spindle, diameter 169 mm - KITAGAWA 3-jaw chuck for 2nd spindle, diameter 135 mm - Tool Eye - C-axis - C-axis counter-spindle, 0.0001° Ljdpfxoygi A Hj Afushh - Y-axis - Interface for bar feeder - Automatic parts catcher - Signal light (3-color LED) - Reinforced coolant pump - Chip conveyor - Standard MAZAK tool package - IRCO BREUNING short bar loader, model ILS-MUK 7012-III

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, MAZAK QUICK TURN 250MY 1000U Max. turning diameter: 380 mm Max. turning length: 991 mm Max. milling speed: 5,000 rpm Max. spindle speed: 4,000 rpm Max. bar diameter: 80 mm Machine is equipped with: - CNC control Mazatrol SmoothG - KITAGAWA three-jaw chuck BB-210, diameter 254 mm - Tool Eye - C-axis - Y-axis - NC tailstock - Reinforced coolant pump - Chip conveyor - 8 static tool holders Lsdpfx Afjyllrnoujhh - 2 driven tool holders

Year of construction: 2011, condition: ready for operation (used), - USED- 2-AXIS CNC LATHE MAX ROTATING DIAMETER: 330 mm MAX TURNING LENGTH: 450 mm MAX TURNING DIAMETER: 200 mm BAR CAPACITY: 51 mm SPINDLE: 5000 rpm; 11-16,5 kW X-AXIS TRAVEL: 160 mm Z-AXIS TRAVEL: 450 mm DRIVEN TURRET HEAD: 12 POS CONTROL UNIT: SIEMENS 810D WEIGHT: 3400 Kg Ledpfx Aozda Hwsfushh OVERALL DIMENSIONS: 4325 x 2071 x 1742 mm ACCESSORIES: SWARF CONVEYOR

Year of construction: 2012, condition: ready for operation (used), - USED - 3-AXIS CNC LATHE DISTANCE BETWEEN CENTRES: 520 mm MAX ROTATING DIAMETER: 500 mm MAX TURNING LENGTH: 335 mm MAX TURNING DIAMETER: 200 mm BAR CAPACITY: 52 mm SPINDLE: 6000 rpm; 15-20 kW; 95-127 Nm X-AXIS TRAVEL: 190 mm Z-AXIS TRAVEL: 335 mm RAPID FEEDS X-Z: 30 m/min DRIVEN TURRET HEAD: 12 ; VDI30 POS; 5000 rpm; 5,4-18 kW CONTROL UNIT: SIEMENS 840D WEIGHT: 3800 Kg OVERALL DIMENSIONS: 4260 x 1710 x 1825 mm ACCESSORIES: FUME EXHAUSTER ; SWARF CONVEYOR ; TOOL SETTER Ledpfjzda Hkjx Afuehh

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2015, DMG MORI NLX 2500 MC/700 lathe, year 2015. Lsdpfx Aezgkdkefuehh Control system: M730M with CELOS-ERGOline. Part ejector system. Chip conveyor. 2 axial tool holders ER32. 2 radial tool holders ER32. 1 front milling tool holder. Very good condition, low operating hours.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2002, operating hours: 53,548 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 01160014061, turning length: 630 mm, turning diameter: 420 mm, vice opening: 66 mm, control type: CNC control, Equipment: chip conveyor, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! TECHNICAL DETAILS Working area Turning diameter: max. 420 mm Turning length: max. 630 mm Spindle bore: 66 mm Lhodpfeza D Rfsx Afueh Turret Tool head: 12 tools, Sauter VDI30 CNC control: 4290 Heidenhain MACHINE DETAILS Electrical data Voltage: 400 V Auxiliary voltage: 230 V / 24 V Frequency: 50 Hz Current: 80 A Connected power: 44 kVA EQUIPMENT C-axis with driven tools Machine chip conveyor Documentation 2 driven tool holders External reference: 598

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2010, operating hours: 5,744 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 6100000012E, turning length: 393 mm, turning diameter: 228 mm, spindle speed (max.): 3,000 rpm, vice opening: 51 mm, Equipment: chip conveyor, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Lathe equipped with a tailstock and chip conveyor! TECHNICAL DETAILS Working range Turning diameter: 228 mm Turning length: 393 mm Distance between centers: 51 mm Spindle speed: max. 3,000 rpm Lhodpjza D Iwofx Afuoh Turret Turret head: Sauter VDI30 MACHINE DETAILS Electrical connection data Voltage: 400 V Frequency: 50/60 Hz Weight: 3,500 kg Operating hours Power-on hours: 20694 Working hours: 5744 EQUIPMENT Chip conveyor with coolant tank and pumps 3 driven tool holders WTO 4 standard holders VDI30 Tool probe Chuck: Kitagawa 210 mm Tailstock Machine manuals External reference: 603

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, swing dia. 430 mm Distance between the spindles 1450 mm control MAZATROL 640T x-axis 310 mm z-axis 605 mm spindle tunring speed 4.000 U/min Lhodsyb S Nrjpfx Afush In our opinion, the machine is in good used condition and can be inspected under power by appointment. Technical Features & Accessories: - Gantry Loader Accessories, tools, and clamping devices shown are only included in the scope of delivery if noted in the additional information. Subject to changes and errors in the technical data and information, as well as subject to prior sale!

Condition: used, turning diameter 250 mm turning length 610 mm control ARIX CNC spindle bore 54 mm Lhedpfx Asxuv Ukofueh tail stock MK4 turning speeds 20 - 6000 U/min weight of the machine ca. 3,5 t

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2010, operating hours: 5,750 h, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 393 mm, turning diameter: 200 mm, spindle bore: 51 mm, MSX 853 cnc control 3-jaw chuck diameter 210mm 12-fold revolver C-axis driven tools tail stock coolant device chip conveyor Lhodpfx Aszd S S Rsfueh Technische Daten: / technical details Drehdurchmesser / turning diameter 200 mm Drehlänge / turning lenght 393 mm X-Weg / X-travel 160 mm Z-Weg / Z-travel 450 mm max. Drehzahl Spindel / max. spindle speed 50-3000 UpM /rpm Eilgang X/Z / rapid feed X/Z 24/30 Anzahl der Revolverplätze / number of tool places 12 max. Stangendurchmesser / max. bar diameter 51 mm Antriebsleistung Spindel / drive capacity spindle 13,5 kW Gewicht ca. / weight ca. 3500 kg Technische Daten, Zubehör und Beschreibung der Maschine sind unverbindlich - Technical data, accessories and description of the machine are not binding.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2005, In the configuration 1.2-2.1 axes are X-fix Z-NC and all other axes are NC controlled Double NCU It has Büschel, Çiller and Knoll units. High pressures 40 Bar SIR25 IEMCA driver available Lhsdpfold Npyjx Afueh It is in working condition, our workbench can be seen in our Bursa Gemlik factory.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2007, operating hours: 8,000 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 700312, turning diameter over cross slide: 600 mm, turning length: 700 mm, turning diameter: 440 mm, spindle bore: 70 mm, travel distance X-axis: 440 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 700 mm, spindle motor power: 20 W, Equipment: documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, MACHINE IN PERFECT CONDITION LIVE TOOL 12 POSITIONS AIRCONDITIONED ELECTRONICS Ledpfx Afjyr Ag Asushh CHIP CONVEYOR PART CATCHER AUTOMATIC BAR FEEDER PLENTY OF TOOLS

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2007, Mori Seiki NL2500Y/700 CNC lathe Year: 2007 Control: MORI MSX-850 III Main spindle: Spindle nose: A2-8 Main spindle drive power: 18.5 kW Max. main spindle speed: 4000 rpm Max. spindle bore: 80 mm Max. turning diameter: 366 mm C-axis 0.001 degree TURRET: Number of positions: 12 pcs. Number of driven tools positions: 12 pcs. Min. spindle indexing increment 0.001° Travel X/Z axis: 280 / 785 mm Travel Y axis: +/- 50 mm Max. speed driven tools: 6000 rpm Power driven tools: 5.5 kW TAILSTOCK: Taper: MT5 Distance between centers: 705 mm ELECTRICAL SUPPLY: Total drive: 39 kVA WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONS: Space requirements: 3800 x 2143 mm Machine height: 2232 mm Machine weight: 6100 kg Accessories/options: - 2 cabinet accessories - 5 pieces driven tool holders, several static holders - collets, inserts, tools, sleeves, etc.... - high pressure paper band filter type, micro filtered, coolant tank - swarf conveyor - collet type chucks, different sizes - Kitagawa 3-jaw hydraulic chuck diameter 210 mm - Full set of documentations - Parts catcher Lsdpfxjyxpprs Afuehh Under power in our warehouse. Video available upon request!

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, Technical details: turning diameter: 160 mm turning length: 300 mm control: Siemens 840D Spindle 1 Power: 22 kW Spindle 1 RPM: 5000 1/min Spindle 1 max. bar diameter: 65 Spindle 1 Torque: 150 Nm Spindle 2 power: 16,8 kW Lsdozd Tcwepfx Afuohh Spindle 2 RPM: 5000 1/min Spindle 2 torque: 100 Nm Travel for pick up of 2nd Spindle: W2=690 mm dimensions of the machine ca.: ´4,5x2,0x2,3 m weight of the machine ca.: 9 t Accerories Spindle 1 Collet chuck Spindle 2 Collet Chuck Chip Conveyor CNC turning center with 3 turrets and 2 spindles. There is an internal coolant system for the turrets with individual pumps *

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1997, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1114.3705-24, Used CNC Lathe Make: Boehringer Type: VDF 250Cm Year of Manufacture: 1997 VDF Boehringer 250C The machine has the following features: 1000mm turning length No tailstock Lhjdpowlap Aofx Afujh Driven tools Special indexing chuck Siemens 840C control system The Boehringer VDF 250Cm is a CNC lathe designed for machining chucked parts. It is characterized by its robust construction and precise machining capabilities. Technical Specifications (Model Year 1997) Working Area: Swing over Bed: 550 mm Swing over Cross Slide: 480 mm X-Axis Travel: 405 mm Z-Axis Travel: 1,099 mm Maximum Turning Length: 1,000 mm (None) Tailstock: Tool Turret: Number of Positions: 12 Tool Holder: VDI 50 DIN 69880 Live Tools: YES Spindle: Spindle Head Size: 8 DIN 55026 Spindle Bore: 103 mm Max. Chuck Diameter: 315 mm Max. Drive Power (50% Duty Cycle): 53 kW Max. Torque: 780 Nm Speed Range: 30–3,000 rpm Feeds: Automatic Feeds: 1–10,000 mm/min Rapid traverse speed: 10 m/min (X and Z axes) Max. feed force: 15 kN Dimensions and weight: Machine dimensions (L × W × H): approx. 5,400 × 3,200 × 2,400 mm Machine weight: approx. 11,000 kg Equipment: Pivoting control panel Hydraulic system from HYDROKRAFT Coolant system with 600 l tank, max. pump pressure 5.5 bar, flow rate 60 l/min, pump power 1.1 kW Chip conveyor with 325 l tank capacity, right-hand discharge 3-jaw power chuck Oil mist extraction Control cabinet with cooling unit and temperature controller from RITTAL Control system: SIEMENS SINUMERIK 840 C Variants and Differences There are various variants of the VDF 250 series, such as the VDF 250 CU, which can be equipped with different control systems (e.g., PHILIPS B2T) and technical specifications. Some models feature driven tools and a tailstock, while others are designed as pure chuck-type lathes without a tailstock. Conclusion The Boehringer VDF 250 Cm is a versatile CNC lathe characterized by its stability and precision. With its robust construction and extensive features, it is ideally suited for machining chucked parts in a variety of production environments.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2009, CNC lathe, 2 axes, DOOSAN LYNX 220LB, year of manufacture 2009 Fanuc i series control Chuck diameter: 210mm Spindle bore: 51mm Max. turning length: 525mm Max. turning diameter: 320mm 12-position tool turret Tool probe Tailstock Part catcher Included with the machine: - Documentation Lhodpfx Afozai Rweuoh - Chip conveyor with pump - Toolholders located on the turret

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2004, turning diameter 250 mm turning length 100 mm control SIEMENS 840 D total power requirement 35 kW weight of the machine ca. 7500 kg dimensions of the machine ca. m E M A G (Germany) Vertical CNC Controlled Hard Turning and Grinding machine with tool turret and workpiece handling System Model VSC 250 DS Year 2004 # M7 28.69324 Lhjdpfx Ast Hxa Tofuoh _____ Turning Ø, max. 250 mm Turning length internal / external 100 mm Workpiece length min./max. 29 – 100 mm 6-positon tool turret Ø / swing-Ø 480/790 mm Workpiece spindle Slide travel, X / Z / stroke 680 / 400 / 200 mm Feed rate / Quick feed X/Z 45/30 m/min. Feed force X/Z 5,5/11 kN Spindle speed 4.300 / 6.000 rpm Spindle drive 28 kW Total electrical load, approx. 35 kW - 400 V - 50 Hz Weight, approx. 7,500 kg Accessories / Special Features: * CNC – Continuous Path Control SIEMENS Model 840 D, with colour monitor, graphics, menu-supervised dialogue programming, and all the usual options, cycles and subprograms, etc. * Hexagon Tool turret head with 6 tool positions (Ø 40 mm) without motorized tools posts, two positions T 3 u. T 6 equipped with grinding spindles with 42.000 rpm and with 18.000 rpm, using CBN discs resp. regular grinding tools * Workpiece handling device with WP transportation frames and circulation system and pick-up and unloading of finished parts directly through the motor spindle which is equipped with a hydraulic 3 jaws chuck make SMW Autobloc with membrane clamping and clamping control system. * MARPOSS MIDA Measuring Probe for measuring blank parts a. the finished parts * NORGREN air measuring system, hydraulic weight compensation of spindle, * Main elements of machine are temperature stabilized by a coolant system made by HYFRA * Recooler for the grinding coolant sitting on a large Coolant device consisting of SEITZ Paper Band filter and a mobile Chipconveyor, Magnetic separator, Centrallubrication, etc. Vertical CNC lathes offer a thermo-resistant construction (chips do not fall onto the machine bed),fast workpiece change times (pick-up system through the main spindle) and a ridged tool arrangement,which also allows unrelated machining work, like hard turning or grinding process on the same machine. Condition : Good. Machine can soon be inspected under power. Delivery : Ex stock, as inspected. Payment : Net, after conclusion of contract.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1995, turning diameter 300 mm turning length 710 mm control SIEMENS SINUMERIC 840 total power requirement 40 kW weight of the machine ca. 6000 kg dimensions of the machine ca. m I N D E X (Germany) CNC Controlled Slant-Bed Chuck Lathe with Turret and Tailstock and INDEX CNC Control C 200 – 4 (SIEMENS) Model G 300 Year 1995 S/N 5000 65 _____ Turning - Ø, with chuck, max. 300 mm Spindle bore 90 mm Max. Workpiece Swing dia. 400 / 590 mm Turning length / travel of turning slide, (X-Achse) max. 710 mm Turret head slide cross movement (Z-Axis) max. 140 mm Turret with 12 tool holder positions DIN 30 mm Feed range of turret slide / Quickfeed 0,1 - 20 m/Min. Feed Force of X/Z-Axis 8 – 13 kN Steplessly adjustable Spindle speeds up to 5.000 rpm Torque Forceon main spindle approx. 275 Nm Spindle drive 28 kW Total electrical load appr. 40 kW - 400 V - 50 Hz Weight 6,000 kg Accessories / Special Features: * INDEX CNC Control Model C 200-4 resp. SIEMENS 840 C for 3 Axes X/Z Axis and Main spindle as C-Axis (Spindle Orientation) Control Panel mounted swivable on front left side of machine. * Spindle orientation in 2,5° degree steps and Spindle indexing device * Mounted hydraulic 3 Jaws Chuck make FORKHARDT Model HS 250 with many Sets of jaws. Speed up to 5.000 rpm * INDEX- Turret with 12 positions for DIN 30 tool holders, prepared for Lhjdjt Hw Sujpfx Afujh driven tools and motorized by the indexing motor, Choice of approx. 40 pieces toolholders * Hydraulic Tailstock with stroke of 50 mm and with concentricity correction device * KNOLL – Swarf Conveyor with Coolant Device and High Pressure Pump, Sliding door, Oilskimmer, etc. Condition : Good to very good. Machine can be inspected under power. Delivery : Ex stock, as inspected. Payment : Net, after conclusion of contract.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1998, turning diameter 200 mm turning length 400 mm control SIEMENS SINUMERIC 840 C total power requirement 40 kW Lhodst Hw Rkepfx Afuoh weight of the machine ca. 6.500 kg dimensions of the machine ca. m

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1991, turning diameter 42 mm turning length 250 mm Ledpfxst Hwz Ao Afuohh control total power requirement kW weight of the machine ca. t dimensions of the machine ca. m CNC-lathe with bar feed with Sameca bar feed

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1994, turning diameter 1250 mm swing diameter 1160 mm turning height 800 mm faceplate diameter 1000 mm total power requirement 97 kW weight of the machine ca. 25000 t dimensions of the machine ca. m P I T T L E R (Germany) CNC Controlled Vertical Turning and Milling Centre With Tool Changer and Pallet Changer Model PV 1250 / 1-1 Year 1994 _____ Turning Ø max. 1,000 mm Swing Ø max. 1,160 mm Turning length 800 mm X Axis - horizontal 1,300 mm Y Axis - vertical 800 mm Feed / quick feed 16,000 mm/min Main spindle speeds 10 - 1,000 rpm ! Main spindle speeds via separate C Axis 0.1 - 16 rpm Positioning accuracy of C Axis 360° + / - 5 " Tool holder ISO 50 Tool drive 22 kW Max. torque / spindle speed 315 Nm / 2,500 rpm Pallet size 630 x 630 mm Spindle drive 63 kW Total electrical load 97 kW - 400 V - 50 Hz Weight, approx. 25,000 kg Accessories / Special Features * CNC Contouring Control Model NUM 760 TX in 3 axes, with graphics, menu-guided dialogue programming, and all the usual options, cycles and sub-programs; with tool compensation, thread cutting cycles, constant speed programming, etc. * 2-axis CNC tool slide (1,300 x 800 mm) with driven tool holders, ISA 50 / 22 kW. * Tool changer with 16 tool holders, max. length 450 mm, max. weight 40 kg. * Pallet changing system, pallet size 630 x 630 mm, with setup station with indexing and drive of the pallet, and 2 separate pallet stations. * 3 pallets, 630 x 630 mm. * 3-jaw chuck, Ø 650 mm. * Face plate, Ø 900 mm. * Chip conveyor. * Band filter coolant equipment. * Completely covered working area, including safety fence for the pallet changing area. * Separate switch cabinet. * Operating manual. Lhodpfx Afst Hwy Ssueh * Approx. 20 tool holders. * Various other accessories. High performance universal turning and milling centre for full range of machining (turning, boring, drilling, milling, and threading) with high speeds and high turning volume. Condition : Good to very good. Machine can soon be inspected under power. Delivery : Ex stock as inspected Payment : Net, after conclusion of contract Thank you for your interest. We have a selection of modern lathes available. Please let us know your requirements