Used Gadwit Modular Drilling Machine For Baby Cots Wp 4 for sale (1,02,528)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, operating hours: 2,000 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 30762, spindle speed (max.): 3,000 rpm, type of input current: three-phase, total length: 10,000 mm, total height: 2,000 mm, total width: 5,000 mm, table length: 3,100 mm, drilling capacity: 40 mm, drilling depth: 130 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 7,500 kg, Manufacturer: Ficep Year of manufacture: 2008 Serial number: 30762 Technical specifications: Maximum workpiece width: 3,100 mm Ljdpfjz Inhgjx Alyeah Minimum workpiece width: 400 mm Minimum workpiece length: 1,900 mm Maximum workpiece length: 6.4 m Maximum material thickness: 130 mm Maximum drilling diameter: Ø40 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 7,500 kg Plasma source: Hypertherm HPR260 Spindle speed: 180–3,000 RPM Minimum workpiece size: 200 × 150 mm Equipment: Complete line with motorized roller conveyors for feeding and removing material Approximate feeding conveyor length: 8 m Approximate removal conveyor length: 5 m Includes a wide conveyor for removing metal scrap.

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number: 8071 Ljdpfx Aszuk Aielyjah TECHNICAL DATA - Number of spindles: 21 pcs - Distance between extreme spindles: 640 mm - Spindle spacing: 32 mm - Pneumatic clamps: 2 pcs - Table surface dimensions: 900x350 mm - Height to table surface: 900 mm - Stroke of the feed cylinder (drilling depth adjustment): 50 mm - Drilling speed: pneumatically adjustable - Drilling angle: manually adjustable - Main motor: 1.5 kW - Side fences: 400 mm - Compressed air requirement: 6-8 bar - Diameter of the dust extraction nozzle: 60 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1000x860x1270 mm - Weight: 267 kg ADVANTAGES - Made in Italy - For 21 spindles – drill mounting with quick-release couplings - Vertical, horizontal, and angled drilling - Unpainted - Used drill press, very good condition Net price: 6900 PLN Net price: 1600 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.30 EUR (Prices are subject to change due to exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: used, total width: 900 mm, total length: 2,050 mm, total height: 2,100 mm, Year of manufacture: 1956 Colour: Green Empty weight: 2.400 kg - Year: 1956 - Serial number: 3706 - Drive system: Conventional - Drive system: Gear drive - Number of drills [pcs]: 4 - Power [kW]: 6 - Table type: Fixed table - Table length [mm]: 1800 - Table width [mm]: 350 - Drilling depth [mm]: 160 - Drilling capacity [mm]: 25 Lsdpfx Asz R Dt Ejlyoah - Reach [mm]: 275 - Main spindle power [kW]: 6.0 - Min. spindle speed [rpm]: 180 - Max. spindle speed [rpm]: 2000 - Options: Tapping function - Transport dimensions: 2050mm x 900mm x 2100mm (l x w x h) - Transport weight [kg]: 2400kg - Transport packages [pcs.]: 1 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Lukas van Rossum

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1955, Drilling capacity in steel St 37: Ø 65 mm Drilling capacity in cast iron: Ø 75 mm Spindle mount: MK 5 Overhang: 1250 mm Spindle stroke: 400 mm Spindle speeds: 22.4 – 1800 rpm Feed range: 0.056 – 0.56 mm/rev Column diameter: Ø 300 mm Motor power, 2-stage: 3.6 / 4.8 kW Clamping area, base plate: 1320 x 1000 mm Dimensions L x W x H (with motor!): 2250 x 1000 x 3100 mm Transport dimensions L x W x H (without motor!): 2250 x 1000 x 2800 mm Weight: 5100 kg Accessories / Special features: • Square table L x W x H 650 x 500 x 500 mm • Central clamping device • Feed mechanism • Right-left operation • Motorized vertical movement • High speed range up to 1800 rpm • Coolant system • Lighting Siegfried Volz Machine Tools Rüschebrinkstr. 151-153 Lodpfx Aetwzk Dslysah DE - 44143 Dortmund - Wambel / Germany

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, drilling depth: 1,600 mm, feed length X-axis: 3,000 mm, feed length Y-axis: 2,100 mm, feed length Z-axis: 1,500 mm, overall weight: 50,000 kg, feed rate X-axis: 10,000 m/min, feed rate Y-axis: 10,000 m/min, feed rate Z-axis: 10,000 m/min, spindle speed (max.): 4,500 rpm, drill diameter: 40 mm, table length: 2,100 mm, table width: 1,900 mm, CNC Heidenhain iTNC 640 AXES OF MOVEMENT Maximum drilling depth in a single operation (V axis): mm 1,600 Table travel, horizontal movement (X axis): mm 3,000 Vertical movement (Y axis): mm 2,100 Column approach movement (milling) (Z axis): mm 1,500 Drilling slide tilting (resolution 0.001°) (A axis): +30° / -15° Table rotation (resolution 0.001°) (B axis): 360° Max axis feed rate: mm/min 10,000 DEEP HOLE DRILLING AND MILLING SPINDLE – ISO 50 Solid drilling capacity: mm 5 – 25 Maximum drilling diameter: mm 40 Adjustable spindle speed: rpm 1 – 4,500 Spindle power S1: kW 17 Lasdeywnr Nspfx Alyoh Spindle torque: Nm 324 Standard drilling tool holder: mm Ø 25 x 70 Maximum internal spindle pressure: bar 120 Taper type: ISO 50 DIN 69871/A Coolant system: Yes ROTARY TABLE Rotary table dimensions: mm 1,900 x 2,100 Table rotation (resolution 0.001°) (B axis): 360° Table load capacity in rotation: kg 20,000 T-slots: mm 22 OIL SYSTEM Hydraulic pump motor power: kW 4 – 7.5 Self-regulated oil pressure: bar 15 – 120 Self-regulated oil flow rate: l/min 5 – 80 Oil tank capacity: L 800 – 1,000 Cooled oil temperature: 25 – 32 °C Filtration grade: micron 16 MACHINE DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT Width x Length x Height: mm 7,000 x 7,900 x4,700h Machine weight: kg 50,000 DRILLING CAPABILITIES WITH GUN DRILLS Maximum depth: mm 1,600 Maximum rotation speed: rpm 4,500 Minimum drilling diameter: mm 6 Maximum drilling diameter: mm 40 THREADING HEAD “IMSASISTEM” WORKING FEATURES Max rotation speed: rpm 4,500 Maximum threading on C40 steel: M36 Machine equipped with: • Remote electronic handwheel Heidenhain • ISO 50 tool changer magazine with 40 positions • Fume extraction system 4,000 m³/hour • Through-spindle air/oil system • M24 threads on table side • Various tools and equipment • Tool rack with assorted gun drills • User and maintenance manual and CE declaration of conformity

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, heads set: right/left/top/top spindles span 32mm motors 1,1kW heads with 5 spindles max heads span 2,5m Lodpfx Ajzz N R Selysah pneumatic clamps regulation of drilling speed

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, power: 4 kW (5.44 HP), input voltage: 400 V, actuation type: electric, rotational speed (max.): 1,700 rpm, rotational speed (min.): 25 rpm, total width: 1,070 mm, total length: 2,500 mm, total height: 2,840 mm, table width: 630 mm, table length: 800 mm, overall weight: 3,500 kg, Equipment: CE marking, documentation/manual, Special Offer – 5% Discount Available! Industrial Radial Drilling Machine The Industrial Radial Drilling Machine is a robust and reliable solution designed for precision hole machining in production plants, maintenance workshops, and metalworking facilities. Its rigid construction ensures excellent stability, high accuracy, and dependable performance, even during demanding industrial applications. The machine is suitable for a wide range of machining operations, including drilling, reaming, countersinking, boring, and tapping. The large working range and adjustable radial arm allow efficient machining of large and heavy workpieces without repositioning. Main Features • Rigid industrial construction • Wide spindle speed range • High drilling capacity • Suitable for drilling, reaming, boring, countersinking and tapping • Stable and precise operation • Easy machine operation • CE certified Technical Specifications Lodpoytf Thofx Alyoah • Maximum drilling capacity: 50 mm • Distance from spindle nose to table: 400–1580 mm • Distance from spindle axis to column: 370–2000 mm • Spindle travel: 400 mm • Spindle taper: MT5 • Spindle speed: 25–1700 rpm • Number of spindle speeds: 16 • Column diameter: 350 mm • Main motor power: 4 kW • Table dimensions: 800 × 630 × 500 mm • Machine dimensions: 2500 × 1070 × 2840 mm • Machine weight: 3500 kg Applications • Drilling • Reaming • Countersinking • Boring • Tapping • Metal fabrication • Maintenance workshops • Manufacturing plants Delivery and Support The machine is supplied brand new and includes a 12-month warranty, warranty service, and professional after-sales support. We provide professional transport throughout Europe using specialized heavy machinery logistics. Every machine is securely loaded, protected during transport, and delivered directly to the customer's premises. We also assist with export documentation and international shipping arrangements. Worldwide shipping is available upon request. About Metal Technics Polska Metal Technics Polska is a manufacturer and distributor of professional metalworking machinery. We supply high-quality machines throughout Europe and provide expert technical advice, spare parts, and comprehensive after-sales support. Contact us today for pricing, delivery times, machine availability, additional photos, videos, or a personalized quotation.

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number: 7859 ADVANTAGES – for 8 spindles – with oscillation – variable spindle spacing (adjustable) – 2 worktables – unpainted – used drilling machine, very good condition Lasdpfxszxg A Te Alyeh TECHNICAL DATA drilling spindles 2 x 4 pcs oscillation range right/left 40 mm per side oscillation speed adjustment via frequency inverter head with spindles adjustment up/down each pair of spindles (2 pcs) adjustable right/left 2 types of rotation speeds + right/left max. tool diameter 15 mm table adjustment up/down table dimensions 700 x 200 mm 4 hydraulic cylinders motor power 2 x 2 kW oscillation motor 0.75 kW dimensions L/W/H 1800 x 1350 x 1300 mm weight 862 kg Net price: 16,900 PLN Net price: 3,930 EUR Net price calculated based on an exchange rate of 4.3 PLN/EUR (in case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: used, This ADA double-sided glass drilling machine with diamond core drills will be auctioned online as part of our industrial auction / machine auction for the liquidation of HERA Glas GmbH. Laodpj Aa Ri Dofx Alyjh You can find this and many other items on our platform.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1988, Radial drilling machine Manufacturer: Tai Pin Type: TPR 1230 Year of manufacture: 1988 Drilling capacity in steel: Ø 42 mm Drilling capacity in cast iron: Ø 55 mm Thread cutting (steel/cast iron): M25 / M38 Overhang (column to spindle center): 330 – 1,230 mm Spindle head travel: 880 mm Column diameter: 300 mm Lasdpfoznvibex Alysh Tool holder: MK 4 (Morse taper 4) Quill stroke (spindle stroke): 270 mm Spindle speeds: 12 steps, 37 – 1,253 rpm (at 50 Hz) Automatic feeds: 3 steps (0.05 / 0.09 / 0.15 mm/rev) Distance spindle – base plate: 467 – 1,360 mm Outrigger height adjustment: 620 mm 191026ä

Condition: good (used), Work table 54 cm x 135 cm Shipping dimensions: Width: 135 cm Lasdpfx Alew N N D Aoysh Length: 160 cm Height: 230 cm

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), 21-spindle single-head drilling machine, suitable for all carpentry needs, ideal for joining a work center to save time and release it from horizontal drilling operations. Ledpfxjd Supgs Alyjah PNEUMATIC HEAD ROTATION - with lock and stop reference from 0° to 90°at any angle. SIDE REFERENCE FENCES - Adjustable cast iron fences on a metric scale thanks to a magnify glass and nonius. PATENTED SPIRAL SYSTEM - Device for boring depth adjustment, allowing an easy and quick set-up on a millimetric scale according to the different drill lengths. no of drilling spindles 21 # distance between drilling spindles 32 mm working width 640 mm max drilling depth 65 mm no. of pneumatic work piece clamps 2 # work piece dimensions max 900 x 3000 x 60 mm motor 1,5 kWm 50 Hz, 400 V, 2800 rpm pneumatic pressure requirement 6-8 bar compressed air consumption 10 l/cycle suction DM 80 mm machine dimensions L x W x H = 1030 x 1030 x 1285 mm weight 240 Kg

Condition: refurbished (used), machine/vehicle number: MT361, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, type of input current: three-phase, drilling depth: 120 mm, height adjustment type: mechanical, rotational speed (max.): 3,600 rpm, rotational speed (min.): 40 rpm, total width: 540 mm, total length: 1,155 mm, total height: 2,060 mm, table width: 470 mm, table length: 510 mm, overall weight: 400 kg, year of last overhaul: 2024, travel distance Z-axis: 300 mm, distance table to spindle center: 455 mm, spindle speed (max.): 3,600 rpm, spindle speed (min.): 40 rpm, Equipment: CE marking, For sale: Aciera 22K1 bench drill with VA head Lajdpfx Ajz R A Uhelysh Art. MT361 Features: - Drilling capacity in steel, 60 daN/mm²: 22 mm - Tapping capacity in steel, 60 daN/mm²: M18 - Spindle stroke: 120 mm - Spindle diameter: 65 mm - Drilling head stroke: 300 mm - Three-phase motor: 700/1400 rpm - Motor power: 0.74/1.1 kW - CCEA Trackalpha LED lighting mounted on 2 supports - Spindle speed with gearbox: 40-560 rpm - Spindle speed with direct drive: 275-3600 rpm - 6 automatic feeds: For n=40-560 rpm: 0.12-0.25-0.6 mm/rev For n=275-3600 rpm: 0.02-0.04-0.1 mm/rev Machine completely overhauled with new electrical components, spindle nose protection, and CE conformity certificate. Machine price: CHF 15,000,- (excluding VAT)

Condition: good (used), Code: 0502 Brand: ZANGHERI E BOSCHETTI MASTERWOOD Model: FM 39S Multiple boring machine for furniture, carpentry kitchens, custom-made furniture, bathroom furniture, panels and various items Technical data: N° 39 spindles Max drilling centre distance mm 1216 Centre distance between the two spindles mm 32 Table dimensions mm 1425 x 780 Max vertical drilling depth mm 120 Threaded drill bit shank Ljdps Aaykwefx Alysah Motor power 4 Hp Quick adjustment of the heads for drilling at 0°-45°-90°, with the option to operate in all intermediate positions Millimetre-marked square guides N° 4 pneumatic clamps for securing workpieces Operating pressure 6-8 atm Overall dimensions mm 1590 x 1000 x 1200 h Weight kg 770

Condition: good (used), Mobile delivery for folding machine Heidelberg SAK-66 Fully operational, ready for production. Manufactured in Heidelberg, Germany. Brand new belts. Can be connected to any Heidelberg folding machine, with smooth delivery speed adjustment. Ljdpfx Ae Aaw T Aelyeah Height and angle adjustment.

Condition: good (used), Code: 0072 Brand: T.O.P. ITALIA Model: FS 850 - CE Standard Drilling and inserting gluing machine + dowel pins on horizontal workpieces for furniture, custom-made furniture, kitchens, bathroom furniture - CE Standard - Year 2018 Ljdpfoyv Inzsx Alyjah Technical data: Maxworkable length mm 1600 Max workable height 850 Panel thickness mm 8 - 50 Independent drilling aggregate: Rotation speed 6000-18000 rpm - Max drilling depth mm 35 - Drilling depth adjustment - Hole cleaning system Glue + dowel insertion unit: Dowel dimensions mm 8 x 30 - Max dowel protrusion 15 mm Glue and water system: Container for automatic glue feeding and system cleaning Feeder for automatic pin loading Numerical control and operator interface: Albatros numerical control for 4-axis control - Touch screen supervisor PC - Monitor 12" TFT - Windows operating system - Parametric CAD 3D TPAEdi32 Compressed air 6 bar Overall dimensions mm 1800 x 1900 x 2100 h Weight kg 500

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, type of input current: three-phase, year of last overhaul: 2024, Well-maintained drilling machine for sale due to expansion; it was also overhauled in 2024 and has been in our inventory since 2024. Laedszhby Sjpfx Alyoh

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2014, Universally applicable frame and elongated hole drilling machine Specifically designed for window construction and versatile use through pneumatic height adjustment. Double-hole drilling on two levels in a single clamping operation. Motor power: 1.5 kW Motor start with a practical handle switch. Equipped with a two-jaw chuck, 1 - 20mm, by Röhm. Pneumatic adjustment of the machining height, allowing dowel drilling on two levels without re-positioning. The desired drilling heights can be set for each drilling level using a digital counter. Switching between levels is then done pneumatically from the front. Cross adjustment: 430mm, stepless or in a 12mm grid. Maximum height adjustment: approx. 100mm above the table height. Drilling stroke: approx. 150mm. 2 pneumatic workpiece clamps. Grid rail for quick adjustment on the side in a 12mm grid. Stop for length adjustment during elongated hole milling. 2 swiveling workpiece supports. Special stop system, approx. 3.1m long, with swiveling stops. Removable special stop with centering via a lever mechanism for different ladder rung widths, mullions, etc. Dust extraction funnel. Center stop. Side stop. Drill head mount. Laser. Operating manual. CE marking. Few paint spots have been touched up. Almost new condition, see original photos. Dimensions: approx. 1500 x 900 x 1400mm (L x W x H), weight 300kg. Lsdpfxe Aa A Eqj Alyoah The machine can be demonstrated on site by appointment. We only offer machines that are ready for demonstration and are in stock, see "other offers from this seller".

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2025, GANNOMAT "JUNIOR 323" FRAME DOWEL AND SLOT MORTISING MACHINE Complete in standard configuration as per price list 01/22/D with: - Precision collet chuck for ER 40 collets Ø 3–26 mm, including collets Ø 10 / 13 / 16 / 20 - Motor 1.5 kW, 2800 rpm - Positioning via digital counter - Pneumatic 2-level positioning adjustment (0–100 mm) - Max. drilling depth: 150 mm - Precision indexing rail with 12 mm pitch, featuring: - Center detent and lateral adjustment 320 mm - 2 pneumatic safety clamping cylinders - Complete fence system consisting of: • 1 center stop and 1 stop for oversized frames • 1 round stop bar approx. 850 mm long (can be mirrored from left to right) • 2 flip stops - Tiltable slot mortising device with 2 program cams (400V, 3Ph, 50Hz, 1.5kW) - Extraction hood Ø 80 mm, dust-tested Lajdexdttiepfx Alyoh - Central mitre stop 45° - Pair of auxiliary workpiece supports, pivotable (left and right) - Drill head holder - 3-spindle drilling head, 32 mm pitch (can be rotated 90°) - Chassis with 4 wheels for easy machine movement Availability: Short-term – immediately –

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, drilling depth: 1,150 mm, overall weight: 12,000 kg, drill diameter: 32 mm, Heidenhain iTNC530 cnc control 12-fold tool changer Technische Daten / technical details: Wege: / travels: Lasdpfx Aowcldaelyjh X-Achse längs (Tisch) / X-axis longitudinal (table) 1800 mm Z-Achse quer (Ständer) / Z-axis cross (column) 1700 mm W-Achse quer (Bohreinheit) / W-axis cross (drilling unit) 1150 mm Y-Achse senkrecht (Bohreinheit) / Y-axis vertical (drilling unit) 1200 mm B-Achse (Rundtisch) / B-axis (rotary table) 360 ° A-Achse (Bohreinheit) / A-axis (drilling unit) -25 - +15 ° Bohrbereich-Tiefbohren (ELB): / drilling area-deep drilling (ELB): Durchmesserbereich / diameter range 6-32 mm max. mögliche Bohrtiefe / max. drilling depth 1150 mm Antriebsleistung / drive capacity 40 kW Gewicht der Maschine ca. / weight ca. 12000 kg Technische Daten, Zubehör und Beschreibung der Maschine sind unverbindlich - Technical data, accessories and description of the machine are not binding. For more technical details please look at the photos

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2011, working width: 1,300 mm, workpiece height (max.): 50 mm, working length: 3,000 mm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Working area, X-axis: 3,000 mm Working area, Y-axis: 1,300 mm Maximum workpiece thickness: 50 mm Number of working areas: 2 Number of controlled axes: 3 Drilling units Number of drilling units: 4 Drilling unit 1: Top Vertical drilling spindles: 51 Horizontal drilling spindles in X-direction: 4 Drilling unit 2: Top Vertical drilling spindles: 51 Horizontal drilling spindles in X-direction: 4 Drilling unit 3: Bottom Horizontal drilling spindles in Y-direction: 42 Drilling unit 4: Bottom Horizontal drilling spindles in Y-direction: 42 Milling units Number of milling units: 2 Milling unit 1: Top Controlled axes: 3 Motor power: 6.6 kW Lsdpfxez Ekggo Alysah Milling unit 2: Top Controlled axes: 3 Motor power: 6.6 kW Sawing units Number of sawing units: 2 Sawing unit 1: Top Design: Fixed unit for grooving in X-direction Maximum tool diameter: 125 mm Sawing unit 2: Top Design: Fixed unit for grooving in X-direction Maximum tool diameter: 125 mm EQUIPMENT Albatros machine programming software Collets for workpiece clamping The machine is sold and delivered in its actual and legal condition (“as is, where is”) based on photo documentation and technical/commercial documents of a descriptive nature. The buyer has the right to inspect the goods before collection and assumes responsibility for the installation, securing, and use of the machine at the destination. External reference: 5446

Condition: good (used), Used column drill press VSF 40 NAK Capacity: 40mm Equipped with a cross table (operation of the coolant pump is unknown) Ljdpfoz H U Nbjx Alyjah

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1960, Technical details: workpiece height max.: 600 mm Lajdpfx Ajx Afn Nslysh Arm length: ca. 700 mm bore capacity in steel (diameter): 25 mm Table dimensions: 1100 x 400 mm

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 585 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 240 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 145 mm, spindle speed (max.): 2,340 rpm, spindle speed (min.): 32 rpm, spindle mount: MK 0, throat depth: 293 mm, quill diameter: 72 mm, quill stroke: 145 mm, total length: 1,340 mm, total height: 2,050 mm, table width: 225 mm, total width: 1,280 mm, table length: 800 mm, drilling capacity: 40 mm, spindle nose: ISO40, spindle diameter: 72 mm, nominal power: 3 kW (4.08 HP), Milling-/Drilling Machine, DRO, drilling capacity Ø 40 mm, motor 2,2/3,0 KW, table size 800x225 mm, spindle speed 32-3240 rpm stepless, ISO40, pneum. tollclamping el. tapping device, table stroke X/Y 585/240 mm, automatic spindle feed, coolant device, dimensions 1340x1280x2050 mm, weight ca. 780 kg Laodez Rqfzopfx Alysh

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 8005 TECHNICAL DATA - Number of spindles: 21 pcs - Distance between extreme spindles: 640 mm - Distance between spindles: 32 mm - Pneumatic clamps: 2 pcs - Table surface dimensions: 870x560 mm - Height to table surface: 900 mm - Feed cylinder stroke: 65 mm - Vertical/horizontal and angled drilling adjustment - Drilling unit adjustment, pneumatic Lsdpozr U Ecefx Alyoah - Main motor: 1.5 kW - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1000x1150x1240 mm - Weight: 370 kg ADVANTAGES - For 21 spindles – drill bit mounting with quick-release couplings - Vertical, horizontal and angled drilling - Unpainted - Used drilling machine, very good condition Net price: 7900 PLN Net price: 1840 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.3 EUR (Prices may vary due to significant exchange rate fluctuations)