Used Copy Milling Machine, Pattern Milling Machine, Grinding Machine for sale (65,194)

Condition: used, Univ. universal milling machine with active digital display, DECKEL Type FP 1 Machine No. 2101 - 7088, Year of manufacture 1993 Travel distances X: 300 mm, Y: 150 mm, Z: 330 mm Table size 600 x 200 mm Spindle mounting SK 40 - S20x2 Spindle speed 40-2000 rpm, 16 steps Feed rate X and Y axis 5 to 500 mm/min. Rapid traverse 1200 mm/min. Motor power 1.6 and 2 kW, pole-changing Power connection 380 Volt, 50 Hz - Active control and digital display for 3 axes, HEIDENHAIN Type TNC 123 - Stepless feed rate via servo motor in the X, Y, and Z axes - Spindle speed via 2 motor speeds and 8 gear stages - Quill travel on the vertical milling head 60 mm - Vertical milling head swiveling and horizontally extendable by 100 mm - Swivel, rotary, and tilting angle table DECKEL, Type 2114 - Coolant system in the machine base - Central lubrication - Adjacent control cabinet - Hinged protective shield with safety switch - Original chip tray for mounting on the machine base - Electrical diagram available Space requirement L x W x H 1600 x 1200 x 1770 mm Cgodpfjziny Iex Ahkow Weight 900 kg Good condition

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1991, This Butler CNC bed milling machine will be auctioned off online as part of our industrial auction / machine auction, which includes clearing out warehouse stock – pallets, office supplies, and other items. You can find this and many other items on our platform. Cgodpfezhmftex Ahksw

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, machine/vehicle number: Q4A181101, SIEMENS SINUMERIK 828d control system, travel ranges X/Y/Z = 350/250/300 mm, weight 2,030 kg, RITTAL control cabinet, 24-position tool changer SK30, rigid tool clamping plate, chip conveyor KABELSCHLEPP, coolant system. Cgsdpfxjy U R Rcs Ahkow

Condition: used, x-travel 300 mm y-travel 160 mm z-travel 330 mm Cgsdpfx Ahsy Sbkbekew table surface area 600 x 200 mm table load capacity 200 kg Spindle Speed 40-2.000 U/min. tool taper SK40 dimensions 1200 x 1160 x 1800 mm machine weight ab. 800 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1987, x-travel 720 mm Cjdpfxeyv N Hxj Ahkjgw y-travel 220 mm z-travel 450 mm table surface area 1000x310 mm weight of the machine ca. 1.500 kg dimensions of the machine ca. 2000x1200x1800 mm

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2009, CNC grinding machine Type/Model: Ri 8-4 Year of manufacture: 2009 Operating hours: 25,726 h Technical data Round table diameter: 800 mm Grinding diameter max.: 1100 mm Workpiece diameter max.: 1120 mm Workpiece height max.: 550 (700) mm Plunge depth max.: 300 mm Table load max.: 1500 kg Round table (C-axis) & guide Bearing: Hydrostatic guides in the X and C axes for maximum damping and wear-free operation Table drive: Direct drive Speed range: 0.01 to 200 rpm Positional accuracy: ± 1.5 arc seconds (smallest increment: 0.0001°) Tool holder & spindle (turret head) Number of spindle positions: up to 4 grinding spindles/tool positions in the automatically swiveling turret head CNC control & axis drives Standard control: Siemens Sinumerik 840D with extended Kehren application software X-axis: Linear drive Travel ranges (approximate values) Cgjdpfx Ajzh Hrtehkew X-axis (horizontal): approx. 1,200 mm Z-axis (vertical): approx. 700 mm Dimensions & weight Machine weight: approx. 20,000 kg + peripherals Equipment: - Coolant lifting unit Knoll FHA/300 - Emulsion mist separator Handte EM-DS - Platform with motor-adjustable platform for tool changes

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, Technical details: x-travel: 3500 mm y-travel: 1300 mm z-travel: 1600 mm table-size: 3860 x 1200 mm mm turning speeds: 4.000 1/min max. torque on the spindle: 900 Nm tool change unit: 40 taper ISO: 50 rapid traverse: 35 m/min milling spindle drive: 43 kW control: TNC 640 HEIDENHAIN weight of the machine ca.: 24 t Universal- CNC-bed-milling machine with toolchanger, • H200 universal milling head 2,5° x 2,5 ° • 40-ATC • 5-axis-interpolation • DCM collission control • Interpolation turning • M&H 3D-touchprobe • ICS 20 bar • paper filter + magnetic separator • cabin • 3 chipconveyor accessories: toolholder (approx. 40 pcs.) approx. 12.000 h "machine on", approx 5.000h "spindle on", still under power in closed factory Cgodpfx Ahjzipkbskew *

Condition: excellent (used), For sale: a robust horizontal milling machine from the renowned manufacturer VEB Heckert Auerbach (GDR), model FW 250x1000. The machine is in very good condition, complete, fully operational, and ready for immediate use. ✔ Technical specifications: • Model: FW 250x1000 • Year of manufacture: 1979 • Manufacturer: VEB Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Auerbach, Fritz Heckert Combine Cjdpfew Uab Nex Ahkjgw • Weight: approx. 1,700 kg • Worktable: 250 × 1000 mm, T-slots • Spindle speed range: 630 – 1,800 rpm • Power supply: 3x380 V / 50 Hz • Motor power: 5.8 kW • Control voltage: 220 V • Rated current: 16 A, fuse protection: 25 A • Mechanical and automatic feeds in axes ✔ Equipment included: • Heavy-duty machine vice on the table • Work light • Coolant system • Complete control panel with setting wheels and feed controls ✔ Advantages: • Very stable, heavy-duty design (1.7 t) – ideal for precise and repeatable machining • Renowned manufacturer – Heckert (GDR), known for indestructible machines • Functional and complete – ready to work immediately • 1000 mm table – enables machining of larger components This is a reliable machine, not a cheap, lightweight Chinese construction – just classic engineering from an era when equipment was built to last.

Condition: good (used), For sale, Edge chamfering machine. - Assfalg ASO 750. - 1.1kw engine. Cgsdsv T Ttfepfx Ahkew - We will help you organize a profitable shipping company or courier.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1985, x-travel 710 mm y-travel 500 mm z-travel 460 mm table surface area 1000 x 500 mm spindle taper SK 40 control HEIDENHAIN TNC 155 spindle turning speed range 31,5 - 3150 U/min feeds longditudinal/cross/vertical 1 - 3000 mm/min rapid traverse longitudinal and cross 6 m/min rapid traverse vertical 4 m/min quill stroke 110 mm distance spindle nose and table max. 559 mm Cgedpfxezip His Ahkjw table load capacity max. 500 kg total power requirement 14 kW weight of the machine ca. 3,3 t dimensions of machine L x W x H 2,20 x 2,30 x 2,15 m Accessories: vertical head with hydr. tool clamping and quill retraction, solid table, electron. handwheel, coolant

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2003, Tool holder, vertical + horizontal SK 40 Table size, L x W 710 x 315 mm Speed range, vertical spindle 63 – 2500 rpm Speed range, horizontal spindle 45 – 1800 rpm Travel ranges: X-axis, longitudinal adjustment, automatic / manual 400 / 420 mm Y-axis, transverse adjustment, automatic / manual 220 / 228 mm + cross slide 375 mm Z-axis, vertical adjustment, automatic / manual 350 / 380 mm Adjustment of the quill, vertical, manual 80 mm Machine dimensions, approx. 1550 x 1620 x 1850 mm Machine weight, approx. 1300 kg Cgsdpfx Ajziutzjhkjw Siegfried Volz Machine Tools Rüschebrinkstr. 151-153 DE - 44143 Dortmund - Wambel / Germany

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2021, operating hours: 5,500 h, grinding length: 600 mm, grinding diameter: 440 mm, feed length X-axis: 325 mm, feed length Z-axis: 750 mm, Control system, serial number and main data o Control system: SIEMENS, Type 840 D SL o Operating hours recorded: 5,475 Travel ranges o X-axis travel: 325 mm o Z-axis travel: 750 mm Axis speeds o X and Z axes max.: 15,000 mm/min o X and Z axes min.: 0.01 mm/min Working area o Max. grinding length: 600 mm o Max. grinding diameter: 440 mm o Min. grinding diameter: 10 mm Performance data o Grinding spindle: 1 tool for external cylindrical grinding o Tool dimensions: Ø 610 x 160 x 304.8 mm o Cutting speed: 60 m/s o Power: 15 kW Workpiece spindle Cgsdpjzgdtlefx Ahkjw o Speed range: 30 - 5,000 min⁻¹ o Taper: 5 Morse Tailstock o Design: pneumatic o Max. quill stroke: 80 mm o Taper: 5 Morse Connection values o 400 V / 50 Hz / 71 A / 43 kW Automation / Peripherals • Handling robot, YASKAWA, Type YR-1-06VXH12-A00, year of manufacture 2022, serial number 6V2272528290001 • Automation system / workpiece storage, EGS AUTOMATION DANOBAT, Type CG600-BL1, year of manufacture 2023, serial number 190605-6, 2-position • Filter, 3FS, Type M1600, No. 565209, year of manufacture 2021, weight 85 kg • Oil band filter, MICROFILTER, Type EASYBAND 150, serial number 0202, year of manufacture 2021 • Pump, REXROTH, Type HM-46

Condition: not inspected (used), Year of construction: 2023, operating hours: 1,400 h, machine/vehicle number: 180073, grinding depth: 100 mm, grinding length: 100 mm, overall weight: 5,000 kg, grinding diameter: 100 mm, workpiece diameter (max.): 215 mm, feed length X-axis: 400 mm, feed length Z-axis: 200 mm, j.stumpf [at] ivg.auction Control system, monitoring, and key data o Control system: SIEMENS, type SINUMERIK 840 D SL o Year of manufacture: 2023 o Recorded operating hours: 1,376 Working area o Swinging diameter above the W-axis: 215 mm o Grindable bore length: 100 mm o Grindable bore diameter max.: 100 mm o Grindable external length: 100 mm o Length of the part with clamping devices: 200 mm Travel distances o X-axis: 400 mm o Z-axis: 200 mm Axis speeds o X-axis: 1 - 25,000 mm/min o Z-axis: 1 - 25,000 mm/min Spindle data o C0-axis, workpiece spindle 400 with direct drive o Motor spindle, infinitely adjustable: 0 - 2,000 rpm o Motor power: 5 kW o Workpiece weight incl. clamping devices max.: 80 kg o Internal taper: 5 MK o External centering: 80 g6 mm o Spindle bore: 30 mm o Water cooling: available Operating data o Machine weight: 4,500 kg o Machine connection values o 3 x AC / 400 V / 50 Hz o Rated power: approx. 34 kVA Codpfx Ahozgcd Nekjgw o Rated current: approx. 49 A Peripherals • Air filter unit, IFS, type IFMC 1800, year of manufacture 2021, serial no. 565760-02 • Cooling unit, HYFRA, type E-CHILLY 5-400V-S, year of manufacture 2022, serial no. 10129303PC01240522, cooling capacity approx. 5,480 m³ / 32° Celsius • Hydraulic unit, LEHMANN UMT, type KSS0119, year of manufacture 2022, own weight approx. 610 kg, consisting of: • Cooling unit, HYFRA, type TRK-CHILLY-45-EF-S, year of manufacture 2022, serial no. 10132616PC01290722 • Chip conveyor, LEHMANN UMT, type FB100, year of manufacture 2022, serial no. AUF007093-1, own weight approx. 80 kg • Magnet unit, LEHMANN UMT, type VMA 100S GM WA, year of manufacture 2022, serial no. AUF007093-1, own weight approx. 60 kg The machine was loaded manually. In automatic loading operation, a collision occurred.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2022, operating hours: 7,400 h, machine/vehicle number: 100644, grinding length: 600 mm, workpiece length between centers: 600 mm, feed length X-axis: 650 mm, feed length Z-axis: 1,000 mm, overall weight: 10,000 kg, j.stumpf [at] ivg.auction Control, monitoring, and operating data o NC control: SIEMENS, Type 840 D SL o Year of manufacture: 2022 o Serial number: 100644 o Recorded operating hours: 7,315 o Monitoring system: MARPOSS, Type P7 Travel distances o X-axis: 650 mm o Z-axis: 1,000 mm Axis speeds o X and Z axes max.: 15,000 mm/min o X and Z axes min.: 0.01 mm/min Working area Cjdpfx Ahozgbw Iskegw o Max. grinding length: 600 mm o Center distance: 225 mm Performance data o Grinding spindle: 1 tool for external cylindrical grinding o Tool dimensions: Ø 760 x 250 x Ø 304.8 mm o Cutting speed: 60 m/s o Power: 30 kW o Max. grinding wheel speed according to text: approx. 80 m/s Workpiece spindle o Axis speed: 5 - 1,000 min⁻¹ o Taper: 5 Morse o Motor torque: 16 N.m Tailstock & tool post o Taper: 5 Morse o Max. tailstock quill travel: 80 mm o Diamond grinding wheel profiling tool Saddle drives o Torque motor X-axis: 28 N.m o Torque motor Z-axis: 16 N.m Operating data o Year of manufacture: 2022 o Recorded operating hours: 7,315 o Operating pressure: approx. 6 bar General data o 3 x 400 VAC / 50 Hz / 72 kW / 119 A o Weight: 10,000 kg Peripherals • Automated workpiece removal station, JOVI, Type 1113B, year of manufacture 2022, weight approx. 300 kg • Air filter unit, IFS, Type M 1600, year of manufacture 2022, serial no. 567663, weight approx. 85 kg, connection power 380 - 460 V, 50 / 60 Hz, 0.7 kW, 1.5 - 2.1 A • Hydraulic unit, REXROTH, Type Deposito HE-16120 • Coolant filter unit, MICRONFILTER, Type EASY 250 / KMT350, year of manufacture 2022, serial no. 0201, tank volume approx. 2,300 l, connection power 400 V / 50 Hz, 2.44 kW • Immersion cooler, HASCH, Type MCS-120ST-05AOP6R7S7UZ1-3405C, year of manufacture 2022, serial no. 1003220300954, weight approx. 206 kg • Magnetic separator, MICRONFILTER, Type KMT350, serial no. 0211 • Tool loading unit, DANOBAT, Type rotary table lift, year of manufacture 2022, serial no. 3130490901, weight approx. 350 kg, max. load capacity approx. 360 kg

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2022, operating hours: 2,800 h, grinding length: 600 mm, grinding wheel diameter: 450 mm, total width: 3,300 mm, total length: 2,900 mm, total height: 1,900 mm, grinding diameter: 290 mm, quill stroke: 80 mm, distance between centers: 600 mm, grinding wheel width: 50 mm, feed length X-axis: 300 mm, feed length Z-axis: 800 mm, grinding spindle motor power: 25,000 W, grinding spindle speed: 4,500 rpm, j.stumpf [at] ivg.auction Technical Data Year of manufacture, serial number, and operating hours o Year of manufacture: 2022 o Operating hours recorded: 2,737 Csdpfjzgan Sjx Ahkjgw Control and monitoring o Control: SIEMENS, Type SINUMERIK o Monitoring system: MARPOSS, Type P7 Travel distances o X-axis: 300 mm o Z-axis: 800 mm Axis speeds o X and Z axes max.: 15,000 mm/min o X and Z axes min.: 0.010 mm/min Work area o Max. grinding length: 600 mm o Center height above the table: 150 mm o Max. diameter of oscillation above the table: 290 mm o Workpiece weight: approx. 50 kg Performance data o Grinding wheel speed: up to 120 m/s o Max. grinding wheel dimensions: Ø 450 x 50 mm o Workpiece spindle speed: 30 - 2,000 rpm o Grinding wheel drive: 25 kW / 70 Nm / max. 4,500 min⁻¹ o Workpiece spindle: 15 kW / 24 Nm / max. 5,000 min⁻¹ Hydraulic steady rest and dresser o Arbor taper: MK4 o Max. quill stroke: 80 mm o Diamond dressing disc, outer Ø 100 mm Workpiece spindle o Arbor taper: MK5 Operating data & connection values o Operating hours recorded: 2,737 Machine connection values o 3 x 400 VAC / 50 Hz / 58 kW / 97 A Dimensions / footprint o Required footprint (L x W x H): 2,810 x 3,300 x 1,900 mm Peripherals • Automated workpiece removal station, JOVI, Type 1113A, year of manufacture 2022, weight approx. 300 kg • Air filter unit, IFS, Type VARIO M 2000, serial no. 568113, year of manufacture 2022, weight approx. 120 kg, connection power 400/460 V, 50/60 Hz, 0.7 kW, 1.7/1.6 A • Water cooling unit, HASCH, Type MCW-50CT-17AUZ1-3407C, serial no. 1001220302582, year of manufacture 2022, weight approx. 150 kg, tank volume approx. 15 l • Coolant filter system, MICRONFILTER, Type EASY 250 / KMT350, serial no. 0201, year of manufacture 2022, tank volume approx. 2,300 l, connection power 400 V / 50 Hz, 5.34 kW • Immersion cooler, HASCH, Type MCS-120ST-05AOP6R7S6UZ1-3407C, serial no. 1003220400836, year of manufacture 2022, weight approx. 206 kg • Coolant tank, MICRONFILTER, Type VR200L / MIN-150L, serial no. 0201, year of manufacture 2022, tank volume approx. 150 l, connection power 400 V / 50 Hz, 1.1 kW • Separating magnet, MICRONFILTER, Type KMT350, serial no. 0212 • Loading unit, DANOBAT, Type rotary table lift, serial no. 3810490908, year of manufacture 2022, weight approx. 170 kg, max. load capacity approx. 230 kg • Rotary table trolley, year of manufacture 2022, serial number 110000503

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, type of input current: three-phase, spindle diameter: 30 mm, table width: 1,070 mm, spindle speed (max.): 9,000 rpm, spindle speed (min.): 3,000 rpm, – very good condition Cgsdow Ip Dmepfx Ahksw – manufactured in Poland – DTR (Technical Documentation) – interchangeable spindle TECHNICAL PARAMETERS: – spindle diameter: 30 mm – working spindle height: 120 mm – spindle height adjustment – maximum tool diameter: 400 mm – four spindle speed settings: 3000 / 4500 / 6000 / 9000 rpm – spindle rotation: right / left – table dimensions: 1020 x 1000 mm – auxiliary table dimensions (L/W): 500 x 445 mm – extendable table support to 570 mm – table height from floor: 890 mm – motor power: 5.5 kW – nozzle diameter: 2 x 120 mm – overall dimensions (L/W/H): 202 / 120 / 130 cm – weight: ~500 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, Working width: 260 mm Working height: 130 mm Codpsyhgkdofx Ahkogw Number of working spindles: 5 Spindle arrangement: bottom, right, left, top, bottom Grooved bed: yes Motor power bottom spindle: 5.5 kW Motor power right spindle: 5.5 kW Motor power left spindle: 7.5 kW Motor power top spindle: 7.5 kW Motor power bottom spindle: 7.5 kW Bottom spindle adjustment: handwheel Right spindle adjustment: handwheel Left spindle adjustment: handwheel Top spindle adjustment: handwheel Cutterheads: Centrolock Feed speed: stepless Feed roller pressure: pneumatic Current consumption: 50 A Current consumption: 71.7 A Motor brake: automatic Extraction connection: Machine length: Machine width: Weight: 4500 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2025, Spindle tiltable: Yes, -5 to 45° Height adjustment: manual / handwheel Spindle stroke: 142 mm Tilting adjustment: manual / handwheel Fence adjustment: manual Height display: scale Tilting angle display: scale Milling fence display: scale Spindle diameter: 30 mm Spindle length: 140 mm Max. tool diameter: 250 mm Speeds: 3500 / 6000 / 8000 / 10000 rpm Motor power: 5.3 kW Motor brake: Yes, automatic Table size: 1000 mm x 520 mm Cgedpfx Ahsxrbihoksw Sliding carriage length: 1200 mm Extraction connection: 2 x 120 mm Machine length: approx. 1200 mm Machine width: approx. 900 mm Weight: 400 kg

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Working width: 380 mm Cgjdpfx Ahev R U Ifjkjw Working height: 250 mm 1st unit, rotor group: Group of two oscillating rotor brushes, Ø 200 mm, one 1.5 kW motor per brush, variable speed drive 2nd unit, rotor group: Group of two oscillating rotor brushes, Ø 200 mm, one 1.5 kW motor per brush, variable speed drive Both units with oscillation: yes Height adjustment: handwheel Height indicator: mechanical counter Feed speed: 1 - 6 m/min Feed motor power: 0.37 kW Vacuum carpet: yes Machine length: 1400 mm Machine width: 900 mm Weight: 500 kg

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2026, Swivel spindle: Yes 0 to 45° Height adjustment: handwheel / electric Swivel adjustment: Handwheel / electric Milling jaw adjustment: manual Height display: Digital display Swivel angle display: Digital display Milling stop indicator: mech counter Milling spindle diameter: 30 mm Speeds: 3000, 4500, 6000, 7000, 10000 Motor power: 7 kW Motor brake: Yes, automatic Suction connection: 2 x 120mm Machine length: 2599mm Codpfjuzkxxox Ahkegw Machine depth: 900mm Weight: 655kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1995, Swivel spindle: Yes -5 to 45° Height adjustment: Handwheel Swivel adjustment: Handwheel Milling jaw adjustment: manual Height display: mech. counter Swivel angle display: mech. counter Milling stop display: mech. counter Cedpsuzkwzofx Ahkogw Milling spindle diameter: 30mm / new milling spindle Speeds: 3000, 4500, 6000, 9000 Motor power: 5.5 kW Motor brake: Yes, automatic Suction connection: 2 x 120mm Machine length: 2000mm Machine depth: 1400mm weight: 900kg

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, Working width: 380 mm Working height: 150 mm 1. Unit, rotor group: Group of 5 oscillating rotary brushes, Ø 115 mm, each with a 3 kW motor 2. Unit, brush: Scotch Brite Hard / diameter 210 mm, variable drive Height adjustment: handwheel Cjdpfx Ahstnf Rrekegw Height display: mechanical counter Feed speed: 4 - 12 m/min Feed motor power: 0.37 kW Vacuum conveyor belt: yes Machine length: 1400 mm Machine width: 900 mm Weight: 500 kg

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2018, Spindle swivels: Yes, -45 to 45° Height adjustment: Handwheel Swivel adjustment: Handwheel Stop adjustment: Manual Height indicator: Mechanical counter display Swivel angle indicator: Mechanical counter display Milling stop indicator: Mechanical counter Cgsdogyzzmjpfx Ahkew Spindle diameter: 30 mm Speeds: 3000, 4500, 6000, 8000, 10000 RPM Power consumption: 7 kW Motor brake: Yes, automatic Dust extraction connection: 1 x 120 mm, 2 x 80 mm Machine length: 2500 mm Machine width: 1250 mm Weight: 510 kg

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 20194, travel distance X-axis: 4,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,200 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,500 mm, power: 49 kW (66.62 HP), Features Cgodpfxox S Hgze Ahksw High rigidity for heavy-duty machining Large table for oversized workpieces CNC control with HEIDENHAIN TNC 530 for precision operations Automatic tool changer with 50 positions Centralized lubrication and hydraulic system

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7757 TECHNICAL DATA Milling machine - Spindle diameter: 25mm - Spindle height: 120mm - Interchangeable spindle, tiltable 20 degrees - Spindle locking Cgodpfx Asy Tudwehkjw - Height adjustable (up/down) - Original guide fence - Table dimensions: 1120x750mm - 4 spindle speed settings - Motor: 3.8 kW Circular saw - Max blade diameter: 350mm - Spindle axis: 30mm - Blade adjustable (up/down and angle) - Spindle locking - Cutting width at fence: 540mm - Cast iron table - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1260x900x1000mm - Weight: 610kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Poland – DTR documentation available – Used milling machine, very good condition Net price: 6900 PLN Net price: 1640 EUR (based on exchange rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may vary with exchange rate fluctuations)