Used Dsg 1600 / 100 / 600 for sale (34,403)

Condition: used, Pneumatic cylinders, air cylinders, standard cylinders, clamping cylinders -DSG type: 1600/100/600 -Piston: Ø 100 mm Podpfxod Stixs Airjgu -Piston rod: Ø 32 mm -Stroke: 587 mm -Number: 2x cylinders available -Price: per piece -Dimensions: 115/115/880 mm -Weight: 13.6 kg

Year of construction: 2022, operating hours: 2,500 h, condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: OWD/492/2022, Equipment: CE marking, For sale is a used Metal Technika OWD-1600 4m optimizer with very low operating hours, approximately 2500 hours. The machine is connected and ready for trials and tests. Net price. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Performance From 3,200 to 8,250 m/8 hours. Electronics: Controller with a color touchscreen display "MITSHUBISHI". Functions - Full optimization of 30 dimensions in two quality classes, Psdpezdf Tpsfx Airsgu - Creation of cutting programs for different customers, - Cutting at the marked location using a fluorescent pencil, - Trimming the margin (beginning and end of the input material) - Cutting in batches (several pieces at once) - Meters counters: total, change, operator, monthly, - Cutting accuracy ±0.3 mm. Engine: 7.5 KW (saw Ø500 – 140 teeth) Width of input material 12 - 250 mm max. width/height (250 / 50 mm) Height of input material 12 - 120 mm max. height/width (120 / 120 mm) Length of input material up to 4,200 mm. Lubrication: Oil-based central lubrication system. Output automation Connection for a conveyor belt and a sorting table.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Maximum material height: 80 mm Pgsdpfxjzxpwys Airou Table dimensions: 2000 x 1000 mm Arm clearance: 1600 mm Motor power: 0.75 kW

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2015, functionality: fully functional, saw drive: 380 W, PRIMULTINII SIF 1600 band saw, in very good working condition. Pgjdpfx Aijyha A Tjrsu

Condition: used, Pneumatic cylinders, air cylinders, standard cylinders, clamping cylinders -DSG type: 167/100/600 -Piston: Ø 100 mm -Piston rod: Ø 32 mm -Stroke: 600 mm -Number: 1x cylinders available -Price: per piece -Dimensions: 115/115/885 mm Pgsdpfod Stiwjx Airou -Weight: 12.45 kg

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2011, Arburg 520S 1600-290/100 / Production line with Wittmann W823 robot / Operating hours: 20,181 h in automatic mode Year of construction: 09.2011 Injection unit: Screw diameter: 35 mm Injection weight: 132 g Injection pressure: 2000 bar Metering volume: 144 ccm Clamping unit: Clamping force: 160 t Distance between tie bars: 520x520 mm Size of the clamping plates: 695x695 mm Ejector: hydraulic Clamping unit: hydraulic Control system: SELOGICA touchscreen Additional equipment: 2K injection molding machine with rotary table and robot Very good technical condition Operating hours: 20,181 h in automatic mode Total number of operating hours: 28,473 h Euromap 67 Robot interface Air valve x 3 Hydraulic, needle core pull, controlled by a proportional valve x 2 Reinforced injection units - bimetal Proportional valves on injection units - precise spraying Machine with two cylinders / batteries with compressed nitrogen (additional charge for fast work) Parallel movements Screw diameter in the vertical spraying unit: ⌀25 mm - 45 g/hp Original turntable Purchase of the turntable for an additional charge Robot Wittmann W823 Year of construction: 2015 5-axis robot: 3 axes are driven by servo motors (electric); axis C and movement A Travel in axes: X-550, Y-1400 (telescopic), Z-3500 Touch control panel The safety package for robots Robot with adapter, protective housing Purchase of the robot for an additional charge Dimensions Weight: 6720 kg Length/width/height: 4.41x1.84x3.20 m All offered machines are started by our service technicians before sale. Pgjdpfx Aisz Ip Smerou It is possible to obtain a video of the technical tests of the selected machine or participate in live technical tests at our company in Łódź. Price: On request

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2023, functionality: fully functional, Machine is unused and in its original packaging. Pgjdpsz Egy Asfx Airsu

Year of construction: 2019, condition: ready for operation (used), Coil Line / Strip Line manufactured in 2019. This SCHULER AC-PLS-1600-M features a decoiler, strip brake device, straightener, roll feed, and shear, all designed for efficient processing. The machine is equipped with a multi-station inline punching unit with hydraulic clamps. If you are looking to get high-quality coil processing capabilities, consider the SCHULER AC-PLS-1600-M machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. - System Model / Type: AC-PLS-1600-M- Machine Description: Coil Line / Strip Line- Year of Manufacture: 2019- Rated Voltage & Current: 3~ 50 Hz, 400 V, 300 A- Control Voltage: 230 VAC / 24 VDC- Connected Load: 207 kVA- Rated Short-Circuit Current: 10 kA- Sub-assembly 1: Decoiler / Reel - Type: AC-UEL-M-1600 - Year: 2019- Sub-assembly 2: Strip Brake Device - Type: AC-SBD-1600 - Year: 2019- Sub-assembly 3: Straightener / Leveler - Type: AC-SHV-3+3+6-53+70+96-160-1600 - Year: 2019- Sub-assembly 4: Roll Feed - Type: AC-RP-SP-1600 - Year: 2019- Sub-assembly 5: Shear - Type: AD-HSU-1600 - Year: 2019- Optional Tooling / Station: Multi-station inline punching / hole-piercing unit with hydraulic clamps/heads Pgodpfx Aio Afx Dversu

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2025, Studer S40 1000/1600 Grinding length: 1,000/1,600 mm Center height: 175 mm (optionally more) Workpiece weight: 120 kg Additional freely selectable options: - Completely new control cabinet with Siemens Sinumerik One or Fanuc 0iTF-Plus control - Quick setup via GSN user interface Pjdpjfg S Uaefx Airjgu - B-axis freely positionable - Second external grinding wheel - Internal grinding unit - Center height adjustment - Dressing spindle for diamond dressing roll - Balancing and finishing sensor - Hydraulic clamping/releasing of the tailstock - Automatic Siemens door drive - 19" / 22" screen - Remote maintenance - Conversion to needle nozzles - Matching coolant/extraction system - Automation preparation - and much more We would also be happy to overhaul your existing machine! Schaudt / Studer / Kellenberger / Bahmüller / Voumard / Overbeck / Fortuna / Tacchella and others.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2013, clamping force: 16,000 kN, Equipment: documentation/manual, Clamping force: 1600 t Screw diameter: 135 mm Podpfx Aoyh I Emsiregu Distance between tie bars V: 1420 mm Distance between tie bars H: 1870 mm Shot volume: 9662 cm3 Type: Horizontal Drive: Hydraulic

Year of construction: 2026, condition: used, Year of manufacture: 2026 New: Yes Empty weight: 215 kg Pgedjy E Ek Sspfx Airju Dimensions of cargo space: 85 x 70 x 176 cm CE mark: yes Serial number: DPX-27511 Please contact Team DPX for more information Automatic Transfer Switch - ATS Panel - ATI Panel 1.600 Ampere - Applicable for generators up to 1.100kVA

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2004, functionality: fully functional, IRLE IRD 1600 CNC End finishing machine Manufacturer: IRLE, Type: IRD 1600 CNC Year of manufacture: 2004, Control: Max. workpiece diameter: 1,625 mm Min. workpiece pipe diameter: 406 mm Max. workpiece pipe length: 13,200 mm Min. workpiece pipe length: 6,000 mm Min. pipe wall thickness: 12 mm Max. pipe wall thickness in copying mode: approx. 40 mm Max. pipe wall thickness in CNC mode: 70 mm Max. pipe weight: 250 kN Height between the hall floor and the pipe inlet: 800 mm Overall machine length: approx. 24,000 mm Overall machine width: approx. 4,100 mm Overall height from floor to top of clamping fixture: 5,000 mm Machine weight: approx. 700 kN 01 - Intermediate carriage with travel drive Carriage length: approx. 3,950 mm Carriage width: approx. 1,800 mm Carriage height incl. undercarriage: approx. 600 mm Travel speed on the base rails: 500 - 5,000 mm/min 01 - Intermediate carriage with travel drive Carriage length: approx. 3,950 mm Carriage width: approx. 1,800 mm Carriage height incl. undercarriage: approx. 600 mm Travel speed on the base rails: 500 - 5,000 mm/min 02 - Headstock Rotational speed range of the faceplate: 7 - 27 - 105 min" Motor speeds: 300 - 1,150 - 4,500 min" Motor power: 100 kW Motor power in S1 operation: 14.3 - 129 - 105 kW Max. torque of the faceplate in S1 operation: 33,000 Nm Rated speed: 27 min" Diameter of the main spindle in the front bearing: 300 mm 03 - Faceplate, X-axis Faceplate diameter: approx. 1,950 mm Travel distance of the NC tool holder: approx. 650 mm Feed rate of the adjustable tool holder: 0.5 - 1,500 mm/min (infinitely adjustable) Pjdpfxezqun Uj Airogu Max. achievable feed force: 25 kN 04 - Feed drive; Z-axis Feed travel of the headstock on the machine bed: 800 mm, infinitely variable Three-phase controlled servomotor: 0.5 - 200 mm/min Rapid traverse speed: 1,500 mm/min Feed force: 30 kN Torque of the feed motor Mt = 27 Nm 05 - Pipe clamping mandrels Clamping range: 406 - 1,625 mm Pipe weight per mandrel: 150 kN Adjustable clamping force: 10 - 200 kN Max. adjustment speed of the centrally adjustable clamping crossbars: 600 mm/min

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2017, functionality: fully functional, Metal Technika OWD 1600 Optimizer Psdpfxsrx Rxpo Airsgu - manufactured in Poland - year of production 2017 TECHNICAL PARAMETERS: - cutting width 250 mm - cutting height 120 mm - Capacity from 3 200 to 8 150 mb /8 h - sorting table with 5 knockouts - Electronics Controller with color touch screen display "MITSHUBISHI" - Features - full optimization of 30 dimensions in two quality classes, - creation of cutting programs for different customers, - cutting at the point of marking with fluorescent crayon, - margin cutting (beginning and end of the input material) - cutting in packages (several elements at once) - meters, total, shift, operator, monthly counters, - cutting accuracy ±0.2 mm - Motor 5.5 KW (saw Ø500 - 140z) - Width of input mat 12 - 250 mm max. width / height ( 250 / 50 mm) - Height of input mat 12 - 120 mm max. h/w ( 120 / 130 mm) - Input mat length up to 4,200 mm - Lubrication Oil central lubrication system - Automation at the output Connection for slant conveyor and sorting table

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2013, KRAUSSMAFFEI KM 1600-17200 MX Blu Power Injection Molding Machine Year of manufacture: 2013 Clamping force: 16,000 kN (1,600 tons) Podpfxj Af I U Ns Airsgu Control system: KraussMaffei MC6 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 1. Basic data - Manufacturer: KraussMaffei - Model: KM 1600-17200 MX Blu Power - servo - Year of manufacture: 2013 - Machine type: hydraulic injection molding machine for processing thermoplastic materials - Clamping system: fully hydraulic - Clamping force: 16,000 kN (1,600 tons) - Injection unit: 17200 - Control system: KraussMaffei MC6 2. Clamping unit - Clamping force: 16,000 kN (1,600 tons) - Opening force: 1,120 kN - Dimensions of the mounting plates (H × V): 2,550 × 2,100 mm - Column spacing (H × V): 1,870 × 1,420 mm - Opening stroke: 2,700 mm - Minimum mold height: 700 mm - Maximum mold height: 1,600 mm - Maximum daylight: 3,400 mm - Ejector stroke: 350 mm - Ejector force (forward / backward): 300 / 150 kN 3. Plasticizing unit - Complete plasticizing unit for thermoplastics - Screw diameter: 135 mm - Screw length ratio L/D: 23 - Plasticizing unit in abrasion-resistant version - Screw check valve - Open nozzle 4. Injection unit - Injection unit type: 17200 - Screw diameter: 135 mm - Injection volume: 9,662 cm³ - Injection shot weight (PE): 6,860 g - Maximum injection pressure: 1,784 bar - Nominal screw speed: 81 rpm - Maximum screw speed: 100 rpm 5. Hydraulic and electrical system - Main motor power: 160 kW - Installed heater power: 93 kW - Number of heating zones: 7 - Number of dry cycles according to EUROMAP 6: 648 cycles/h - Hydraulic oil tank capacity: 2,400 l 6. Machine dimensions and weight - Length: 14,170 mm - Width: 4,040 mm - Height: 2,930 mm - Net weight including control cabinet: 92,000 kg (92 tons)

Year of construction: 2002, condition: ready for operation (used), Clamping force: 1600kN, tie bar spacing: 570x520mm, platen dimensions: 810x805mm, max. mould diameter: 804mm, rotary table diameter: 735mm, min. installation height: 300mm, opening stroke: 650mm, opening force: 84kN, tie bar diameter: 80mm, max. daylight opening: 950mm, ejector force: 41.2kN, ejector stroke: 200mm, oil tank volume: 400l, standard drive power: 37kW, hydraulic operating pressure: 240bar, control system: Battenfeld Unilog B4, weight: 7.8t. An on-site inspection is possible. Psdpfjy T Sdzjx Airjgu

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1988, BOBST Printing Machine with 4 bottom colors anilox cilinders 120l/cm and 80l/cm Pgsdpfov Ifpujx Aireu TRANSFER BOBST FLATBED DIE CUTTER BOBST AUTOPLATINE SPO 1600, max format 1100 mm x 1600 mm / 43.3" x 63" with 4 Bottom Printing unit and transfer Bobst * Vacuum feeder * Die cutting section * Waste elimination section * Centerline II * High pile delivery with two lifting tables * Max sheet format: 1100 mm x 1600 mm / 43.3" x 63" * Min sheet format: 520mm x 600mm / 20.5" x 23.6" * Cutting force: 400 t * Materials: E, B, C, CB, BE flutes * Max speed: 6,000 sheets/hour Possibility to sell them separately

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, pressure 1000 t distance between columns 4250 mm stroke 400 mm Control SIEMENS S7-1500F Pedpfoym D E Aox Airsgu table dimension - longitudinal 4000 mm table dimension - cross 1600 mm total power requirement 200 kW weight of the machine ca. 250 t dimensions of the machine ca. 7,5 x 4,8 x 7,4 m

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2004, travel distance X-axis: 650 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 800 mm, overall weight: 71,400 kg, spindle speed (max.): 105 rpm, spindle motor power: 1,00,000 W, number of axes: 2, Horizontal machining centre manufactured in 2004. This IRLE IRD 1600 CNC features a maximum pipe diameter processing capability of 1,625 mm and a maximum pipe length of 13,200 mm. It supports a maximum pipe wall thickness of 70 mm and can handle pipe weights up to 250 kN. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the IRLE IRD 1600 CNC machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. - Max. Pipe Diameter to be Processed: 1,625 mm- Min. Pipe Diameter to be Processed: 406 mm- Max. Pipe Length to be Processed: 13,200 mm- Min. Pipe Length to be Processed: 6,000 mm- Min. Pipe Wall Thickness: 12 mm- Max. Pipe Wall Thickness (Copying Process): approx. 40 mm- Max. Pipe Wall Thickness (CNC Operation): 70 mm- Max. Pipe Weight to be Supported: 25500 kg- Height between Hall Floor and Pipe Inlet: 800 mm- Total Machine Length: approx. 24,000 mm- Total Machine Width: approx. 4,100 mm- Total Height from Floor to Top of Clamping Vise: 5,000 mm- Total Machine Weight: approx. 71400 kg- Operating Voltage: 400 V, 3-phase, 50 Hz- Control Voltage: 220 V DC / 50 Hz- Nominal Operating Current: 400 A- Intermediate Bed - Bed Length: approx. 3,950 mm- Intermediate Bed - Bed Width: approx. 1,800 mm- Intermediate Bed - Bed Height (incl. chassis): approx. 600 mm- Intermediate Bed - Travel Speed on Foundation Rails: 500 - 5,000 mm/min- Intermediate Bed - Drive Motor Power: 5.5 kW- Headstock - Faceplate Speed Range: 7 - 105 min⁻¹- Headstock - Motor Speeds: 300 - 4,500 min⁻¹- Headstock - Motor Power: 100 kW- Headstock - Motor Power (S1 Duty Cycle): 105 kW- Headstock - Max. Faceplate Torque (S1 Duty): 33,000 Nm- Headstock - Characteristic Speed: 27 min⁻¹- Headstock - Main Spindle Diameter (Front Bearings): 300 mm- Faceplate (X-Axis) - Faceplate Diameter: approx. 1,950 mm- Faceplate (X-Axis) - NC Tool Support Travel Range: approx. 650 mm- Faceplate (X-Axis) - Tool Support Feed Rate (Infinitely Variable): 0.5 - 1,500 mm/min- Faceplate (X-Axis) - Max. Achievable Feed Force: 25 kN- Feed Gearbox (Z-Axis) - Headstock Feed Travel on Machine Bed: 800 mm- Feed Gearbox (Z-Axis) - Feed Rate (Infinitely Variable via AC Servomotor): 0.5 - 200 mm/min- Feed Gearbox (Z-Axis) - Rapid Traverse Speed: 1,500 mm/min- Feed Gearbox (Z-Axis) - Feed Force: 30 kN- Feed Gearbox (Z-Axis) - Feed Motor Torque: 27 Nm- Pipe Clamping Steady Rests - Clamping Range: 406 - 1,625 mm- Pipe Clamping Steady Rests - Pipe Weight Capacity per Steady Rest: 150 kN- Pipe Clamping Steady Rests - Adjustable Clamping Force: 10 - 200 kN- Pipe Clamping Steady Rests - Max. Adjusting Speed of Centrally Moving Clamping Crossbars: 600 mm/min Pedpfxezr Nmuj Airsgu

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, machine/vehicle number: MIKA Seilzüge, 1x Demag DR wire rope hoist crane Due to numerous inquiries - Price is per unit! 5 units available, see listing below: 1x Demag wire rope hoist EKDR-Pro3 NL1600Kg/1.6t, serial number 96656002, 4M, hook path/lift 12m! – double reeved, year 2015 1x Demag wire rope hoist EKDR-3 NL1600Kg/1.6t, serial number 96656701, 2M, hook path/lift 12m! – double reeved, year 2015 1x Demag wire rope hoist EKDR-3 NL1000Kg/1.0t, serial number 96305549, 4M, hook path/lift 12m! – double reeved, year 2012 1x Demag wire rope hoist EKDR-3 NL1000Kg/1.0t, serial number 96305548, 4M, hook path/lift 12m! – double reeved, year 2012 Pgjdpfx Aiey D D S Soreu 1x Demag wire rope hoist EKDR-3 NL1600Kg/1.6t, serial number 96305550, 4M, hook path/lift 12m! – double reeved, year 2012 Each with 2 lifting speeds, lifting height 12m, trolley gauge adjustable Each hoist supplied with pendant control and power supply plug Total weight approx. 300 kg, connection to 400V 50Hz Very good condition, see photos Item location: 75053 Gondelsheim Shipping available, please inquire with your postal code

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2006, travel distance X-axis: 1,600 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 810 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 700 mm, controller manufacturer: FANUC, controller model: 21i-MB, total height: 3,100 mm, total width: 2,500 mm, table load: 2,000 kg, overall weight: 13,000 kg, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 22,000 W, number of slots in tool magazine: 24, product length (max.): 4,300 mm, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis SPINNER MVC-1600 was manufactured in 2006. It features an impressive X-axis travel of 1,600 mm, Y-axis travel of 810 mm, and Z-axis travel of 700 mm. The machine includes a robust table size of 1,800 × 810 mm and a maximum table load of 2,000 kg. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the SPINNER MVC-1600 vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. • Table size: 1,800 × 810 mm • Rapid traverse (X/Y/Z): 18 / 18 / 15 m/min • Electrical supply: 3/PE ~ 400 V, 50/60 Hz • Rated current: 50 A Pgsdpfxoz Rzqne Airju • Machine dimensions: approx. 4.3 × 2.5 × 3.1 m • Operational status: dismantled, not under power Additional equipment • E.A.-tronic Super 3 central lubrication unit • Habor heat pipe heat exchanger (Model HPM-35AR) • Coolant hoses/piping system installed Technical Specification Taper Size SK 40

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2010, Clamping force: 160 t Screw diameter: 30 mm Screw diameter 2: 18 mm Distance between tie bars V: 520 mm Pgodpfxjzyp A Sj Airsu Distance between tie bars H: 520 mm 1x core puller 9x hot runner controler Type: Multicomponent Drive: Hydraulic

Condition: reconditioned (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 1997, Haul-Off, used Manufacturer: Blake Kunststoffproduktionsanlagen Type: 303-1600-270 Year of manufacture: 1997 Pedpfx Aijz Rl T Horegu Pulling force: approx. 40,000 N Tread width: 300 mm Passage height: max. 100 - 200 mm Passage width: max. 450 mm Effective contact length: 2400 mm Haul-off speed: stage 1: 0.5 - 4.0 m/min., stage 2: 1.0 - 8.0 m/min. Extrusion height: 1000 – 1200 mm Caterpillar clamping: pneumatic, at the front and back Dimensions: 4000 x 1200 x 2300 mm (LxWxH) Weight: approx. 3000 kg Condition: recondition and checked for function

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2006, travel distance X-axis: 1,600 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 810 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 700 mm, controller manufacturer: SIEMENS, controller model: 840D Solution Line, table load: 2,000 kg, overall weight: 13,000 kg, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 22,000 W, number of slots in tool magazine: 24, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis SPINNER MVC 1600 was manufactured in 2006. It features an impressive X-axis travel of 1,600 mm, Y-axis travel of 810 mm, and Z-axis travel of 700 mm. The machine includes a robust table size of 1,800 × 810 mm and a maximum table load of 2,000 kg. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the SPINNER MVC 1600 vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. Pgodpfx Aisz Rzxrorou • Table: 1,800 × 810 mm • Rapid traverse (X/Y/Z): 18 / 18 / 15 m/min • Probing interface: Available (probe not specified) • Electrical: 3/PE ~ 400 V, 50/60 Hz; rated current 50 A • Electrical cabinet: Habor Precise Industries heat pipe heat exchanger (Model 7A2) • Drive system: Siemens SIMODRIVE 611 modular drive system • Logistics: Crane loading on truck available (~800 EUR) Technical Specification Taper Size SK 40

Year of construction: 2003, condition: used, Autoplaten 1100x1600 Vacuum feeder cassette type Die cutting station with center line II Waste removal station with Quick Lock tool clamping Guillotine for trimming edge removal Pgsdsz I Tuljpfx Airsu Bundles delivery Bobst CUBE

Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 18,138 h, condition: ready for operation (used), overall weight: 25,340 kg, This SUMITOMO SHI DEMAG El-Exis SP 350/820-1600 was manufactured in 2019. A robust electrical injection moulding machine with a screw diameter of 50 mm, clamping force of 3,500 kN, and tiebar spacing of 820 mm. It has operated for 18,138 hours with 12,875,090 cycles. If you are looking to get high quality moulding capabilities consider the SUMITOMO SHI DEMAG El-Exis SP 350/820-1600 machine we have for sale.Contact us for more information. Additional information Podpfx Ajx D Nxzeirjgu • Screw Diameter: 50 mm • Maximum Dosing Volume: 530 cc • Cycles: 12875090 • Tiebar Spacing: 820 mm • Clamping Force: 3500 kN