Used Gea Former Mlf 400 for sale (21,181)

Condition: used, FlowCook all stainless steel suitable for thermal oil heating (300kW) belt length ± 13.000 mm belt width ± 600 mm Lhjdpfxezvbzfs Abyol outfeed conveyor belt washing system electric hoists for the lid steam pressure : 4-8 bar outside dimensions (l x w x h) : ± 15.000 x 2.200 x 3.000 mm

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2023, Tindo Cooking Kettle 400L Lhjdpfx Ast Tx Dljbyol Year 2023 Capacity 400 Ltr Fully stainless steel Tipping facility Terminal fluid jacketed vessel Variable speed mixing control Vertical lift on head As new condition Only used for product testing

Condition: used, Consisting of: “Thermopac - WANSON” thermic oil installation Type 200B 10 FT container natural gas burner power: 233 kW Lhsdozzwmhspfx Abyel 3 x 400 V, 50 Hz 7.5 kW dimensions (L x W x H): ± 3,000 x 2,450 x 2,600 mm + Thermal oil pump Bathyscaphe Flue gas exhaust stack + “GEA-CFS” fryer Type BR 6000/600 all stainless steel suitable for thermal oil heating infeed height : ± 900-950 mm outfeed height : ± 1.150 mm max. oil level above the belt : 120 mm suitable for fire protection with top hold down belt Oil circulation system net belt length 6.000 mm net belt width 600 mm adjustable speed sediment removal system filter lifting unit with electrical hoists dimensions (l x w x h) : ± 8.700 x 2.200 x 3.800 mm “Saval” fire suppression system + Paper filter Type OMR 120-60 50 Hz - 400 V 4.5 kW 525 kg dimensions (L x W x H): ± 2.800 x 1.700 x 2.200 mm + Cooling conveyor with ambient temperature all stainless steel variable speed 50 Hz, 400 V 2.61 kW net conveyor length ± 6.000 mm net conveyor width ± 900 mm wire mesh belt (3 mm) dimensions (L x W x H): ± 7.600 x 1.700 x 2.000 mm

Condition: refurbished (used), functionality: fully functional, motor manufacturer: ROTOVAL, gearing type: mechanical, total height: 580 mm, ROTOVAL BS400 GEARED MOTOR DRIVEN BLOWING SERIEL NO 005199.01.01 Ljdpfx Aov Sqv Uebyehl 5" AIR CONNECTION BUYER TO ARRANGE COLLECTION AND FREIGHT

Condition: excellent (used), For sale: SEW-EURODRIVE R40DT71C2BMG/Z geared motor with a three-phase electric motor and integrated brake. The unit is fully functional, tested, and ready for operation. The technical and visual condition is good – normal signs of use resulting from operation are visible. This robust geared motor is ideally suited for driving industrial machinery, conveyors, feeders, mixers, and production lines. Technical specifications: Manufacturer: SEW-EURODRIVE Type: R40DT71C2BMG/Z Motor power: 0.37 kW Motor speed: 2700 rpm Output speed: 43 rpm Power supply: 230 V Δ / 400 V Y Frequency: 50 Hz Current: 1.65 / 0.96 A Cos φ: 0.91 Protection class: IP54 Insulation class: F Brake: 400 V AC Brake torque: 2.5 Nm Mounting position: IM B8 Weight: 19.24 kg Gear lubrication: Mineral oil CLP220 Lhedpfx Ajznd Niebyel Country of manufacture: Germany

Condition: excellent (used), For sale: a Lenze Extertal geared motor / Germany, with a GST04-2M VBR071C42 cylindrical gearbox and an MDEMA1M071-42 three-phase motor. The unit is fully functional, tested, and ready for operation. Its technical and visual condition is good – it only shows normal signs of wear resulting from use. The geared motor is ideally suited for driving conveyors, feeders, production machines, packaging equipment, and other industrial applications. Technical data: Manufacturer: Lenze Gearbox model: GST04-2M VBR071C42 Motor type: MDEMA1M071-42 Rated power: 0.55 kW Power supply: 3×230/400 V AC, 50 Hz Motor speed: 1405 rpm Output speed: 421.5 rpm Gear ratio: i = 3.333 Torque: 12 Nm Rated current: 2.40 A (230 V Δ) / 1.40 A (400 V Y) Lodpfx Abjzm T Ifeyshl Power factor (cos φ): 0.77 Protection class: IP55 Insulation class: F Mounting type: B3 (flange) Standard: EN 60034

Condition: refurbished (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 2215, Type: OptiFlour 600 II Serial number: 2215 Year of construction: 2013 Belt width: 600 mm Power: 3 x 400V, 50Hz, 5.3kW Dimensions: 2750 x 1650 x 2300 mm Weight: 1025 kg GEA OptiAir cyclone Lhjdeymbfajpfx Abysl Type: OPA Serial number: 515 Year of constuction: 2011 Power: 3 x 400V, 50Hz, 4kW Dimensions: 1350 x 950 x 1800 mm Weight: 450 kg

Condition: excellent (used), For sale: a SEW-Eurodrive WA20DT63L4/B03 worm gear motor with a 0.25 kW three-phase motor. The unit is fully functional, tested, and ready for operation. The gear motor is in good technical and visual condition. It shows normal signs of use, as visible in the photos. A power cable with a plug is included. Technical specifications: Manufacturer: SEW-Eurodrive Model: WA20DT63L4/B03 Motor power: 0.25 kW Lodpfx Aezmy Sdebyohl Power supply: 3× 230/400 V, 50 Hz Motor speed: 1300 rpm Output speed: 130 rpm Gear ratio: i = 10.25 Output torque: 16 Nm Protection class: IP54 Insulation class: B Operating mode: S1 Brake: 230 V AC Weight: 10.55 kg Manufacturer: SEW-Eurodrive, Germany The scope of sale includes exactly what is shown in the photos.

Condition: excellent (used), For sale: SEW-Eurodrive R40DT71K2Z gearbox with a 0.25 kW three-phase motor. The unit is fully functional, tested, and ready for operation. The gearbox is in good technical and visual condition. Normal signs of wear and tear from use are visible, but these do not affect its performance. Technical specifications: Manufacturer: SEW-Eurodrive Model: R40DT71K2Z Rated power: 0.25 kW Lhsdpfxozm Sq Sj Abyel Power supply: 230/400 V (Δ/Y), 3-phase Frequency: 50 Hz Motor speed: 2500 rpm Output shaft speed: 39 rpm Rated current: 1.60 / 0.93 A Protection class: IP54 Insulation class: F Mounting method: IM B6 Weight: 16.14 kg Power factor (cos φ): 0.85 Lubrication: CLP220 Country of manufacture: Germany

Condition: excellent (used), For sale: SEW-Eurodrive SF32 DT80K4 geared motor with a 0.55 kW three-phase motor. The unit is fully functional, tested, and ready for operation. The geared motor is in good technical and visual condition. Normal signs of use resulting from operation are visible, but they do not affect its performance. Technical specifications: Manufacturer: SEW-Eurodrive Model: SF32 DT80K4 Rated power: 0.55 kW Power supply: 230/400 V (Δ/Y) Motor: 3-phase Frequency: 50 Hz Motor speed: 1360 rpm Lodpfx Aszm R Ayjbyjhl Output shaft speed: 77 rpm Rated current: 3.05 / 1.76 A Protection class: IP54 Insulation class: B Mounting method: B5 Weight: 16.15 kg Power factor (cos φ): 0.77 Country of manufacture: Germany

Condition: excellent (used), For sale: SEW-Eurodrive SF32 DT80K4 geared motor with a 0.55 kW three-phase motor. The unit is fully functional, tested, and ready for operation. The geared motor is in good technical and visual condition. It shows normal signs of wear and tear from use, which do not affect its performance. Technical specifications: Manufacturer: SEW-Eurodrive Model: SF32 DT80K4 Lodpfx Aszm Sd Eobyehl Rated power: 0.55 kW Power supply: 230/400 V (Δ/Y), 3-phase Frequency: 50 Hz Motor speed: 1380 rpm Output shaft speed: 77 rpm Torque: 54 Nm Gear ratio: i = 17.55 : 1 Rated current: 3.05 / 1.75 A Protection class: IP54 Insulation class: B Mounting method: B5 Weight: 17.38 kg Power factor (cos φ): 0.77 Lubrication: CLP680 Country of origin: Germany

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, machine/vehicle number: 12CG001009, Used GEA continuous mixing and granulation system, model ConsiGma1, stainless steel product contact surfaces, with Brabender feeder, twin screw continuous mixer, and fluid bed dryer granulator, with controls, CE and Ex rated, 400 volt, 50 Hz, seiral# 12CG001009, built 2012. Ljdpjtvm Ulofx Abyohl

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2013, GEA Modular Membrane Filtration System up to 6.25 m³/h, in excellent condition and barely used. This equipment was used for just two validation batches, and after that has been in storage. It is currently equipped with spiral-wound nanofiltration membranes but other membrane types can be used for microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), etc. The complete original manufacturer documentation is included in digital format, comprising the operating manual, process flow charts, wiring diagrams, certificates, inspection reports, and other relevant technical documentation. The system is designed to process a maximum volume of approximately 100 m³ of product (feed) per day. An average feed flow rate of approximately 4 to 6 m³/h is assumed under the “16/4” or “20/4” operating regime (Explanation: “20/4” corresponds to 20 hours of filtration operation / 4 hours of CIP cleaning). If, at a later stage, the daily processing capacity needs to be increased or the installed membrane surface becomes insufficient due to unforeseeable fouling effects, two empty slots are provided for retrofitting additional membrane housings. The piping and recirculation pump are already prepared for such an expansion. The membrane unit is designed for a semi-automatic cleaning-in-place (CIP) procedure. The system includes the required valves for internal circulation of cleaning solutions, followed by system flushing. Specifications - Feed volume: 400 - 500 m³/week - Feed volume: 80 - 100 m³/day - Feed volume: 4.0 - 6.25 m³/h - Production time: 16 - 20 h/day - Operating temperature: 35 to max. 65 °C Consumption - Power supply (pumps): 3 x 400 V, 50 Hz - Installed power: approx. 65 kW - Electric power consumption: 53.1 kW/h - Compressed air: 6 bar, oil- and water-free - Steam: 6 bar (max.) - Seal water: approx. 75 - 150 l/h - CIP water: approx. 19 m³/h - CIP water per cycle: 6 m³/CIP - Steam consumption per cycle: 100 kg/CIP - CIP chemicals: (e.g., membrane cleaner, acid, alkali, preservative, biocide) Limits - Max. operating temperature: 65 °C Ljdpfsvhctwsx Abyohl - Max. operating pressure: 30 bar - pH range for feed water: - Maximum: pH 10.0 - Minimum: pH 2.0 Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) - Max. temperature: 85 °C - Max. pressure: 10 bar - pH limits (for up to 30 minutes): - Maximum: pH 10.5 - Minimum: pH 2.0

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2019, functionality: fully functional, Croquette production line from the brands Koppens/GEA and Alexanderwerk. Equipped with: Lhsdpfx Ajzk E Tuobyol - KOPPENS/GEA EPR 200 breading line. - KOPPENS/GEA breading/conveyor belt. - Alexanderwerk NFV 50 vacuum filling machine. - Stainless steel rotary table/buffer table for extra breading. The line has already been dismantled and transported to the pick-up location.

Condition: used, Consisting of : “GEA-CFS” former Type VM 600 HSE all stainless steel speed up to ± 50 strokes / min. (Depending on the product, shape, temperature and machine settings) mobile with outfeed conveyor belt width 600 mm surface of the dies 570 x 130 mm suitable for dies with a thickness of min. 6 mm and max. 40 mm power 22,8 kW weight 1.750 kg dimensions (l x w x h) : ± 2.500 x1.300 x 2.200 mm 3x400v 50 Hz mobile new PLC control (Siemens) HMI Control Touch (digital readout with possibility of storing recipes) + “Berief” contact cooker Type Dubra DB 8/600 continuous teflon belt grill suitable for thermo oil heated with lower and upper belt - bottom and top grilling belt width 600 mm adjustable speed product height electrically adjustable nett frying length 6.800 mm total length 9.300 mm total width 1.500 mm weight : 5.700 kg + “Kersting” After Heating Tunnel net cooking length ± 12.500 mm belt width ± 700 mm all stainless steel with 2 hoists 16 fans infeed conveyor outfeed conveyor washing system (conveyor) suitable for steam heating max. product height : ± 180 mm dimensions (l x w x h) : ± 14.600 x 2.400 x 4.400 mm Lhodozzcqfjpfx Abyol adjustable speed 120 kW infeed height: ± 1.000 mm outfeed height: ± 1.000 mm cooking time min/max : 3-18 min mesh wire belt Simatic S7 Text display OP 17 electric power : 26 kW 400V

Year of construction: 2014, operating hours: 800 h, condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, We offer an automatic weighing and packaging line manufactured by BW Packaging Systems (formerly Simionato), built in 2014. The line is designed for the automatic portioning, weighing and packaging of dry food products such as nuts, dried fruits, seeds, cereals, confectionery and other free-flowing products. The machine is in excellent, like-new condition, has less than 1,000 operating hours and has been fully refurbished. It is fully operational, immediately available and ready for production. The weighing system has a capacity of up to 80 portions per minute, while the intermittent packaging unit operates at speeds of up to 40 packages per minute, depending on the product and packaging format. Lhjdpfx Aeznlbgobyol The combined metal detector and checkweigher shown in the pictures is available separately and is not included in the listed price. A complete maintenance history is available for every individual module of the line, including all service records and invoices. Full original CE documentation for the complete system is included, ensuring complete traceability and compliance. If you have any questions or need more information, feel free to send us a message or give us a call.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2019, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 2,500 kg, rotational speed (min.): 4,500 rpm, screw diameter: 305 mm, year of last overhaul: 2026, temperature: 80 °C, empty load weight: 2,500 kg, power: 22 kW (29.91 HP), Equipment: documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, Complete Technical Data (GEA OCE 305-01-32)Technical ParameterSpecification and ValuesManufacturer & ModelGEA Westfalia Separator Group GmbH – OCE 305 SeriesEquipment TypeHigh-performance 2-phase decanter centrifuge (Solid-Liquid)Bowl Inner Diameter305 mmBowl DesignFlat-cone design with an extended length (Extended L/D ratio)Maximum Hydraulic CapacityUp to 5 m³/h (varies depending on solid concentration)Maximum Solids Density 2.6 kg/dm³Drive Type2-Gear Drive (System with 2 independent motors, no magnetic brake)Differential Speed ControlAutomatic via dedicated Variable Frequency Drives (VFD)Overall DimensionsLength: 3000 mm | Width: 1000 mm | Height: 1150 mmTotal Weight (Complete Skid)Approx. 2500 kgLubrication SystemAutomatic centralized grease lubrication for main bearingsConstruction MaterialsHigh-grade duplex stainless steel (all product-contact areas)Scroll Wear ProtectionSintered tungsten carbide tiles welded onto the flight edgesII. Liquid Discharge Under Pressure SystemUnlike standard models with gravity discharge (where the liquid falls freely into acollection tank), your model retains the clarified liquid phase inside a hydro-hermetic tripetal Pump (Paring Disk): The separated liquid flows toward the cylindrical end of the bowl, entering a special chamber where a stationary disk with spiral internal channels (a reverse turbine) is etic-to-Pressure Energy Conversion: The kinetic energy of the rapidly rotating liquid is instantly transformed into hydrostatic pressure when it hits the channels of the stationary cess Advantages: The liquid leaves the decanter directly under pressure (without requiring an external transfer pump). This prevents product foaming (highly critical for oils, chemical products, or food-grade applications) and eliminates contact with atmospheric oxygen Electrical cabinet with frequency inverters ant PLC (Siemens ) with acces code for modify the parameters , including factory documentation Lhedpfezgq Szex Abysl

Year of construction: 2010, condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Manufacturer: CFS (GEA) Type: Compact 420 Year: 2010 Electrical connection: 28 kW, 42 A, 400 V, 50 Hz Labelling machine: Lodpfxsrtq I Ej Abyohl Manufacturer: CFS Type: TiroLabe TL-150 Year: 2010 with gas flushing including 4 format sets Condition: very good The metal detector and Espera conveyor visible in the picture are not part of this offer. They are separate machines.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2021, We offer the ETL Prüftechnik ATS 400 X8 automatic test system, designed for electrical and safety testing of products in industrial and laboratory environments. The device is used for, among others: • Quality control (QC) • End-of-line production testing • OEM laboratories and testing stations ⸻ Basic data • Model: ATS 400 X8 • Power supply: 230 V / 50–60 Hz / max. 10 A • Year of manufacture: 03/2021 • Manufacturer: ETL Prüftechnik GmbH (Germany) • Condition: very good, well-maintained equipment • Last factory calibration by ETL: 05/2023 • Weight: 38 kg Ledpfeyc H N Nsx Abyjhl ⸻ Equipment / Included in delivery • Main ATS 400 X8 unit with integrated touchscreen display • Windows 10 Pro operating system (OEM) • Complete set of test leads and accessories (as shown in the photos) • Manufacturer’s documentation • Original markings, nameplates, CE certification ⸻ Technical notes • This is a professional test and measurement instrument, not consumer electronics • The equipment is ready for use in a production environment • No signs of tampering; all connectors and interfaces are complete

Condition: used, all stainless steel hopper capacity 270L Lhedpfx Abjzzagkoyjl die width 400 mm usable die surface 370 x 130 mm maximum volume per stroke ± 1,47 kg maximum 50 strokes / minute (Depending on the product, shape, temperature and machine settings) total power 8 kW air consumption ± 300 L / min. mobile variable speed 3x400v 50hz dimensions (l x w x h) : ± 3.150 x 950 x 2.650 mm weight 1200 kg PLC control

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 679, overall weight: 8,000 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, Höfler Helix 400k gear grinding machine The HÖFLER Helix 400k is currently in operation at our customer's production facility and is fully ready for use. An inspection and machine demonstration under production conditions can be arranged by appointment. The machine has been regularly serviced and maintained by Buss-Maschinenservice for several years. As part of the maintenance work carried out to date, all pneumatic hoses have been replaced, and several servo drives and servomotors have been overhauled or replaced. The mechanics have been inspected, and any necessary repairs have been carried out. Lhodez Dqtwjpfx Abysl The machine is being sold due to the purchase of new equipment. If desired, we will handle the complete machine relocation – from professional dismantling and packaging to transport, installation, commissioning, and customer training at the new location.

Condition: used, all stainless steel belt width 400 mm mobile adjustable speed filling capacity 27 L weight: 390 kg dimensions (l x w x h): ± 2.860 x 750 x 1.450 mm With adjustable take-over outfeed conveyor Ledpfxjz Ait Nj Abyehl

Condition: used, belt width 400 mm Lodozz H Rvspfx Abyshl all stainless steel adjustable speed with lower and upper belt adjustable upper belt with outfeed belt with air knife dimensions (l x w x h) : ± 2.500 x 900 x 1.400 mm mobile 4,45 kW

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2007, machine/vehicle number: 2514070/0200/2007/15128743/1, Used evaporator GEA KÜBA, typ CA.E.06-1X1F, serial no. 2514070/0200/2007/15128743/1 Year of manufacture 2007 Casing Self-supporting construction, fan sections individually partitioned. Ventilator extremely silent (E)• Casing and legs from galvanized sheet steel • Temperature- and UV-radiation resistant powder coating RAL 7032 pebble gray • Lifting hangers standard Heat exchanger Standard tube arrangement lengthwise, staggered, in special copper. • Tubing: Tubes: Ripple Fin, SF-Cu Fins: High performance aluminum fins with Al studs for increased heat transfer Fin spacing: 2,2 mm. • Multi-circuiting possible. • Fluid connections Brazed copper connection vertical (can be used with vertical and horizontal airflow). 3. Axial fans Compact unit without external pressure, corrosion proof and weather resistant: Motor with fans, Fan guard in accordance with DIN 31001/24167 and assembly brackets. • Fan blades ø 650 mm, balanced in two levels according to a VDI 2060 standard. • Motors, threephase current 400±10%V, 50 Hz, 2 speeds, ∆-Y-connections, Protection: ø 650, IP66 • variable speed control by reduction of voltage. • Proof to frequency changes (maximum fan pitch dU/dt=500V/µs; Standard protection of motor by thermocouples. • For outdoor installation and ambient motor temperatures of -30°C up to +60°C. CA. 05 – 06 • 400V±10%V-3 with speed reduction ∆-Y-change-over • Protection CA.06: IP66 • Range of application: –30°C to +60°C • 230V±10%V-1 on request Maximum permissible 60 starts per hour. Fan motors have to be operated for at least two hours per month. • Other motors will change performance and Sound Pressure Levels quoted. The standard fans are recommended for frequency converters with a: • clock frequency: < 16kHz • voltage speed increase : , dU/dt < 1000V • frequency: f < 60Hz For reduction of peak voltages, speed voltage increase and motor noise (at reduced speed) manufacturers of frequency converters recommend the use of sinus filters at the output, especially when using motor cables longer than 50 m. For shorter motor cables dU/dt motor reactors can be used for this purpose. If several motors are connected, the total of all cable lengths has to be considered. Taking electromagnetic compatibility guidelines into consideration, power chokes or input filters are to be used at the input side (and shielded cables having a proper ground connection are to be used) LxBxH: 141 х 115 х 114 cm; Colant R typ Very good condition Lhedpfx Abeip Utaeyel Price Euro 1200 Euro + VAT, negotiable, FCA: Oradea/Romania Irrtum, Anderungen und Zwischenverkauf vorbehalten / Subject to errors, changes and prior sale / Ne rezervăm dreptul la greșeli, modificări și vânzare We speak English. /Wir sprechen Deutsch./ Beszélünk magyarul. /Nous parlons français/Vorbim romana

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2016, Uniform breading with minimal flour consumption The GEA OptiFlour II 600 flour coater is a machine designed for the precise and uniform application of flour, breading, or seasonings to food products prior to further processing. The machine utilizes GEA’s patented dosing technology, which is highly regarded in the industry for its high repeatability of product coating while minimizing coating material consumption. Technical Specifications of the GEA OptiFlour II 600 Coater Manufacturer: GEA Food Solutions Bakel B.V. Model: GEA OptiFlour II 600 Year of manufacture: 2016 Conveyor belt width: 600 mm Conveyor belt speed: 2.5–25 m/min Minimum product height: 16 mm Maximum product height: 70 mm Dimensions (L x W x H): 2700 x 1740 x 1950 mm Power supply: 380–415 V, 3-phase, 50–60 Hz Power: 5.3 kW Ljdpfezmhk Ujx Abyjhl Current consumption: 13 A How does the GEA OptiFlour II 600 breading machine work? The product is conveyed on a patented vibrating belt (shaker belt), onto which flour is continuously fed in small doses, creating a uniform layer of controlled thickness. The patented flour divider ensures repeatable, adjustable material feed from both the top and bottom of the product, and the integrated anti-caking system prevents contaminants from entering the breading layer. An adjustable scraper bar prevents flour from sticking to the conveyor belt, while optional pressure rollers allow for control over how tightly the coating adheres to the product’s surface. All machine settings can be adjusted externally while the line is in operation, and a transparent hopper facilitates real-time monitoring of the flour level by the operator. Key advantages of the GEA OptiFlour II 600 breading machine The patented dosing system ensures the most uniform distribution of flour on the product, which results in consistent coating quality and reduced coating material waste during production. The machine’s enclosed design minimizes flour dust in the production hall, and the unit can also be integrated with the GEA OptiAir system, enabling dust-free operation. The absence of loose structural components significantly simplifies machine cleaning and maintenance, reducing sanitation-related downtime, while the robust construction ensures reliable operation under continuous industrial use. The 600 model handles a wide range of coating materials—from fine pre-dust, through grain-based coatings, to light and medium-weight breadcrumbs, as well as sticky, seasoned coating mixtures. Applications of the GEA OptiFlour II 600 Coater The GEA OptiFlour II 600 coating machine is used in production lines at meat, poultry, and fish processing plants wherever it is necessary to evenly coat the product with flour, breading, or seasonings prior to further processing steps—such as the actual breading, frying, or freezing. The unit works well as part of a breading line, integrating with breadcrumb coaters and dust extraction systems.