Used [Div] Pallet Stackers for sale (7,828)

Condition: used, Wide-track high-lift truck, pedestrian stacker, drawbar stacker HANSELIFTER - Hanse-Lifter, Model E-SDJ1016-01 Wide-track lift truck Standard model. Year of manufacture: 2014 Rated load capacity, drawbar stacker: 1000 kg Load capacity, special attachment GIESLER: 200 kg Rated lifting height: 1600 mm Fork length: 530 / 770 mm Fork carriage width: 950 mm Ground clearance under wheel arms: 130 mm Operating voltage, hydraulic unit: 12 volts Overall height: 2160 mm Overall length: 1650 mm Overall width: 1860 / 1200 mm - Manual drive operation - Electro-hydraulic lifting mechanism - Adjustable track width from 950 to 1650 mm (width between wheel arms) - 1 piece, 12-volt battery - Separate charger, 12 volts, 15 amps - Fork base carrier on lifting frame made of steel - Fork carriage, special attachment GIESLER, load capacity 200 kg - Fork carriage made of aluminum plate with precision guide, lateral adjustment via clamping lever - Fork tines made of stainless steel, total length 770 mm to pivot plate - Fork tines cannot be lowered to the ground due to the special attachment (approx. 170 to 250 mm depending on track width) Self-weight: 485 kg Ljdpfx Ashxvuwebyehh Like new condition

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: IC1193, Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 3,150 h, load capacity: 1,000 kg, lifting height: 2,700 mm, load center: 600 mm, construction height: 1,870 mm, fork length: 1,150 mm, overall weight: 730 kg, enginetype: Electric, manufacturer: Jungheinrich Lsdpfxow Un Dfj Abyshh

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: A-IC1181, Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 5,072 h, load capacity: 2,000 kg, lifting height: 2,010 mm, construction height: 1,481 mm, enginetype: Electric, manufacturer: Jungheinrich Ledow Uauijpfx Abyehh

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: IC1245, Year of construction: 2018, operating hours: 5,847 h, load capacity: 2,000 kg, lifting height: 2,010 mm, load center: 600 mm, construction height: 1,481 mm, enginetype: Electric, manufacturer: Jungheinrich Lhsdpfsxr Skpsx Abyeh

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: IC1208, Year of construction: 2018, operating hours: 2,535 h, load capacity: 1,400 kg, lifting height: 3,200 mm, construction height: 2,100 mm, enginetype: Electric, manufacturer: Jungheinrich Ljdpfxow Un Dlj Abyehh

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2016, operating hours: 2,157 h, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 2,800 mm, battery capacity: 375 Ah, empty load weight: 850 kg, Jungheinrich EJC 216 Electric Pallet Stacker – Used High-Lift Pallet Truck 🧰 Product Features • Manufacturer: Jungheinrich • Model: EJC 216 • Option: 120 - 280 ZT • Condition: Used item, see photos • Colour: Yellow - anthracite • Year of manufacture: 2016 • Operating hours: 2,157 h • Lifting height: 2,800 mm • Rated load capacity: 1,600 kg • Unladen weight: 850 kg without battery • Battery weight: 274 / 302 kg • Battery capacity: 375 Ah • Battery voltage: 24 V • Fork length: 1,150 mm • Drive power: 1.6 kW Lodpfx Aexlty Esbyohh • Load centre distance: 600 mm • Travel speed: unloaded 6 km/h • Lifting speed: unloaded 0.3 m/s 💰 Price: €3,990 net, excl. VAT • Quantity discount: on request • Shipping costs: Europe-wide on request • Delivery time: Available immediately • Inspection and collection: Possible at any time by appointment Over 5,000 linear meters of pallet racking from various manufacturers in stock at all times (Subject to changes and errors in technical specifications, information and prices as well as prior sale! See our terms and conditions, all prices excl. VAT ex works.)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1999, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 2,900 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: duplex, construction height: 2,000 mm, empty load weight: 1,300 kg, Received in trade-in Electric stacker Brand: BT Year: 1999 BLOCK PALLETS: outer fork width 68 cm Capacity: 1,600 kg Lifting height: 2,900 mm Drive-through height: 2,000 mm Battery: maintenance-free GEL Ljdpfx Aboyc Eygsyjhh with charger Watch the video on YouTube

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: IC1284, Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 7,285 h, load capacity: 1,200 kg, lifting height: 4,300 mm, construction height: 2,650 mm, enginetype: Electric, manufacturer: Jungheinrich Lhedjx Nlahspfx Abyjh

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, TOYOTA Model: SPE200DN S/N: 6553285 Condition: OPERATIONAL Hours (MTH): 3118 Year: 12-2017 The listed price is net price (excluding VAT) Weight: 955 kg Lifting capacity: 2000 kg Lift height: 2000 mm Battery capacity: 400 Ah Battery: YES (professionally refurbished, hence no battery shown in the photos) Charger: NOT INCLUDED Maximum speed: 10.0 km/h Battery weight: 195–310 kg Battery voltage: 24V Repairs: drive wheels replaced, battery refurbished, control lever set replaced. See our other items by clicking “More from this advertiser” on the right side of the listing. Feel free to contact us; price in the listing is negotiable. Lhsdpfx Asy Akbwsbyeh Telephone contact available from 8:00 to 16:00, Monday to Friday. Collection possible from 8:00 to 15:00 at our warehouse in Częstochowa, after prior telephone arrangement.

Condition: used, Electric pedestrian stacker, pallet stacker JUNGHEINRICH type EJC 214 Serial no. 90396426 Year of manufacture 2011 Rated capacity: 1400 kg Load centre: 600 mm Rated lift height: 4300 mm Fork length: 1150 mm Overall length: 2050 mm Overall width: 800 mm Overall height: 1900 mm Operating voltage: 24 Volt - Triplex mast with 1400 mm free lift - electric steering assist - 1619 operating hours (displayed) - Battery from year 2011, type 24V 3 PzS 375 (24V/375 Ah) - Automatic charger Jungheinrich 24 Volt, 40 Ampere - Surcharge for new UVV inspection = EUR 150 net Weight: 1300 kg Ljdpfexxmfzex Abyohh in good condition

Condition: used, Electric pedestrian stacker, pallet stacker JUNGHEINRICH type EJC Z14 250 ZT Serial no. 90358452 Year of manufacture: 2010 Rated load capacity: 1400 kg Load center: 600 mm Rated lift height: 2500 mm Fork length: 1150 mm Overall length: 2050 mm Overall width: 840 mm Overall height: 1700 mm Operating voltage: 24 Volt - Initial lift for negotiating floor thresholds - Duplex mast - 1676 operating hours (readout) - Battery from 2016, type 24V 3PZS 375 (24V/375 Ah) Lhodpexvdv Eefx Abysh - Automatic charger Jungheinrich 24 volt, 50 ampere - Surcharge for new UVV inspection = 150,-- EUR net Weight: 1200 kg Good condition

Condition: used, Electric pedestrian pallet truck, low-lift pallet truck, "Ameise" type, tiller truck JUNGHEINRICH type EJE 116 Machine No.: 98003363 Year of manufacture: 2010 Rated load capacity: 1,600 kg Lift height: 200 mm Fork length: 1,150 mm Operating voltage: 24 Volt Overall length: 1,700 mm Overall width: 730 mm Overall height with tiller: 1,350 mm - New battery from 09-2025, type 24V 2 PZB 150 (24 Volt, 150 Ah) - Integrated automatic charger JUNGHEINRICH, type E 230 G 24/30 B-ELG (24 Volt, 30 Ampere) - 3,148 operating hours (read from hour meter) Weight approx. 460 kg Good condition Lsdpfsxbtxmsx Abyshh

Condition: used, Electric pedestrian stacker, pallet stacker JUNGHEINRICH model EJC 214 Serial No.: 90334640 Year of manufacture: 2009 Rated capacity: 1400 kg Lhedpfx Abovdmxvsyoh Rated lift height: 3200 mm Fork length: 1150 mm Overall length: 2000 mm Overall width: 810 mm Overall height: 2050 mm Operating voltage: 24 volt - Duplex mast with 1600 mm free lift - 4356 operating hours recorded - Battery from 2009, type 3PZS 375 (24V/375 Ah) - Automatic charger Jungheinrich 24V, 40 Amp - UVV inspection valid until 11/2025 - Surcharge for new UVV inspection = EUR 150 Weight: 1200 kg Good condition

Condition: used, Electric pallet stacker - pedestrian stacker, drawbar stacker for the ergonomic handling of small loads Manufacturer EXPRESSO, Model Lift & Drive 225 (lift2move) Serial No. 19153-HD, Year of manufacture 2010 Type No. Rated load capacity 225 kg Lifting stroke 1770 mm Lifting height 2350 mm Lifting speed (unloaded / loaded) approx. 100 / 75 mm/s Outreach of lifting arm 400 mm Chassis length 1130 mm Ground clearance 90 mm Underrun length 600 mm Chassis design (front / rear) Ø 80 / 150 mm (2 fixed / 2 swivel casters) Overall length 1130 mm Overall width 600 mm Overall height 2450 mm Motor power 400 W Battery capacity 24 V / 16 Ah - Electric lifting drive with motor brake / self-locking gearbox and precision spindle with safety slip clutch - Cable remote control with spiral cable and buttons for 2 lifting speeds - Battery pack with quick-change system - Battery charge indicator - 2 lead-acid batteries 12 Volt, 17 Ah installed in the battery pack, battery NEW Lhodpfx Absflt Egsyoh - External charger 24 VDC, 3 Amperes (mains voltage 230 V, 50 Hz) - Manually movable, swivel casters with three-stage parking brake - Handlebar infinitely adjustable in height - Load receiving flange according to EXPRESSO standard 380 x 50 mm / 4 mounting holes M10 at a distance of 100-120-100 mm Mounted lifting attachment: Quadruple lifting fork, Expresso type, load capacity of the lifting attachment 40 kg - Lifting attachment can be swivelled by 90° by hand (can only be locked in the 0° position) - Lifting attachment can be moved laterally by +-100 mm on linear guide (locking only in the center) - Width between the support arms 320 mm - Height between the support arms (height can be locked at) 365 / 400 / 450 mm (max. opening width without locking hole 510 mm) - Depth between the support arms 150 mm to the stop bolt / 300 mm maximum Total weight 100 kg Good condition

Condition: used, Electric pallet stacker - pedestrian stacker, drawbar stacker for the ergonomic handling of small loads Manufacturer EXPRESSO, Model Lift & Drive 225P (lift2move) Serial No. 19500S, Year of manufacture 2008 Model No. Rated load capacity 225 kg Lifting stroke 1680 mm Lhsdpfx Aoflt Edebysh Lifting height 2200 mm Lifting speed (unladen / laden) approx. 100 / 75 mm/s Outreach of lifting device 861 mm Chassis length 1020 mm Ground clearance 90 mm Underneath length 600 mm Chassis design (front / rear) Ø 80 / 140 mm (2 fixed / 2 swivel castors) Overall length 1400 mm Overall width 600 mm Overall height 2450 mm Motor power 400 W Battery capacity 24 V / 16 Ah - Electric lifting drive with motor brake / self-locking gearbox and precision spindle with safety slip clutch - Cable remote control with coiled cable and 2 lifting speeds - Battery pack with quick-change system - Battery charge indicator - 2 units of 12 Volt, 17 Ah lead-acid batteries installed in the battery pack - External charger 24 VDC, 3 Amps (mains voltage 230 V, 50 Hz) - Can be moved manually, swivel castors with three-stage parking brake - Handlebar infinitely adjustable in height - Load receiving flange according to EXPRESSO standard Special version: lifting device from GIESLER for radial fan SC-1000 CP XT (Tiger) - Load capacity of the lifting device 25 kg - Lifting device can be swivelled 90° via manual hydraulic pump - Opening width between the support jaws 300 / 330 mm - Opening width between the clamping rollers 200 - 300 mm - Clamping is done via handwheel - Weight of the lifting device 60 kg Total weight 140 kg very good condition

Condition: used, Electric stacker – pedestrian stacker, tow stacker for ergonomic handling of small loads EXPRESSO Type Lift & Drive 125 (lift2move) Serial No. 194679 Year of manufacture 2015 Type No. 1418242111 Rated load capacity 125 kg Lifting height 1450 mm Total lifting height 1785 mm Lhedpfsflt Ebex Abyjh Lifting speed (unloaded / loaded) approx. 100 / 75 mm/s Outreach of lifting support 530 mm Chassis length 890 mm Ground clearance 90 mm Underrun length 490 mm Chassis design (front / rear) Ø 60 / 100 mm (2 swivel casters / 2 swivel casters) Overall length 890 mm Overall width 545 mm Overall height 1930 mm Motor power 250 W Battery capacity 24 V / 7.2 Ah - Electric lifting drive with motor brake / self-locking gearbox and precision spindle with safety slip clutch - Cable remote control with spiral cable and 2 lifting speeds - Battery pack with quick-change system - Battery charge level indicator - 2 pcs lead-acid battery 12 Volt, 7.2 Ah installed in the battery pack - External charger 24 VDC, 2.5 Amperes (mains voltage 230 V, 50 Hz) - Manually steerable, swivel casters with three-stage parking brake - Handle continuously adjustable in height - Load receiver U-profile for square profile according to EXPRESSO standard 210 x 45 mm / internal dimension 30 mm / 4 mounting holes M8 at a distance of 50-60-50 mm Mounted lifting support: Special design from GIESLER LAM-DC power rail Load capacity of lifting support 40 kg Weight of lifting support 24 kg Support rail laterally adjustable by +-90 mm via linear guides (3 locking points left, center, right) Support rail swiveling +-38° (infinitely adjustable and lockable) Support rail with 2 clamping jaws Distance between the clamping jaws 550 mm Material clamping thickness 100 mm Dimensions of material support W x D 650 x 155 mm Total weight 75 kg very good condition

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 6707, Year of construction: 2000, operating hours: 4,383 h, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 3,300 mm, free lift: 1,630 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: duplex, construction height: 2,100 mm, .: 6707 Lhsdpfjtw Ah Rsx Abyoh Device details: Year of manufacture: 2000 Load capacity: 1600 kg Lifting height: 3300 mm Read operating hours: 4383 h Free lift: 1630 mm Mast type: Duplex Mast height: 2100 mm Length/Width/Height: 1950 / 800 / 1200 mm Operating weight: 1215 kg Battery from: 2008 ---- Equipment: * Full free lift * DGS made of metal ---- Further device information: Battery heavily oxidized Noisy when lowering. Drive motor makes noises. ---- Operating hours are generally read hours. We are happy to offer you suitable transport. An additional 250 - 300 forklifts, attachments, and sweepers are immediately available for you. Of course, also for rent! We are happy to buy your OLD one. Do you have any questions? You can reach us during our business hours from 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. We look forward to hearing from you! We speak English Interim sale and errors for this offer are expressly reserved. The device is sold in its AS-IS condition, not refurbished, in dealer business. All information without guarantee, errors and changes reserved.

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 25425, Year of construction: 2007, operating hours: 8,802 h, load capacity: 1,400 kg, lifting height: 4,740 mm, free lift: 1,550 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: triplex, construction height: 2,060 mm, .: 25425 Device details: Year of manufacture: 2007 Load capacity: 1400 kg Lifting height: 4740 mm Read operating hours: 8802 h Free lift: 1550 mm Mast type: Triplex Mast height: 2060 mm Length/Width/Height: 2170 / 800 / 1300 mm Operating weight: 1600 kg Battery from: 2016 ---- Equipment: * Initial lift * Full free lift * DGS made of metal ---- Additional device information: ---- The operating hours are generally read off the display. We are happy to offer you suitable transport. A further 250 - 300 forklifts, attachments and sweepers immediately available for you. Of course, also for rent! We are happy to buy your OLD one. Do you have questions? During our business hours from 7:30 am to 4:00 pm you can reach us. We look forward to seeing you! We speak English Interim sale and errors for this offer are expressly reserved. In dealer transactions, the device is sold as is, not reconditioned. Lhjdpfx Abjtw Dazoyjh All information without guarantee, errors and changes reserved.

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 26065, Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 4,323 h, load capacity: 1,400 kg, lifting height: 1,612 mm, free lift: 1,529 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: duplex, construction height: 2,060 mm, .: 26065 Device Details: Year of Manufacture: 2019 Load Capacity: 1400 kg Lift Height: 1612 mm Read Operating Hours: 4323 h Free Lift: 1529 mm Mast Type: Duplex Mast Height: 2060 mm Length/Width/Height: 2500 / 800 / 1230 mm Operating Weight: 1291 kg Battery from: 2020 ---- Equipment: * Initial lift * Full free lift * DGS made of plexiglass ---- Further Device Information: Double-stack load capacity: 1400/2000kg---- The operating hours are generally read hours. We are happy to offer you suitable transport. Another 250 - 300 forklifts, attachments, and sweepers are immediately available for you. Of course, also for rent! We are happy to buy your OLD one. Do you have any questions? During our business hours from 7:30 am to 4:00 pm you can reach us. We look forward to seeing you! We speak English Interim sales and errors for this offer are expressly reserved. In dealer transactions, the device is sold as is, not refurbished. All information is provided without guarantee, errors and changes reserved. Lhedpowputwofx Abyjh

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 26106, Year of construction: 2013, operating hours: 6,859 h, load capacity: 1,400 kg, lifting height: 5,316 mm, free lift: 1,729 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: triplex, construction height: 2,265 mm, .: 26106 Equipment details: Year of manufacture: 2013 Load capacity: 1,400 kg Lift height: 5,316 mm Recorded operating hours: 6,859 h Free lift: 1,729 mm Mast type: Triplex Mast height: 2,265 mm Length/width/height: 1,950 / 800 / 1,220 mm Operating weight: 1,573 kg Battery from: 2025 ---- Features: * Initial lift Ledpfx Aexlr Dpjbyohh * DGS made of Plexiglas ---- Additional equipment information: Supplied with new battery ---- Please note: Operating hours are generally read-off values. We are happy to arrange suitable transport for you. Another 250–300 forklifts, attachments, and sweepers available immediately. Rental options also available! We are also interested in buying your USED equipment. Do you have questions? You can reach us during business hours from 07:30 to 16:00. We look forward to hearing from you! We speak English. Subject to prior sale and errors in this offer. For trade customers, the device is sold as-is, not reconditioned. All details supplied without guarantee; errors and changes excepted.

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 4666, Year of construction: 2011, operating hours: 4,502 h, load capacity: 1,600 kg, lifting height: 1,844 mm, free lift: 879 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: duplex, construction height: 1,415 mm, .: 4666 Lodotw Adlspfx Abyehh Device Details: Year of manufacture: 2011 Load capacity: 1600 kg Lifting height: 1844 mm Indicated operating hours: 4502 h Free lift: 879 mm Mast type: Duplex Mast height: 1415 mm Length/Width/Height: 2010 / 800 / 1200 mm Operating weight: 1200 kg ---- Equipment: * Initial lift * DGS made of plexiglass ---- Additional Device Information: Battery very poor Operating hours according to the meter ---- The operating hours are generally read values. We are happy to offer you suitable transport. A further 250 - 300 forklifts, attachments, and sweepers are available immediately for you. Of course, also for rent! We are happy to buy your OLD ONE. Do you have any questions? During our business hours from 7:30 am to 4:00 pm, you can reach us. We look forward to seeing you! We speak English Interim sale and errors in this offer are expressly reserved. In the dealer business, the device is sold as is, not refurbished. All information without guarantee, errors and changes reserved.

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 6677, Year of construction: 2012, operating hours: 2,622 h, load capacity: 1,400 kg, lifting height: 2,480 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: simplex, construction height: 1,660 mm, .: 6677 Device details: Year of manufacture: 2012 Load capacity: 1400 kg Lifting height: 2480 mm Read operating hours: 2622 h Mast type: Standard Mast height: 1660 mm Length/Width/Height: 2000 / 800 / 1200 mm Operating weight: 1288 kg Battery from: 2012 ---- Equipment: Lhodetw Ah Dspfx Abysh * DGS made of Plexiglas ---- Further device information: ---- Operating hours are generally read hours. We are happy to offer you suitable transport. An additional 250 - 300 forklifts, attachments, and sweepers are immediately available for you. Of course, also for rent! We are happy to buy your OLD one. Do you have any questions? You can reach us during our business hours from 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. We look forward to hearing from you! We speak English Interim sale and errors for this offer are expressly reserved. The device is sold in its AS-IS condition, not refurbished, in dealer business. All information without guarantee, errors and changes reserved.

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 9009, Year of construction: 2007, operating hours: 306 h, load capacity: 1,050 kg, lifting height: 2,900 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: simplex, construction height: 2,000 mm, .: 9009 Device details: Year of manufacture: 2007 Load capacity: 1050 kg Lifting height: 2900 mm Read operating hours: 306 h Mast type: Standard Mast height: 2000 mm Length/Width/Height: 1900 / 785 / 1240 mm Lhedpfxetw Amme Abyjh Operating weight: 912 kg ---- Equipment: * DGS made of metal ---- Further device information: ---- The operating hours are generally read hours. We are happy to offer you suitable transport. Another 250 - 300 forklifts, attachments, and sweepers available immediately for you. Also available for rent! We are happy to buy your OLD one. Do you have questions? You can reach us during our business hours from 7:30 am to 4:00 pm. We look forward to hearing from you! We speak English This offer is subject to prior sale and errors. In dealer business, the device is sold as-is, not refurbished. All information is without guarantee, errors and changes reserved.

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 26258, Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 4,588 h, load capacity: 1,400 kg, lifting height: 3,770 mm, free lift: 1,870 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: duplex, construction height: 2,370 mm, .: 26258 Equipment details: Year of manufacture: 2019 Load capacity: 1,400 kg Lift height: 3,770 mm Operating hours (read): 4,588 h Free lift: 1,870 mm Mast type: Duplex Mast height: 2,370 mm Length/Width/Height: 2,030 / 800 / 1,230 mm Operating weight: kg Battery from: 2019 ---- Features: * Initial lift * Full free lift * DGS made of plexiglass ---- Additional equipment information: ---- The operating hours indicated are read-off values in general. We are happy to offer you suitable transport. An additional 250–300 forklifts, attachments, and sweepers are available immediately. Also for rental, of course! We are happy to buy your OLD one. Do you have any questions? You can reach us during our business hours from 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. We look forward to your inquiry! We speak English. Lhodoxql T Uopfx Abyjh Interim sale and errors for this offer are expressly reserved. In B2B sales, the machine is sold as is, not refurbished. All information is without guarantee; errors and changes excepted.

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 8089, Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 3,220 h, load capacity: 1,400 kg, lifting height: 3,520 mm, free lift: 1,170 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: triplex, construction height: 1,660 mm, .: 8089 Device details: Year of manufacture: 2015 Load capacity: 1400 kg Lifting height: 3520 mm Read operating hours: 3220 h Free lift: 1170 mm Mast type: Triplex Mast height: 1660 mm Length/Width/Height: 2240 / 800 / 1360 mm Operating weight: 1187 kg Battery from: 2015 ---- Equipment: * DGS made of Plexiglas ---- Additional device information: Ready-to-drive, as returned by the customer---- The operating hours are generally read hours. We are happy to offer you suitable transport. A further 250 - 300 forklifts, attachments and sweepers immediately available for you. Of course, also for rental! We are happy to buy your OLD one. Do you have questions? During our business hours from 7:30 am to 4:00 pm, you can reach us. We look forward to seeing you! We speak English Interim sales and errors for this offer are explicitly reserved. Lsdpfxotyiqws Abyehh In dealer business, the device is sold in AS-IS condition, not refurbished. All information without guarantee, errors and changes reserved.