Used Hedelius Bc 50 for sale (34,023)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2001, travel distance X-axis: 2,100 mm, controller manufacturer: HEIDENHAIN, controller model: TNC 415, spindle speed (max.): 8,000 rpm, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis HEDELIUS BC 50 was manufactured in 2001. It features an internal coolant supply and is equipped with a Heidenhain TNC 415 control system. If you are looking to get high-quality machining capabilities, consider the HEDELIUS BC 50 vertical machining centre we have for sale. Contact us for further details. Iasdpfx Aozbuv Ujnvsu • With internal coolant supply • Control System: Heidenhain TNC 415 • Condition: Good / Fully operational Technical Specification Through-spindle Coolant Yes

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, Technical details: x-travel: 2500 mm y-travel: 1000 mm z-travel: 750 mm table surface area: 3220 x 1000 mm Workpiece weight approx.: 3000 kg spindle taper ISO: 50 milling spindle turning speeds: 20 - 5000 U/min feed speeds: 1- 30000 mm/min rapid traverse: 30 m/min total power requirement: 40 kW dimensions of the machine ca.: 6,9 x 4,1 x 3,7 m weight of the machine ca.: 21 t with CNC HEIDENHAIN TNC 426 30-pockets autom. toolchanger RENISHAW measuring probe coolant attachment with TSC and chip conveyor diverse toolholders Iasdpfxsvptmwo Anvou *

Year of construction: 2003, condition: ready for operation (used), Travel X/Y/Z: 2500mm/1000mm/770mm, table dimensions X/Y: 3200mm/1000mm, spindle speed: 8000rpm, tool positions: 40, tool holder: SK40, max. workpiece weight: 3000kg, feed rate: 30m/min, coolant pressure: 20bar. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 6500mm/4500mm/3700mm, weight: approx. 21000kg, control: Heidenhain iTNC 530, control hours: 67334h, machine hours: 56616h, operating hours: 15872h. Including internal coolant supply, 3D measuring and infrared probe, chip conveyor and linear measuring system. Documentation available. An on-site inspection is possible. Ijdpfxjy E S Drs Anvoau

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1999, Used machining centers from Hedelius Type: BC 80 X-axis: 2500 mm Y-axis: 800 mm Z-axis: 550 mm SK 50 tool holder Heidenhain CNC control with Siemens motors/servo Excluding tools/workpiece clamping on the table Excluding mist extraction system Prepared for a 4th axis (4th axis not included) Year of manufacture: 1999 Ijdpfey U Ivisx Anvoau The machine is available immediately and can be inspected while powered on.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2006, travel distance X-axis: 3,500 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,000 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 770 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 30,000 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 30,000 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 30,000 m/min, table width: 1,000 mm, table length: 4,150 mm, table load: 4,000 kg, Magnum: powerful machining in machine construction and tool making Sk50 with extremely powerful spindel 50kw Glas scales in X/Y/Z Chip conveyor and coolant system X - Travel: 3500mm Y - Travel: 1000mm Z - Travel: 770mm Iaodpfswycmmox Anveu Table Length: 4150mm Table Width: 1000mm Table load: 4000 Feed rate X-Axis: 30000mm/min. Feed rate Y-Axis: 30000mm/min. Feed rate Z-Axis: 30000mm/min. Spindle Taper: 50ISO/Bt/Mk Power on spindle: 50kW Speeds / ranges: 4500Rpm ATC / revolver: 50 Number of controlled axis:3 Chip conveyor: yes Coolantsystem: yes Length: 8000mm Width: 5000mm Height: 3700mm Weight: 30000kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2000, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 002840, travel distance X-axis: 1,800 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 520 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 520 mm, overall weight: 9,000 kg, - Year of manufacture: 2000 - 1st owner, used exclusively by us - Fully functional, powered on, ready for demonstration - Control: Heidenhain TNC 426 - Tool magazine: 30 positions Iaedpfx Anoxgq A Teveu - Travel X-axis: 1800 mm - Travel Y-axis: 520 mm - Travel Z-axis: 520 mm - Pendulum operation: 2 x 700 x 520 mm - High-pressure band filter system / IKZ - Coolant supply through spindle: 20 bar - Cross belt conveyor: 50 x 1800 - Control powered on: 36,758 h - Machine powered on: 36,491 h - Program run: 15,439 h Net price ex location Luckenwalde (Germany), not loaded, without transport

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1995, x-travel 1700 mm y-travel 400 mm z-travel 400 mm Control Siemens 480 D Number of axles 4 St. table width 500 mm table length 2000 mm tooltaper DIN 2079 SK 60 SK 40 total power requirement 16,25 kW weight of the machine ca. 4750 kg dimensions of the machine ca. 3000x 2500x 2800 m Iajdpfxjvf Rhwe Anvou Machine number 9599 - 4th axis / horizontal / diam. 315 mm - Chip conveyor - tool changer for 20 tools

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, travel -x axis 1800 mm travel -y axis 520 mm travel -z axis 520 mm tool taper SK 40 table load 3 t tool piece magazine with 30 Plätze spindle drive 22 kW max. torque on the spindle 220 Nm *Machine in very good condition* + Loading door windows have been replaced + Linear guide carriages on X and Y axes have been replaced - Heidenhain iTNC 426-M control system - Partition wall for pendulum operation Iedpfjvh R Txjx Anvjau - Chip conveyor - Filter system - Spindle up to 8000 rpm - Rapid traverse x/y/z: 30/30/30 m/min - Year of manufacture 2001 Control on: 93212:52:14 Machine on: 82284:39:36 Program run: 42385:36:11

Condition: new, bore capacity in steel (diameter) 50 mm bore capacity in cast iron (diameter) 60 mm threading cutting capacity: M42 throat 360 mm bore stroke 200 mm spindle taper MK 4 feed range - spindle 0,1-0,2-0,3-0,4 mm/U spindle turning speed range 190 - 1900 U/min column diameter 175 mm table surface area 550 x 550 mm total power requirement 4 kW Iedpen Ea Twefx Anvoau weight of the machine ca. 0,85 t dimensions of the machine ca. 2,2 x 0,7 x 1,3 m - large stepless speed range in 3 stages - mechanical speed adjustment with hand lever (model V) - electronic speed adjustment with frequency converter (model VE) - Front digital speed display - Gear lubrication by automatic oil pump “VE” - Machine base plate with integrated coolant device - Machine light - MGI rotating and tilting table - Advance and automatic retraction with electromagnetic clutch - Front hand wheel for fine adjustment of the manual feed - Scale with adjustable drilling depth - Automatic feed reversal when threading - automatic tool ejector - Electric controls integrated in the drill head - EMERGENCY STOP button - Switch for forward/reverse rotation - Height-adjustable chip protection disc with micro switch - CE marking

Condition: new, COLUMN DRILLING MACHINE IBERDRILL BC-50 VE TECHNICAL DATA - STANDARD max. drilling capacity for steel (St 60) at continuous power S1 Ø 50 mm max. drilling capacity for grey cast iron (GG 20) at continuous power S1 Ø 60 mm Max. tapping capacity for steel (St 60) at continuous output S1 M 42 Iodpfxsgy Hale Anvoau max. tapping capacity for grey cast iron (GG 20) at continuous output S1 M 50 tool holder in spindle MK 4 max. spindle stroke (drilling depth) 200 mm motor power spindle 4 kW Drive 3-speed gearbox and V-belt Speed adjustment infinitely variable via potentiometer Speed range for 50 Hz motor, n = 1.500 rpm 30 - 300; 90 - 900; 190 - 1.900 rpm Feed automatic or manual Number of automatic feeds 4 gears range of automatic feeds 0,1 - 0,2 - 0,3- 0,4 mm/rev Table dimensions (width x depth) 550 mm x 550 mm column diameter 175 mm distance spindle center / column 360 mm Machine weight net/gross 760 kg / 850 kg Dimension transport v. (length x width x height) 2,4 m x 0,7 m x 1,3 m STANDARD EQUIPMENT / BASIC MACHINE Gearbox with quality gears and automatic oil pump lubrication and V-belt 3 gear speeds preselectable via 1 front lever 3 speed ranges with infinitely variable speed adjustment by means of frequency converter digital speed display integrated in front panel 4 automatic feeds electromagnetic clutch ergonomic 4-fold handle cross with integrated feed buttons handwheel for fine manual feed scale with adjustable drilling depth

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2005, Hedelius C60-2500 CNC machining center with 4th axis - spindle running time: 9,546 hours Manufacturer: Hedelius Type: C60-2500 Year of manufacture: 2005 Control system: Heidenhain Location: Bremen Technical data: Travel in X: 2,500 mm Iaodozc Rlhjpfx Anveu Travel in Y: 620 mm Travel in Z: 500 mm Table clamping area: 3,000 x 600 mm Spindle speed: 8,000 rpm Rapid traverse / feed rate: up to 30,000 mm/min Machine weight: approx. 12,000 kg Operating hours: Control system ON: 40,045 h Machine ON: 44,393 h Program running time: 10,019 h Spindle running time: 9,546 h Equipment: Heidenhain CNC control system 4th axis: clamping bar (not shown in the photos) Full enclosure Electronic handwheel Coolant system Work area lighting Chip tray The machine is in operation and can be inspected while powered on, by appointment. With an X-axis travel of 2,500 mm and a table clamping area of 3,000 x 600 mm, the machine is particularly suitable for machining long workpieces in the machine, tool, fixture and steel construction industries. The comparatively low spindle running hours of only 9,546 hours are particularly noteworthy. The Hedelius C60 stands for robust German engineering quality, high precision and a durable design. Inspection can be arranged at any time in Bremen. _____ Our general terms and conditions apply. Furthermore, the seller is not liable for typing or data transmission errors. The information and images have been provided by the owner and released for publication. The appearance of the offered items corresponds to their age and the images shown. The technology and wear of the offered items are in accordance with their age. Used machines are sold exclusively to commercial customers and without warranty.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2013, HEDELIUS C50 C50/40/530/1800/8 Machining Center ==> Spindle operating hours: 8,997 h Manufacturer: HEDELIUS Model: C50 Year of manufacture: 2013 Control system: Heidenhain Machine weight: approx. 5,500 kg Technical data Travel in X: 1,800 mm Travel in Y: 510 mm Travel in Z: 480 mm Table size: approx. 2100 x 510 mm Feed rate: up to 30,000 RPM Spindle speed: up to 8,000 mm/min Spindle operating hours: 8,997 h Program running time: 10,446 h Equipment Heidenhain CNC control system Fully enclosed machining center Central lubrication system Coolant system Electronic handwheel Tool magazine Documentation available Description The machine is in very good condition and can be inspected while powered on, by arrangement. With an X-axis of 1800 mm, the machine is ideally suited for machining long workpieces in tool, machine, and fixture construction. The relatively low spindle operating hours of only 8,997 hours are particularly noteworthy. The machine features a Heidenhain control system and achieves spindle speeds of up to 8,000 RPM. The HEDELIUS C50 stands for high precision, stability, and reliability “Made in Germany” and is ideally suited for both single-part and series production. Inspection: Possible by appointment in Bremen. _____ Our general terms and conditions apply; furthermore, the seller is not liable for typographical or data transmission errors. Isdpszc Rctofx Anvsau The information and images were provided to us by the owner and approved for publication. The appearance of the offered items corresponds to their age and the images shown. The technology and wear of the offered items are in accordance with their age. Used machines are sold exclusively to businesses and without warranty.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2000, x-travel 2500 mm y-travel 800 mm z-travel 750 mm Control HEIDENHAIN TNC430i table dimension - longitudinal 3220 mm table dimension - cross 800 mm tool taper ISO SK40 spindle turning speed range 15000 U/min connected load 25 kVA tool change unit 40 Pos. weight of the machine ca. 20 t dimensions of the machine ca. 6,5 x 3,8 x 3,7 m This HEDELIUS BC80 is in good condition and can be viewed under power by Iajdpoxa Hl Dsfx Anveu arrangement with the seller. Description: Designation: Hedelius BC80 Type: 4-axis machining centre Control: Heidenhain TNC430i Year of manufacture: 2000 Travel distance X: 2500 mm Travel distance Y: 800 mm Travel distance Z: 750 mm Table clamping surface: 3220 x 800 mm Tool holder: SK40 Tool changer: 40-fold Spindle power: 10 kW S1 / 15 kW S6 Spindle speed: 50 to 15,000 rpm Total connected load: 25 kVA Special equipment: - Partition wall for pendulum machining - Internal coolant supply - 4th axis Hoffmann with counter bearing, hydraulically clamped - Belt filter - Scraper belt chip conveyor - Flushing guns - Renishaw TS27R tool measuring system - Renishaw infrared workpiece measuring system - Ethernet connection - Hand-held control module Other: - Ball screw drive in X and Y replaced in 2018 - Complete documentation available Machine weight: Approx. 20 t Space requirement: 6.5 (width) x 3.8 (depth) x 3.7 m (height)

Condition: new, For sale: Professional industrial pump from the renowned manufacturer KSB. The pump is in new condition (ex-stock/warehouse storage) – unused, with possible storage marks visible in the photos. ⚠️ Sale concerns the pump only – electric motor not included. ⚙️ TECHNICAL DATA Manufacturer: KSB Model: ETACHROM BC 80-250 / 1104 Year of manufacture: 2000 Capacity: up to approx. 160 m³/h Head: approx. H-14 Type: centrifugal pump Construction: single-stage Connections: flanged Design: industrial, heavy-duty 🔧 APPLICATIONS Water installations Industry Process systems Cooling Liquid circuits ✅ CONDITION New – stock item Unused Fully operational construction No motor included 📦 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ➡️ Option to purchase an electric motor Iaodpfxoywcq To Anveu ➡️ Matching motor available – additional cost: €700

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2005, travel distance X-axis: 2,340 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 800 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 600 mm, feed rate X-axis: 40,000 m/min, feed rate Y-axis: 40,000 m/min, feed rate Z-axis: 40,000 m/min, controller manufacturer: HeidenHain iTNC530, total height: 3,100 mm, total length: 6,500 mm, total width: 3,100 mm, table width: 750 mm, table length: 2,900 mm, table load: 2,800 kg, spindle motor power: 27,000 W, 3-axis CNC machine (VMC) Hedelius - BC80 /2300 Make: Hedelius Type: BC80 /2300 Control: HeidenHain iTNC530 Year: 2005 X - Travel: 2340mm Y - Travel: 800mm Z - Travel: 600mm Table Length: 2900mm Table Width: 750mm Table load: 2800 Feed rate X-Axis: 40000mm/min. Feed rate Y-Axis: 40000mm/min. Feed rate Z-Axis: 40000mm/min. Spindle Taper: 40ISO/Bt/Mk Power on spindle: 27kW Speeds / ranges: 8000Rpm ATC / revolver: 30 Coolant through spindle / Bar:20 Number of controlled axis: 3 Chip conveyor: Yes Coolantsystem: Yes Length: 6500mm Width: 3100mm Ijdjy Enzajpfx Anvsau Height: 3100mm Weight: 13500kg Please Note: The information on this page has been obtained to the best of our ability and belief, and from the manufacturers where possible. It is given in good faith, but its accuracy can not be guaranteed. Accordingly, it will not form a representation or constitute contractual terms. We advise you to check any vital details!

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2010, travel -x axis 1.000 mm travel -y axis 510 mm travel -z axis 480 mm travel of - x axis (rotary-tilting table) 420 mm travel - x axis (fixed machine table) 450 mm control HEIDENHAIN iTNC 530 turning speed range 50 - 12.000 U/min numbers of positions in the tool changer 20 tool taper SK40 table surface area 650 x 510 mm workpiece weight 300 kg Clamping surface of rotary-tilting table 420 mm workpiece weight 200 kg speeds of rotary table 30 U/min 5-axis machining center | HEDELIUS - RS505 K IC 40/530/450/420/12, equipped with tool changer, ITC, zero-point clamping system and chip conveyor. In addition, the machine features a full enclosure and an extraction system with filter unit. With only 9,787 spindle hours, the unit shows low operating time. The machine is in a well-maintained condition and can be inspected at any time under power. Iajdox R U Rxepfx Anvju A machine video can be provided on request. Please refer to the offer attachment for further technical details. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #Tags: RS505 K IC 40 | RS-505 | RS 505

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, x-travel 1800 mm Iedpexuv Svofx Anvoau y-travel 510 mm z-travel 480 mm weight of the machine ca. 5500 kg

Condition: ready for operation (used), Heidenhain BC 120 monitor unit 15" TFT SN: 30938147 consisting of Heidenhain 329 506-01 additional keyboard and Viscotech SEM15-F-BC120-FP industrial monitor for TNC426, TNC430 / BC120, BC120F, used, in good condition, 100% functional, scope of delivery as per photos. Iedpfxjy Nqdfe Anvoau

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, For sale: Gel matic 250 air-cooled soft ice cream machine with 3 levers, in almost new condition. Includes a complete new spare gasket set, reconditioned pumps and new pump seals. Output: 29 kg/h, capacity: 2x10 l tanks, touchscreen, tabletop model. 380V. Iodpov Tfa Refx Anvoau

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2015, functionality: fully functional, MAKA BC 150t compakt, second-hand machine 5-axis CNC machining center for machining aluminium and plastic. Stand portal in 4-column design (bridge center), 2 x unit carrier Technical data: Working ranges in 5-axis operation, with tool Ø 160 / length 160 mm: 2 x each: Y-axis: 1,500 mm X-axis: 2,500 mm Z-axis: 650 mm / with 180 mm fixture height Couplable tables, for processing large components. Extended extension stroke, for loading and unloading. Rapid traverse speed: X-/Y-/Z-axis 60 m/min. Acceleration: 3 m/sec² Rotation axis 540° / swivel axis 196° (+/- 98°) Table design: - 2 x aluminum flat table, size 2,500 x 1,500 mm - M10 threaded bushes and centering bolts in the table top. - 3 x vacuum clamping circuit per table. - 3 x pneumatic clamping circuit per table. Milling unit: - 2 x universal unit for 5-axis milling with 50° inclined head, HSF F63 tool holder, max. power 12.5 kW (S1), speed infinitely variable up to 24,000 rpm, water-cooled milling spindle. - 1 NC height-adjustable chip catcher system per milling unit, with lamella curtain. Tool changer: - 2 x rotary table tool magazine with 20 places. Iaedotq Hkrspfx Anvju Control system: - 1 x Siemens SINUMERIK 840D SL machine control unit - 1 x Siemens OP 19 PCU control panel with 19" display, full keypad, membrane switch. - 1 x additional Siemens HT 8 portable manual control panel with 7.5" touchscreen, version with handwheel. Occupational safety: - 1 x soundproof cabin. - 2 automatic loading gates, with vision panels. - The loading and unloading area is protected by light barriers and bumpers on the tables. Measuring probe: - 2 x 3D radio measuring probes, with HSK F63 tool holder, for changing from the tool magazine. Minimum quantity lubrication: - 2 pieces minimum quantity lubrication - 2 flushing nozzles per milling unit, each individually controllable via M function. Table blow-off system: - 2 x Airknife table blow-off system, for blowing off the tables during the exit from the machining area. Limited in coupled operation. The machine is assembled and can be inspected in 89568 Hermaringen.

Condition: used, axle configuration: 3 axles, first registration: 01/2010, suspension: air, tire size: 385/65 R22.5, color: other, Year of construction: 2010, Axle configuration Tyre size: 385/65 R22.5 Axle make: Mercedes-Benz Brakes: disc brakes Suspension: air suspension Rear axle 1: alloy rims; tyre tread left: 5 mm; tyre tread right: 3 mm Rear axle 2: alloy rims; tyre tread left: 5 mm; tyre tread right: 5 mm Rear axle 3: alloy rims; tyre tread left: 2 mm; tyre tread right: 4 mm Weights Unladen weight: 6,370 kg Payload: 32,630 kg Gross vehicle weight: 39,000 kg Condition Isdpfx Ajy Il U Nenvjau Damage: none

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Aluminum circular saw BC 450 HA, semi-automatic (MG FRONT-450) The BC 450 HA is a double miter saw with a swivel range of 45° to the left and 22.5° to the right and an automatic mitre adjustment via stop functions. The saw stroke runs automatically and the material is clamped pneumatically. The saw blade (450 x 30 mm) runs horizontally. can also be optionally equipped with a digital mitre angle display, a scribing laser and pneumatics for lifting the protective hood! Equipment Double mitre machine with powerful drive motor Two-button control for triggering the saw cut (optionally also available as one-button control) Large mitre range from -22.5° to +45°, Swivel range 67.5° - 0° - 45° Automatic miter adjustment, fixed stop functions at -45° / 90° / +45° and two variable stop functions adjustable to the desired angle! Two horizontal pneumatic clamping cylinders Clearly arranged control panel Large protective hood covers the entire working area, is lifted pneumatically Adjustable blade and cutting feed Connections for extraction system Minimal lubrication system Air gun for cleaning the machine Saw blade ø 450 mm Work sequence 1. setting the cutting angle 2. inserting the material 3. adjusting the stroke speed 4. bring the clamping cylinder to within 20 mm of the material 5. clamp the material 6. press the The machine is ready for operation by pressing the start button. 7. press and hold the two SAW buttons, the material is sawn. 8. 8. at the end of the cycle, release both SAW buttons and press the STOP button 9. Iedpopa Nxaefx Anvjau 9. open the clamping vice and remove or advance the material Plantec Maschinen GmbH

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2021, load capacity: 5,000 kg, Bale clamp ISO class: ISO class 3 = 2,500 - 4,999 kg Condition: Ready for use and fully functional Technical condition: Good Iaodpfx Answ Dwrlevou Description: Year 2021; ISO 3A (51 cm); Capacity 5,000 kg; Sideshift; Opening range 550-2,560 mm; Width 2,000 mm; Clamps 1,550 mm; ID OS1546

Year of construction: 2022, condition: ready for operation (used), A fully automatic horizontal tunnel stretch wrapper Bang & Co for securing products on corrugated cardboard blanks is available. Turntable speed: 100rpm, max. conveyor speed: 18m/min, carton width range: 70mm-650mm, min. product length: 200mm, max. spool diameter: 140mm, max. spool height: 125mm, film roll inner diameter: 38mm, film thickness range: 18µm-40µm. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 1600mm/1250mm/1650mm, weight: approx. 500kg, operating hours: approx. 6851h. Dokumentation vorhanden. An on-site inspection is possible. Iaodpfoxwyvqex Anveu

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7186 TECHNICAL DATA - Max. planing width: 510 mm - Max. planing height, double-sided: 170 mm - Max. planing height, four-sided: 100 mm *Top section: - Infeed roller, toothed - Kickback fingers Iajdpfx Ajzcc Syenvju - Feed roller, toothed - Pressure bar - Planing shaft 510 mm, 4-knife (equipped with 2 knives) 4 kW - Outfeed roller, smooth *Bottom section: - Guide rail - Sliding roller – adjustable table with up/down roller - Planing shaft 510 mm, 2-knife 4 kW - 2 smooth, sliding, adjustable rollers *Rear section: - 2 side spindles + pressure unit - 1) right vertical 100 mm 2.35 kW - 2) left vertical 100 mm 2.35 kW - Spindle diameter: 35 mm - Spindles adjustable up/down, right/left - Manual thickness adjustment - 4 feed speed options - Feed motor 1.5 kW - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 1940 x 1320 x 1140 mm - Weight: 1330 kg ADVANTAGES – Ideal for processing beams, flooring, etc. – Manufactured by the German brand KUPFERMUHLE – Used planer, very good condition Net price: 32,900 PLN Net price: 7,830 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)