Used Profile Grinding Machine for sale (66,569)

Year of construction: 1958, condition: ready for operation (used), Grinding length: 1500mm, center height: 175mm, max. workpiece diameter: 350mm, max. workpiece weight: 300kg, grinding wheel diameter: 450mm, grinding wheel width: 80mm, bore: 203mm. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 3600mm/1900mm/1900mm, weight: approx. 4000kg. Documentation available. An on-site inspection is possible. Bjdsyg Nvmopfx Abcswh

Year of construction: 1955, condition: ready for operation (used), A conventional internal cylindrical grinding machine Fortuna is available. Center distance: 1500mm, center height: 225mm, max. workpiece diameter: 450mm, max. workpiece weight: 300kg, grinding wheel diameter: 450mm, grinding wheel width: 80mm, bore: 203mm, speed: 265rpm, machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 3450mm/1450mm/1550mm, weight: approx. 4000kg. Documentation available. On-site inspection is possible. Bsdpfxsyg Nvto Abcswh

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1999, Length:1800mm Width:1900mm Height:2200mm Weight:2900kg Bjdpfx Aoycu E Eobcswh

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2003, Technical details: grinding diameter: 350 mm Bwedpfx Abeya Ekmoceh grinding length: 600 mm centre height: 175 mm grinding wheel hole diameter: 127 mm dimensions of grinding wheel: 400 x 50 mm grinding spindle speed: 1.500, 1.700, 2.200 1/min work piece spindle speed: 6 - 600 1/min max. workpiece weight between centres: 150 kg grinding head swivelling: -30 bis +120 Grad grinding head swivellable ° table swivelabel ° table adjustment - longitudinal: 905 mm automatic feed per table reverse control:: 0,001 - 0,030 mm feed - continual: 0 - 0,99 mm table speeds: 0 - 6 m/min taper in tailstock: MK 4 tailstock travel: 30 mm diameter of internal spindle: 80 mm spindle drive motor: 3,6 kW spindle cone: MK 5 total connected load: ca. 7,5 kW weight of the machine ca.: 2,3 t dimensions of the machine ca.: 3,2 x 2,1 m universal cylindrical grinding machine, internal grinding attachment incl. spindle, HEIDENHAIN DRO in 2 axis, balancing device ELASO EB 2000, ASYST APNC 400 NC-dressing and programming unit, cooland device incl. paperfilter, manuals (German language), a lot of accessories (grinding wheels (external+internal), steady, pusher dog, collets, chucks, balancing device, dresser...) MACHINE FROM TOOLSHOP, BARELY USED ! *

Condition: excellent (used), grinding length 600 mm grinding width 250 mm workpiece height 450 mm Control Siemens Primo SG magnetic clamping plate, electical 500 x 200 mm grinding wheel diameter 300 x 50 x 76,2 mm spindle turning speed - stepless 800 - 4200 U/min Bwsdpsya Iifofx Abcoh total power requirement 4 kW weight of the machine ca. 2,9 t dimensions of the machine ca. 4,8 x 3,6 x 2,1 m

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, total length: 1,200 mm, total width: 800 mm, total height: 1,700 mm, Empty weight: 500 kg 3 mech. driven rolls (brake motor) hardened shafts top roll hydraulic adjustable hardened universal rolls lateral rolls adjustable in 1 axis horizontal and vertical operation double foot pedal forfor- and backward drive - Year: 2001 - Documentation available: No - CE marking present: Yes - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: 371 - Drive system: Conventional - Vertical/Horizontal: Horizontal and vertical Bwodswu Tnkepfx Abcoh - Number of rolls [pcs.]: 3 - Number of driven rolls [pcs]: 3 - Power [kW]: 1.1 - Shaft diameter [mm]: 50 - Transport dimensions: 1200mm x 800mm x 1700mm (l x w x h) - Transport weight [kg]: 500kg - Transport packages [pcs.]: 1 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Lukas van Rossum

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Surface Grinding Machine 400 × 1000 The 400 × 1000 surface grinding machine is an advanced solution designed for high-precision flat surface grinding in the machine-building industry. Equipped with automatic feeds on all three axes and a digital readout system, it ensures excellent machining accuracy while maintaining a rigid and robust construction. A key advantage of this magnetic surface grinder is its ability to handle heavy loads up to 600 kg, making it a reliable choice for demanding production applications. Construction and Performance The machine is built on a heavy-duty bed construction that provides high rigidity and effectively minimizes vibrations during operation. The spindle runs at 1450 rpm and is mounted on precision bearings, ensuring stable operation of the grinding wheel with dimensions 350 × 40 × 127 mm. The hydraulic system controls the longitudinal table movement within a speed range of 7–23 m/min, while automatic cross and vertical feeds enable precise motion control. The 406 × 1020 mm working table, equipped with an electromagnetic chuck, facilitates secure workpiece clamping and enhances operational safety. An integrated coolant system with a 0.14 kW pump efficiently dissipates heat, preventing thermal distortion and ensuring dimensional stability. Precision and Productivity Precision is achieved through advanced feed mechanisms and accurate control systems. The automatic intermittent cross feed (0.1–8 mm) and vertical feed increments down to 0.005 mm allow machining tolerances below 0.01 mm, which is essential for components with high dimensional requirements. Productivity is further enhanced by a maximum table travel of 450 × 1130 mm and a cross feed speed of up to 990 mm/min, enabling efficient machining of large surfaces without compromising accuracy. The grinding wheel operates at an optimized speed, ensuring uniform material removal, reduced wheel wear, and a surface finish of Ra below 0.2 μm. The three-axis digital readout system eliminates manual positioning errors, shortens setup time, and increases throughput in production cycles. Technical Data Working table size: 406 × 1020 mm Maximum table travel: Bodpsycqwwsfx Abcjwh 450 × 1130 mm Table T-slots: 14 × 3 mm Longitudinal table speed: 7–23 m/min Maximum distance from table surface to spindle center: 570 (460) mm Maximum load capacity (including chuck): 600 kg Automatic intermittent cross feed: 0.1–8 mm Rapid cross feed: 990 mm/min Handwheel feed (cross): 0.02 mm (0.001") per graduation 5 mm (0.2") per revolution Grinding wheel dimensions: 350 × 40 × 127 mm Grinding wheel speed: 1450 rpm Automatic vertical feed: 0.005 / 0.01 / 0.02 / 0.03 / 0.04 / 0.05 mm Rapid vertical feed: 480 mm/min Handwheel feed (vertical): 0.005 mm (0.0002") per graduation 1 mm (0.04") per revolution Spindle motor power: 5.5 kW Hydraulic oil pump motor: 2.2 kW Coolant pump motor: 0.14 kW Vertical drive motor: 1 kW Cross feed drive motor: 0.04 kW Machine weight: 4000 kg Machine dimensions (L × W × H): 3300 × 2400 × 2000 mm Standard Equipment 3-axis digital readout Electromagnetic table 406 × 1020 mm Grinding wheel Grinding wheel balancing arbor Grinding wheel flange Tool kit 24V machine lighting Coolant system

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, The CORMAK SM75DC belt grinding machine is a high-efficiency industrial metal belt grinder designed for professional metal surface processing where precision and effective dust removal are equally important. Thanks to the integrated extraction system, solid steel construction, and large working surface, the SM75DC model performs excellently in production plants and metal workshops, ensuring a clean and safe working environment. Main advantages of the machine Extraction system with 860 m³/h capacity – effectively removes dust and metal particles during grinding. Two belt speeds (14.5 / 29 m/s) – enable optimal adjustment of grinding speed to the material being processed. Stable steel base – provides rigidity and vibration damping, improving both working comfort and surface quality. Adjustable grinding angle with lock – allows precise positioning of the belt to the workpiece. Quick abrasive belt change system – minimises downtime during retooling. Spring-loaded belt tensioning system – ensures automatic and stable belt tension throughout the operation. Design and technology The CORMAK SM75DC belt grinding machine is designed for continuous operation under demanding industrial conditions. The rigid frame made of thick-walled steel, solid base, and precision belt-tensioning mechanism ensure both stability and long service life. The built-in dust extraction unit with two Ø100 mm nozzles significantly reduces workplace contamination and protects the operator. Precision and performance Equipped with a 75 mm wide and 2000 mm long abrasive belt, the machine provides a large contact area for fast material removal and high-quality surface finishing. Two operating speeds (14.5 and 29 m/s) allow the operator to match the speed to the work material – from rough grinding of structural steel to fine finishing of aluminium or stainless steel components. Applications The stationary CORMAK SM75DC belt grinding machine is ideal for: production and industrial facilities, locksmith and welding workshops, surface preparation and finishing operations, deburring, weld grinding, and surface preparation before painting or galvanising. Standard equipment Stable steel base with adjustable tilt Abrasive belt 75 × 2000 mm Built-in dust extraction system with 0.55 kW motor Anti-spark and dust shields Tilting protective guard Technical data Abrasive belt dimensions (L × W) 2000 × 75 mm Bjdpfsycqitsx Abcjwh Belt speed 14.5 / 29 m/s Motor speed 1420 / 2840 rpm Main motor power 2.2 kW Extraction motor power 0.55 kW Extraction capacity 860 m³/h Extraction nozzle diameter 2 × Ø100 mm Power supply 400 V / 50 Hz

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1988, Horizontal surface grinding machine Okamoto Model PSG 63 – UAN Year of manufacture 1988 Grinding length 600 mm Grinding width 320 mm Maximum workpiece height 500 mm Table longitudinal travel 750 mm Bjdpfx Aboyg Ei Njcowh Table cross travel 340 mm Grinding wheel diameter 350 mm Grinding wheel width 40 mm Spindle speed 1,500 rpm Rapid vertical traverse 400 mm/min Power 3.7 kW Automatic feed Magnetic chuck Coolant system Weight 2,500 kg Price: €2,500 plus VAT, ex-site

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2000, Immediately available ex location: Horizontal Surface Grinding Machine ABA Type ECOLINE L 1006 Year of manufacture: 2000 Control: Abamatic – 1 Operator Table: 1000 x 600 mm Bsdpfx Aeyg Ei Aebcowh Table load capacity: 1000 kg Grinding length: 1000 mm Grinding width: 700 mm Installation height: 700 mm Grinding wheel: 400 x 100 x 127 mm Grinding wheel speed steplessly adjustable up to 2600 rpm Drive power: 11 kW Grinding wheel speed steplessly adjustable up to 2600 rpm Feed rates, X axis: steplessly adjustable up to 10,000 mm/min Feed rates, Z axis: steplessly adjustable up to 10,000 mm/min Feed rates, Y axis: steplessly adjustable up to 10,000 mm/min Magnetic chuck Belt filter system Weight: 6 t Price: EUR 9,500 – plus VAT, ex foundation

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Catalogue number 7364 TECHNICAL DATA - max. workpiece height: 160 mm - spindle working length: 250 mm - spindle diameter: 40 mm - max. tool diameter: 220 mm - working table (L/W): 410x1000 mm - motor: 11 kW - 2 pneumatic material clamps - extraction port diameter: 160 mm - dimensions (L/W/H): 1070x1260x1400 mm - weight: 650 kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Germany – Additional set of cutters + copy template – Not repainted – Used milling machine, in very good condition Net price: 33,900 PLN Net price: 8,070 EUR according to 4.2 exchange rate Bsdpfxjx Sylqo Abcewh (Prices may change with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NO. 7227 TECHNICAL DATA - Working width: 40 – 300 mm - Material thickness: 10 – 35 mm - Min. material length: 270 mm - Max. material length: unlimited - Max. feed speed: 90 m/min - Feed speed steplessly adjustable via inverter from control panel - Cutting speed: 24 m/min - Milling motor power: 2x 4 kW - Milling spindle speed: 7,500 rpm - Feed motor power: 0.75 kW - Pneumatic top and side pressure - Spindle diameter: 40 mm - Motor-driven infeed roller conveyor, length 1,130 mm - Manual / automatic operation - PLC controller with touchscreen for easy operation - Compressed air connection: 8 bar - Extraction outlet diameter: 150 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2,550 x 1,200 x 1,400 mm Bjdpfxjx Syb Es Abcowh - Weight: 1,100 kg ADVANTAGES – German manufacturing – Operating and maintenance documentation (DTR) – Machine for tongue and groove profiling – Set includes complete cutter and head set – Motor-driven infeed roller conveyor – Unpainted – Used machine, in very good condition Net price: 107,900 PLN Net price: 25,690 EUR (according to exchange rate 4.2 EUR/PLN) (Prices may vary depending on currency fluctuations)

Condition: ready for operation (used), An old Knopp glass grinding machine for edge processing is available. Grinding belt dimensions X/Y: 1830mm/100mm, glass types: float glass/mirror glass/furniture glass/table tops, grinding wheel diameter: 200mm, table dimensions X/Y: 900mm/1400mm, machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 1300mm/1500mm/1700mm, weight: approx. 500kg. On site inspection is possible. Bodpfjygw Spox Abcewh

Condition: good (used), Stock number: 3071 Manufacturer: WMW Mikromat Machine number: 3402-1/21.29 Bwodpfx Ajygl Tnobcoh Type / Model: SFW 200 x 600 Table size: 200 x 600 mm Grinding area: 600 x 200 mm Maximum grinding height: 400 mm Magnet: 600 x 200 mm Grinding wheels: 200 x 20 x 51 mm Table speed: 2 to 18 m/min Automatic cross feed of table: 0.1 to 2 mm Max. distance table to spindle center: 500 mm Grinding wheel speed: 2,800 rpm Power connection: 3.5 kW Accessories/Equipment: Electromagnet Condition: Good Weight: 1.1 t Machine dimensions: 1,600 x 1,000 x 1,800 mm Dimensions incl. control panel: 2,400 x 1,000 x 1,800 mm

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, CORMAK SG460S 400V Metal Drum Grinder – Advanced Through-Feed Grinding Machine The CORMAK SG460S 400V metal drum grinder is an advanced through-feed machine designed for precise grinding of metal components. With a grinding drum and a working width of 460 mm, this model is ideal for serial production and facilities that require high-quality surface finishing. It is especially effective for processing small parts after welding or laser cutting. Key Advantages of the Machine 120 mm grinding drum ensures even grinding without risk of burning or scratching Conveyor belt provides smooth transport of the workpiece and stable guidance under the grinding unit Adjustable feed speed from 0 to 4.0 m/min allows adapting the working pace to the material type Dust extraction system with a Ø100 mm outlet ensures efficient dust removal, improving working conditions and component longevity Robust industrial construction (148 kg) guarantees machine stability even during intensive use Design and Technology The SG460S model is designed for stability, precision, and durability. The main frame is made of steel, providing resistance to vibration and deformation. The main 3.0 kW motor drives the grinding drum at 2800 rpm, enabling effective removal of excess material and burrs even in hard steel grades. The 60 W feed motor works with a speed controller, allowing the operator to precisely control the grinding process. The large conveyor belt width of 465 mm enables processing wide elements in a single pass, minimizing operating time. Precision and Work Efficiency The machine provides precise control over the thickness of the processed workpiece in the range of 5 to 80 mm. The grinding belt speed of 14 m/s ensures high surface quality without burning effects. The drum diameter and working length (465 mm) translate into even contact pressure and a uniform final result. Standard Equipment 120 mm grinding drum Conveyor belt width 465 mm Main motor 3.0 kW Feed motor 60 W Dust outlet Ø100 mm Worktable height adjustment Optional Equipment Metal dust and chip extraction system Grinding belts of various grit sizes Automatic material feeding system Technical Specifications Main motor power: 3.0 kW Voltage: 400 V Grinding drum speed: 2800 rpm Bodpfx Abjycfzkocewh Grinding drum belt size: 2760 × 75 mm Conveyor belt size: 1120 × 450 mm Worktable size: 460 × 465 mm Dust outlet diameter: 100 mm Conveyor feed speed (variable): 0–4 m/min Max. workpiece height: 80 mm Min. workpiece height: 5 mm Max. workpiece width: 460 mm Grinding drum dimensions (Ø × length): 120 × 465 mm Feed motor power: 60 W Machine dimensions: 880 × 720 × 1230 mm Net weight: 148 kg

Condition: used, Technical data: Speed: 3000 1/min Connection: 400 V Motor power: 0,37 kW Dimensions, approx.: 680 x 380 x 380 mm Bwodpfjpz Ibwox Abcsh

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 6056 TECHNICAL DATA Bedpfxox Sqzps Abcewh - Max workpiece height: 250mm - Spindle working length: 260mm - Spindle diameter: 40mm - Worktable (LxW): 630x360mm - Guide - Motor power: 9.3kW - 2 pneumatic material clamps - Extraction port diameter: 2x120mm - Air requirement: 8 bar - Dimensions (LxWxH): 1370x980x1620mm - Weight: 450kg – Unpainted – 2 cutters included – Italian-made – Used milling machine, in very good condition Net price: 22,900 PLN Net price: 5,450 EUR Net price calculated at exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of major exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2012, functionality: fully functional, NEPTUN ROCK 11 – Year 2012 Straight line edge grinder with 11 wheels for flat edges, Thickness 3-40 mm Speed 0.5-5 m/min. Power 25 kW Bwjdpfxox Tif Ne Abcoh Overall dimensions 8089 x 2340 x 1450 mm Weight 3500 kg

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2022, functionality: limited functionality, grinding length: 450 mm, grinding width: 150 mm, table length: 450 mm, table load: 120 kg, table width: 150 mm, grinding spindle speed: 3,000 rpm, Surface Grinding Machine from Showroom (new) Manufacturer: Okamoto Model: ACC-450 AV (open design) Year of manufacture: 2022 Control: Okamoto FX Operating hours: 0 S/N: XXXX Technical specifications: ----- • Table size: 450x150 mm • Table travel longitudinal/cross: 530x165 mm • Max. table load: 120 kg • Max. grinding height table / new wheel: 397.5 mm • Standard magnetic chuck: 450x150 mm (P=13mm) • Automatic infeed: 0.0001–0.030 mm • Manual micro feed: 0.0001 / 0.001 / 0.01 mm • Spark-out strokes: 0–5 Bsdpfsx U Dawex Abcjwh • Rapid traverse: 600 mm/min • Grinding wheel: 205 x 6–19 x 31.75 mm • Speed: 3,000 rpm • Grinding spindle motor: 1.5 kW • Connected load: 7 kVA • Dimensions: 2,000 x 1,430 x 2,265 mm • Machine weight: 1,250 kg Accessories: ----- • Grinding wheel on flange (new) • Paper band filter with 160 l tank • Table dresser + diamond • Work light • Tool kit • Operating manuals

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, grinding length: 1,600 mm, grinding width: 600 mm, New High-Precision Surface Grinding Machine, Kraft brand, Type FS 16060 SD Grinding area: 1600 x 600 mm Main Technical Data - Grinding length: 1,600 mm - Grinding width: 600 mm - Distance from table surface to spindle center: 820 mm - Table drive: Hydraulic - Table load (incl. magnetic chuck): 1,230 kg - Table speed, infinitely adjustable: 5–25 m/min - Max. table travel: 1,700 mm - Max. cross feed speed: 2,000 mm/min - Maximum cross travel: 610 mm - Max. vertical feed speed: 2,000 mm/min - Grinding spindle motor: 22 kW - Grinding wheel dimensions: 500 x 75 x 304.2 mm - Grinding spindle speed: infinitely variable - Machine weight (net): 8,500 kg - Machine width: 7,500 mm - Machine depth: 3,400 mm - Machine height: 2,700 mm - Electrical connection: 400 V / 50 Hz Features: see attachment. Standard Accessories: - 1 Standard grinding wheel 500x75x302.4 mm - 1 Standard wheel flange - 1 Wheel dresser incl. diamond dresser - 1 Balancing arbor - 1 Balancing stand - 1 Machine lamp - 1 Set of machine tools - 1 Documentation package incl. spare parts list - Machine in CE version (Metric version) Equipment features: - Surface grinding machine with automatic vertical feed - Grinding cycle: roughing – finishing – spark-out - Siemens S700 touchscreen panel and electronic handwheel for Y-axis - Digital readout for vertical axis Y and cross axis Z - Grinding spindle drive 22 kW (including stepless speed regulation) - Electro-magnetic chuck combination (L 1600 x W 600 mm) - Magnetic plate supply unit - Coolant filtration system (incl. coolant tank, paper band filter, and pressure pump) Installed special accessories: - 1 Additional wheel flange for 500 x 75 x 302.4 mm grinding wheel - 1 Full enclosure. Completely closed machine cover with manually operated sliding doors incl. safety interlock - 1 Wheel dressing unit mounted on the spindle head (for straight dressing of the grinding wheel) Bedpfsyak H Hjx Abcewh - 1 Coolant mist extraction unit incl. base frame Precision and surface quality at an optimal price. Fully equipped and ready for grinding, suitable for universal use in a wide range of industrial and application sectors.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1960, Surface grinding machine with magnetic table Working length approx. 500 mm Working width approx. 200 mm Bedpfx Asygq Svobcjwh

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, grinding length: 500 mm, grinding width: 250 mm, New High-Precision Surface Grinding Machine of the “Optimal” Series Grinding area: 500 x 250 mm Features: ● Surface grinding machine with automatic vertical feed ● Grinding process: roughing – finishing – spark-out ● Siemens S700 touchscreen panel and electronic handwheel for Y-axis ● Digital readout on vertical axis Y and cross axis Z ● Table cover and splash guards made of stainless steel ● Electrical control cabinet mainly equipped with Siemens components ● Including handwheel dressing device, electro-magnetic chuck, and coolant filtration system Main technical data: Grinding length mm 500 Grinding width mm 250 Distance table surface to spindle center mm 450 Bsdpfx Ajyak Dlsbcjwh Table drive Hydraulic Table load capacity kg 180 Longitudinal movement X Table speed, infinitely variable m/min 7 – 23 Max. longitudinal travel mm 560 Cross movement Z Max. traversing speed mm/min 990 Max. cross travel mm 275 Vertical movement Y Max. traversing speed mm/min 460 Grinding spindle/grinding wheel Grinding spindle drive power kW 2.2 Grinding wheel dimensions mm 200x20x31.75 Grinding spindle speed (speed control optional) rpm 2850 Dimensions Net machine weight kg 1800 Machine dimensions (incl. table movement) Width mm 2300 Depth mm 1650 Height mm 1680 Power connection kW 3.7 All models include standard accessories: ● 1 standard grinding wheel ● 1 wheel arbor ● 1 dressing block incl. diamond ● 1 balancing arbor ● 1 balancing stand ● 1 machine lamp ● 1 set of machine tools ● 1 set of documentation including spare parts list ● CE-compliant machine (metric version) Precision and surface quality at an optimal price. Fully equipped for universal use in a wide range of industrial and application sectors.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2013, CNC profile processing center by Stegherr, model GLS-2, year of manufacture approx. 2013, Beckhoff control system type CP3919, serial no. 143/0613-1. Free sale. Please send us your offer. Bjdsx Natcspfx Abcswh

Condition: used, grinding length / mm grinding width / mm workpiece height / mm Bedpfx Asxxb Nbobcewh total power requirement / kW weight of the machine ca. / t required space / m

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, weight 540 kg diameter 1200 mm height 1100 mm 0 382 l total power requirement 1,9 kW voltage 350/50 V length in total 1820 mm Vibratory Surface Finishing Machines With Separator VKUE series machines can be used for surface finishing of metal and nonmetal work pieces. This type of machine has a large sieve surface and allows easy separation of the workpieces from the grinding stones. Optional Accesories - Pneumatic Sound Lid - Pneumatic Flap Control - Frequency Control - Dossage Pump - Magnetic Valve - Control Panel Base Bedpfx Absuddbvocjwh - Rinsing Pipe (Different Types) The pictures are for orientation only. The optional accessories can be purchased for an additional charge.