Used Wet Scrubber for sale (941)

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2017, machine/vehicle number: 7203065, +++Demo machine, year of manufacture 2017+++ +++different color+++ Minor contamination in the dirty water tank. Bedpjfzk Ezsfx Amnodd Extremely maneuverable - can perform turning maneuvers on the spot. -Several small scrubbing brushes with increased downforce. -Battery-powered ride-on scrubber with automatic drive and scrubbing brushes. -The very compact size gives this model the necessary maneuverability to work in confined spaces, as obstacles can be easily bypassed. -Dashboard with controls. -Mechanical operation of brush, suction bar, and water flow via levers. -Tilting dirty water tank for easier cleaning. -Several small scrubbing brushes, with the suction bar located directly behind them, enable a short design and a very small turning radius. -Scrubbing brushes with their own motor increase the downforce. -Automatic disengagement of the suction bar in the event of unintentional impacts protects against damage. #Scrubber #CleaningMachine #Cleancraft #CleaningEquipment #CleaningDevice #RideOnScrubber #RideOnMachine

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2021, operating hours: 502 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 011155, working width: 1,000 mm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Type of brush head: Roller brush Working width: 1,000 mm Filling system: Auto Fill-In Bdodsx Nhk Aepfx Amned Squeegee width: 1,200 mm MACHINE DETAILS Operating hours: 502 h Power supply: Battery 36 V Charger: 36 V (for 630 Ah battery) EQUIPMENT - Battery + charger - Base unit B 250 R I Bp - Standard version without Fleet pre-sweep unit - Cleaning attachments with side broom - Brush head R 100 S

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, operating hours: 234 h, functionality: fully functional, fuel type: electric, drive type: Elektro, Scrubber-dryer Condition: Ready for use and fully functional Bdsdpfx Aswkk T Ajmnod Technical condition: Good Description: Battery. Year of manufacture: 2023

Condition: good (used), Wet grinding stone, column grinder, column grinder Bjdpfx Amscmh H Ujnsdd -Wet and dry sander -Grinding wheels: 220 x 40 mm -Motor: 0.55 kW -Speed: 600 rpm -Dimensions: 650/300/H1200 mm -Weight: 80 kg

Year of construction: 1981, condition: good (used), wet mixer, batch mixer, liquid mixer, chemical mixer, drum mixer -Manufacturer: KWH VEB, wet mixer with ceramic drum -Type: 2841.5.7521 -Drum capacity: 100 liters Bodpfx Aevmq Iyemnodd -Drum speed: 38 rpm -Motor: 1.1 kW -Dimensions total: 1520/670/H930 mm -Weight: 487 kg

Condition: used, scrubber dryer, floor cleaning machine, mop machine Bdodsc R S E Sjpfx Amnjd -Handover in the current condition as inspected -Device is without battery brush and suction bar -Working width: 500 mm -Charger -Quantity: 1 piece available -Dimensions: 1150/520/H950 mm -Weight without battery: 66 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, Ride-on scrubber dryer, scrubber dryer, floor cleaning machine, mop machine, floor cleaner -Manufacturer: Hako, scrubber dryer with traction drive -Type: Scrubmaster B30 -Voltage: 24 V / 1.1 kW -Battery: 2x Hoppecke 12 V 80 Ah, see photo Bdodpfxer Htncj Amned -Dimensions: 1250/780/H1100 mm -Weight: 151 kg

Condition: good (used), geared motor, electric motor -Power: 0.6 kW -Protection class: IP 22 -Price: per piece Bjdpfx Amedwdrisnedd -Quantity: 1 available -Dimensions: 340/260/H240 mm -Weight: 7.6 kg

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2007, scrubber-dryer, floor cleaning machine, mop -Scrubber-dryer with drive -Working width: 850 mm -Practical area coverage: 2860 m²/h -Charger -with drive -Special suction foot guarantees maximum suction power at low cost. Bdjdpfx Aob A Hg Ejmnjd

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, operating hours: 47 h, functionality: fully functional, fuel type: electric, drive type: Elektro, Scrubber-dryer Condition: Ready for use and fully functional Bjdpfx Amewkk Tvjnodd Technical condition: Good

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 21 h, functionality: fully functional, Powerful ride-on scrubber dryers in top condition for sale! The machine is in very good condition and ready for immediate use. Condition: Used, very good Operating hours: 21 hours Year of manufacture: 2025 SCHORR SCRUBBER DRYER 24V FLOOR MOP SCRUBBER 100AH SCRUBBER Bodpswh Ri Esfx Amnsdd Efficient floor cleaning combined with extremely easy handling. Restore the shine to your hall! The fully electric ride-on scrubber dryer from SCHORR makes cleaning large hall areas much easier, especially due to the machine's excellent maneuverability. The steering angle is 90°, so pillars or narrow spaces, for example, are no problem. No special training is required to operate the machine. Simply fill it, get on, and drive off. With the built-in 100Ah batteries, intensive continuous use of approximately 4 hours is possible. The batteries are conveniently charged using the included charger at a standard 230V household outlet. SCHORR SCRUBBER DRYER RR1030FS – DISCOVER THE BENEFITS: -- Fully electric scrubber dryer with a 1030mm working width – ideal for large halls and rooms -- Up to 4500m²/h cleaning performance -- 80-liter fresh water tank and 85-liter waste water tank -- 510mm brush diameter -- Powerful 24V 100AH batteries -- Extremely robust and reliable Technical Specifications Manufacturer (abbreviation): SCHORR Manufacturer's model code: RR1030FS Drive: Seated Suction motor power: 500W Brush motor power: 500W Drive motor power: 500W Operating time: approx. 4 hours Number of wheels: 3 Tires: PU (non-slip) Weight: 250kg Basic dimensions Volume Fresh water tank: 80L Dirty water tank volume: 85L Brush diameter: 510mm Overall length: 1400mm Overall width: 1030mm Overall height: 1100mm *Further technical specifications are available upon request. The ride-on scrubber-dryer is designed to be user-friendly, making the cleaning process as straightforward as possible. The intuitive control panel allows for easy control of all functions, so even inexperienced users can quickly get to grips with it. The ergonomic seat and clear view of the cleaning area allow you to work comfortably and efficiently. The large 80-liter fresh water tank and 85-liter waste water tank ensure long cleaning intervals without the need for frequent refilling or emptying. The machine is easy to maneuver and ideal for use in large areas. Of course, we usually have all spare parts in stock and can deliver them quickly should you ever encounter a problem. Should you need technical support, we have the necessary technical expertise and can also carry out repairs in our in-house workshop. We at SCHORR are happy to answer any questions you may have about our ride-on scrubber-dryer. You can reach our competent team by phone or email. We look forward to hearing from you and assisting you with your needs.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, SCHORR scrubber dryer 24V floor wiper scrubber 100Ah scrubbing machine Efficient floor cleaning combined with extremely easy handling. The scrubber dryer with a 100 Ah battery and a 51 cm brush diameter offers an impressive cleaning performance of up to 2500 m²/h, ideal for efficient cleaning of medium to large areas. With its robust construction and long-lasting battery life, it guarantees reliable cleaning even in demanding applications. With the 100Ah batteries installed, intensive continuous use of approx. 4 hours is possible. The batteries are conveniently charged with the supplied charger at a standard 230V socket. SCHORR scrubber dryer RR850FS - Discover the advantages: -- up to 2500m²/h cleaning performance -- 60 liter waste water tank -- 510mm brush diameter -- 24V 100Ah batteries -- Charger included -- Fully electric -- Ideal for warehouses and department stores -- Extremely robust and reliable Technical data Manufacturer (abbreviation): SCHORR Type designation of the manufacturer: RR850FS Drive: Drive motor Suction motor power: 500W Brush motor power: 500W Operating time: approx. 4 hours Number of wheels: 2 Bdodpfjuac Dnsx Amnsd Tires: PU (non-slip) Own weight: 250kg Basic dimensions Fresh water tank volume: 55l Dirty water tank volume: 60l Diameter of disk brushes: 510mm Total length: 1400mm Total width: 850mm Total height: 1050mm *Further technical data available on request. The scrubber dryer has a user-friendly design and an intuitive user interface that is easy to understand, even for inexperienced users. With its ergonomic design and flexible maneuverability, it enables effortless navigation through tight spaces, ensuring efficient cleaning with minimal effort. The scrubber dryer has a 55 liter fresh water tank and 60 liter waste water tank. The great advantage of this ratio is that it is not possible to accidentally take in more water than can be discharged. This prevents overflowing, even if there is foaming in the tank. Of course, we usually have all spare parts in stock and can deliver them quickly if you do have a problem. If you need technical support, we have the necessary technical expertise and can also carry out repairs in our in-house workshop. Would you prefer to finance or lease the appliance? No problem! We also offer you attractive options for this. Simply contact us and we will advise you on the various options. We look forward to hearing from you! We at SCHORR will be happy to answer any questions you may have about our scrubber-dryer. You can reach our competent team by phone or email. We look forward to hearing from you and being able to help you with advice.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, SCHORR SCRUBBER DRYER 24V FLOOR MOP SCRUBBER 100AH SCRUBBING MACHINE Efficient floor cleaning combined with extremely easy handling. Bring back the shine to your hall! The all-electric ride-on scrubber-dryer from SCHORR makes cleaning large hall areas much easier, especially thanks to the machine's excellent maneuverability. The steering angle is 90°, so columns or narrow spaces, for example, are no problem. No special training is required to use the machine. Simply fill it up, mount it and drive off. With the 100Ah batteries installed, intensive continuous use of approx. 4 hours is possible. The batteries are conveniently charged with the supplied charger at a standard 230V socket. SCHORR SCRUBBER DRYER RR1030FS - DISCOVER THE ADVANTAGES: -- Fully electric scrubber dryer with 1030mm working width - ideal for large halls and rooms -- Up to 4500m²/h cleaning performance -- 80 liter fresh water tank and 85 liter waste water tank -- 510mm brush diameter -- Powerful 24V 100AH batteries -- Extremely robust and reliable Technical data Manufacturer (abbreviation): SCHORR Type designation of the manufacturer: RR1030FS Drive: Seat Power suction motor: 500W Power: Brush motor: 500W Power: Drive motor: 500W Operating time: approx. 4 hours Number of wheels: 3 Tires: PU (non-slip) Own weight: 250kg Basic dimensions Fresh water tank volume: 80l Dirty water tank volume: 85l Bdedpfx Amjuacy Aoned Brush diameter: 510mm Total length: 1400mm Total width: 1030mm Overall height: 1100mm *Further technical data available on request. The ride-on scrubber dryer is designed to be user-friendly to make the cleaning process as straightforward as possible. The intuitive control panel makes it easy to control all functions, so even inexperienced users can quickly get to grips with it. Thanks to the ergonomic seat and clear view of the cleaning surface, you can work comfortably and efficiently. The large 80-liter fresh water tank and 85-liter waste water tank ensure that long cleaning intervals are possible without the need for frequent refilling or emptying. The machine is easy to maneuver and is ideal for use in large areas. Of course, we usually have all spare parts in stock and can deliver them quickly if you do have a problem. If you need technical support, we have the necessary technical expertise and can also carry out repairs in our in-house workshop. Would you prefer to finance or lease the appliance? No problem! We also offer you attractive options for this. Simply contact us and we will advise you on the various options. We look forward to hearing from you! We at SCHORR will be happy to answer any questions you may have about our ride-on scrubber-driers. You can reach our competent team by phone or email. We look forward to hearing from you and being able to help you with advice.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 20 h, functionality: fully functional, Powerful scrubber dryers in top condition for sale! Bdedpewh Rhzefx Amnjd The machine is in very good condition and ready for immediate use. Condition: Used, very good Operating hours: 20 hours Year of manufacture: 2025 SCHORR scrubber dryer 24V floor mop and scrubber 100Ah scrubber Efficient floor cleaning combined with extremely easy handling. The scrubber dryer with a 100Ah battery and a 51cm brush diameter offers an impressive cleaning performance of up to 2500 m²/h, ideal for the efficient cleaning of medium to large areas. With its robust construction and long battery life, it guarantees reliable cleaning even under demanding conditions. With the built-in 100Ah batteries, intensive continuous use of approximately 4 hours is possible. The batteries are conveniently charged with the included charger using a standard 230V household outlet. SCHORR RR850FS scrubber dryer – Discover the advantages: -- Up to 2500m²/h cleaning performance -- 60-liter waste water tank -- 510mm brush diameter -- 24V 100Ah batteries -- Includes charger -- Fully electric -- Ideal for warehouses and department stores -- Extremely robust and reliable Technical specifications Manufacturer (abbreviation): SCHORR Manufacturer's model code: RR850FS Drive: Idler Suction motor power: 500W Brush motor power: 500W Operating time: approx. 4 hours Number of wheels: 2 Tires: PU (non-slip) Weight: 250kg Basic dimensions Fresh water tank volume: 55l Recovery water tank volume: 60l Disc brush diameter: 510mm Overall length: 1400mm Overall width: 850mm Overall height: 1050mm *Further technical specifications are available upon request. The scrubber-dryer is user-friendly and offers an intuitive interface that is easy to understand even for inexperienced users. With its ergonomic design and flexible steering, it allows effortless navigation through tight spaces, ensuring efficient cleaning with minimal effort. The scrubber-dryer has a 55-liter fresh water tank and a 60-liter waste water tank. The great advantage of this ratio is that it cannot accidentally take in more water than it releases. This prevents overflow, even if foaming should occur in the tank. Of course, we usually have all spare parts in stock and can deliver them quickly should you ever encounter a problem. Should you need technical support, we have the necessary technical expertise and can also carry out repairs in our in-house workshop. Would you prefer to finance or lease the machine? No problem! We offer attractive options for this as well. Simply contact us, and we will advise you on the various options. We look forward to hearing from you! We at SCHORR are happy to answer any questions you may have about our scrubber-dryer. You can reach our competent team by phone or email. We look forward to hearing from you and assisting you with your consultation.

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Hako B43 S combination floor cleaning machine with accessories: Manufacturer : HAKO Werke GmbH Germany S/N 740671353081 Functional Suction pump, washing brush or squeegee Battery charger 24 V Charging voltage 800 W 90 kg CE marked Bdsdpfx Ajty Su Esmnsd

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 24 V, operation weight: 160 kg, LARGE QUANTITY AVAILABLE! Power: Battery: 24V / 100Ah Avarage power consumption: 1000W Power suction turbine: 500W Power brush drive: 500 W Max running time: 5 hours Cleaning brushes: Brush speed: 175 rpm Brush diameter: 510mm Vacuuming: Vacuum power, air volume (max): 24 L/s Vacuuming power, negative pressure (max): 120 kPA (mbar) Dimensions and weights: Theoretical surface cleaning Performance: 2000 m²/h Suction width: 850 mm Bjdpov Rvy Aefx Amnjdd Cleaning width: 510 mm Max. working range incline: 2% Fresh/waste water tank volume: 50/50 L Max. water temperature 60°C Ambient temperature 5-40°C Net weight 160 kg Dimensions of battery compartment: 350 x 350 mm Values determined as per EN60335-2-72: Total oscillation value: < 2.5 m/s² Uncertainty K: 0.2 m/s² Sound pressure level Lpa: 66 dB(A) Uncertainty Kpa: 2 dB(A) Sound power level Lwa +: 81 dB(A)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, grinding width: 150 mm, grinding height: 100 mm, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 400 V, Equipment: rotational speed infinitely variable, GREIF 7 station flat surface grinding machine, wet grinding, for square tubes and flat material, 7 belt grinding stations with 4 kW power each, frequency controlled at each station, each station can be swiveled by +-15° for cross grinding, max. grinding width 150 mm, max. grinding height 100 mm, diameter contact disc 200 mm, sanding belt dimensions 150 x 2500 mm, pneumatic belt tension, sanding belt oscillation, machine including return conveyor belt, including paper filter system with 1500 liter capacity. Since the contact wheels are directly driven, this system could also be used for polishing or brushing. Bdsdpfetq Twvox Amnsd If desired, this system can also be offered completely overhauled.

Condition: new, Step By Step Wet Painting Systems Elboy Industrial Solutions designs and manufactures full range of paint shops for your product. With ELBOY, you can navigate through your facility with virtual reality in the design phase, enabling you to make the desired changes in the design phase and not to encounter the surprise results. It provides designing and manufacturing services for your application by paying special attention to environmental pollution and work safety issues for the processes of Sandblasting, Putty, Washing, Undercoat and Finishing Coat for all sizes of products. Bdjdpfx Asdy Dw Aemnjd Step by Step are systems with overhead conveyor or floor conveyors which can be designed for all sizes of product. Booths of Sandblasting, Chemical Washing, Pre-coat, Drying, Putty , Top Coat and Baking can be integrated into the system. In order to respectively carry out the processes determined by the system step by step, the automatic doors are opened at the end of the time period and the product automatically proceeds to the next process line. These fully automated systems are controlled via a 15” touch screen and provide various reporting methods such as main computer monitoring, product reporting and score reporting upon the demand and provide remote control. These are the paint shops where your product is designed and manufactured by our engineers in line with your capacity, use area and other demands. Maximum efficiency is aimed to be provided with minimum staff and the least space usage at electrostatic powder coating or wet paint, sandblasting, varnishing, coating, washing and similar system requirements.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2020, operating hours: 1,181 h, functionality: fully functional, working width: 510 mm, area performance: 2,300 m²/h, input voltage: 24 V, water tank capacity: 42 l, battery voltage: 24 V, battery capacity: 105 Ah, brushing unit diameter: 510 mm, operation weight: 230 kg, Hako Scrubmaster B45 CL TB 510 Refurbished scrubber-dryer with new batteries, new suction turbine, and more – includes 6 months warranty and a new DGUV V3 electrical inspection with test certificate. Working width without squeegee: 51 cm Working width with squeegee: 86 cm Max. area performance: 2,700 m²/h Fresh water tank: 45 L Recovery tank: 45 L Drive: Yes Drive type: Electric 24V Battery: 2 x 12V 105 Ah GEL batteries Installed new parts / performed repairs: - Suction motor 24V 400W (new) - 2 x 12V 105 Ah GEL batteries (new) - Brush deck / brush motors reconditioned incl. new ball bearings, carbon brushes, and bumper bar - All hoses replaced (new) Bdjdpfxoyanpfs Amnod - Disc brushes (new) - ACLA rubber wheels (new) - Squeegee rubbers (new) - Fresh water filter (new) In addition, we offer: Service, repair, and sales for all common Hako models.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2012, operating hours: 2,134 h, Hako Scrubmaster B45 TB 510 Refurbished scrubber-dryer with new batteries, new suction turbine, and more – includes 6 months warranty and new DGUV V3 electrical inspection with test certificate. Working width without suction bar: 51 cm Working width with suction bar: 86 cm Bjdpfou Sr U Nox Amnsdd Max. area performance: 2000 sqm/h Fresh water tank: 45 L Recovery tank: 45 L Drive type: Electric 24V Battery: 2 x 12V 85Ah GEL batteries Installed new parts / repairs carried out: - Suction motor 24V 400W new - 2 x 12V 85Ah GEL batteries new - Brush deck / brush motors overhauled including new ball bearings, carbon brushes, and bumper strip - All hoses new - Disc brushes new - Support wheels new - Squeegee blades new - Fresh water filter new Additionally, we offer: Servicing, repair, and sales for all common Hako models.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2011, operating hours: 818 h, Hako Scrubmaster B45 TB 430 with On-Board Chemical Dosing. Refurbished scrubber-dryer with new batteries, new suction turbine, and much more – includes 6 months warranty and new DGUV V3 electrical safety inspection with test report. Working width without squeegee: 43 cm Working width with squeegee: 76 cm Maximum area coverage: 1,700 sqm/h Fresh water tank: 45 L Recovery tank: 45 L Bdedpfx Asu Stndsmned Traction drive: Yes Drive type: Electric 24V Battery: 2 x 12V 85Ah GEL batteries Installed new parts / Performed repairs: - New suction motor 24V 400W - 2 x 12V 85Ah GEL batteries (new) - Brush deck / brush motors overhauled including new ball bearings, carbon brushes, and bumper strip - All hoses replaced (new) - New disc brushes - New ACLA rubber wheels - New squeegee blades - New fresh water filter In addition, we offer: Service, repairs, and sales for all common Hako models.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2014, Hako Scrubmaster B70 CL Completely refurbished scrubber-dryer with new batteries, new suction turbine, and much more – comes with a 6-month warranty and a new DGUV V3 electrical inspection including inspection report. Working width without squeegee: 65 cm Working width with squeegee: 95 cm Maximum area performance: 3,200 m²/h Fresh water tank: 72 L Recovery tank: 74 L Traction drive: Yes Drive type: Electric 24V Battery: 4 x 6V 180 Ah GEL batteries Installed new parts / repairs carried out: - 24V 600W suction motor – new - 4 x 6V 180 Ah GEL batteries – new - Brush deck / brush motors overhauled Bdedpfxjtthfvs Amnsd including new ball bearings, carbon brushes, and bumper strip - All hoses – new - Disc brushes – new - ACLA rubber wheels – new - Suction lips – new - Fresh water filter – new Additionally, we offer: Service, repairs, and sales for all common Hako models.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 1,665 h, working width: 850 mm, area performance: 4,200 m²/h, overall weight: 393 kg, type of input current: DC, input voltage: 24 V, tank capacity: 74 l, water tank capacity: 72 l, battery capacity: 180 Ah, operation weight: 393 kg, Hako Scrubmaster B70 CL Refurbished scrubber-dryer with new batteries, new suction turbine, and much more – includes 6-month warranty and new DGUV V3 electrical inspection with inspection protocol. Working width without squeegee: 85 cm Working width with squeegee: 110 cm Max. area coverage: 4,200 sqm/h Fresh water tank: 72 L Recovery tank: 74 L Drive system: Yes Safety key: Yes Drive type: Electric 24V Battery: 4 x 6V 180 Ah GEL battery Bjdpfoyanhbjx Amnodd New components installed / repairs carried out: - Suction motor 24V 600W new - 4 x 6V 180 Ah GEL batteries new - Brush deck / brush motors overhauled (including new ball bearings, carbon brushes, and bumper strip) - All hoses new - Pad brushes new - ACLA rubber wheels new - Squeegee lips new - Fresh water filter new Additionally, we offer: Service, repair, and sales for all common Hako models.

Condition: refurbished (used), functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 939 kg, total height: 785 mm, total length: 1,025 mm, total width: 355 mm, battery capacity: 620 Ah, battery voltage: 48 V, remaining battery capacity: 89 %, battery manufacturer: AIM, battery model: 48V 4PzS620, Forklift battery 48V 4PzS620 Battery 89% TESTED Year of manufacture: unknown Dimensions (LxWxH): 1225mm x 355mm x 785mm Weight: 939kg Battery has been serviced and tested by a specialist company. Capacity test (C5 discharge test): 552/620 Ah battery Bdedpjx Hi Rljfx Amnjd Remaining capacity: 89% With Aquamatik filling system (BFS) Supplied with pole screws but WITHOUT end cable

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2023, functionality: fully functional, working width: 380 mm, area performance: 1,500 m²/h, overall weight: 80 kg, tank capacity: 16 l, Video on request Technical data: Working width (cm): 38 Suction width (cm): 47 Surface performance (m²/h): 1,500 Cobjv Rx Rqenr E Sk Torh Number of protective plates (pcs): 1 Fresh water tank capacity (l): 16 Bdedpfx Asxlu Nzsmnsd Dirty water tank capacity (l): 22 Weight without batteries (kg): 40 Machine ready for use weight (kg): 80 Power (kW): 0.54 Description The Hako Scrubmaster B12 scrubber dryer is a highly efficient machine suitable even for the most demanding jobs in large-scale facilities. During the complete inspection and refurbishment, our service team thoroughly checked every function of the machine. All worn mechanical parts were replaced with new ones. This ensures long and trouble-free operation without requiring additional investment in the machine in the future. The unit is now in perfect condition and ready for immediate operation.