Used Hwacheon Hi-Tech 450B for sale (7,863)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2013, 2013 SMC Group Routech Accord 30FX CNC machining center, high performance multi-function work table, 400V, 3 phase, X-axis 20' 10", Y-axis 5' 4.7", dual machining heads, rotation speed 6-18,000 RPM, onboard Rapid 12-tool changer, Rapid 16 rear tool changer, work table, pod, and rail, gantry type, has SMC Group CNC control with remote pendant control, 480V, 3 phase, Becker, model 271407, rotary vane vacuum pump, and (1) Texa, model SAW50RBSBCC000, chilling unit with transformer, winning bidder responsible for proper removal. Lrodpfexdc T Sjx Aqvjl

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 8008 TECHNICAL DATA - Number of clamping areas: 2 - Manually adjustable side clamps: 2 x 6 pcs - Pneumatic top clamps: 2 x 2 pcs - Max. length of bonded elements: 3000 mm - Max. height of bonded elements: 1000 mm - Max. thickness of bonded elements: 100 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 3000 x 1300 x 1650 mm - Weight: approx. 600 kg ADVANTAGES - Two working areas - Bonding length: 3000 mm - Unpainted Ledpfx Aqoy T Rdyovorl - Mobile – on wheels - Used press, very good condition Net price: 12900 PLN Net price: 3071 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.20 EUR (Prices are subject to change due to significant fluctuations)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2008, Manufacturer: EBG-TECH Type: BMW N-63 Year: 2008 Max. disk diameter: 300 mm Overall size: 1900 x 1200 x 2900 mm Weight: 1750 kg Lrodpfx Aof Ecwzsqvol

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2002, ALU-profile mitre saw Fabr.Dry Tech Type:355 MLS Year 2002. Saw blade dm.355 mm Cutting range round max.120 mm Lrjdpjtwn E Ujfx Aqvel Square max 120 mm X 120 mm

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7992 TECHNICAL DATA - Loading fields: 2 - Manually adjustable side clamps: 2x6 pcs - Pneumatic vertical clamps: 2x6 pcs - Max length of glued elements: 3600mm - Max height of glued elements: 1500mm - Max thickness of glued elements: 130mm - Guides for gluing thin elements Lodpfx Aey Rq Uyjqverl - Dimensions (L/W/H): 4300x1570x2110mm - Weight: 1400kg ADVANTAGES – Two working zones – Gluing length 3600mm – Pneumatic actuators – Guides for gluing thin elements – Unpainted – Mobile – on wheels – Used press, in very good condition Net price: 14,900 PLN Net price: 3,550 EUR Net price calculated at 4.2 PLN/EUR exchange rate (In case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7993 TECHNICAL DATA - Loading fields: 2 - Side clamps, manually adjustable: 2x4 pcs Lredpoy Rq Imefx Aqvsl - Vertical pneumatic clamps: 2x4 pcs - Max length of glued elements: 2500 mm - Max height of glued elements: 1330 mm - Max thickness of glued elements: 110 mm - Guides for gluing thin elements - Dimensions (L/W/H): 3000x1350x2000 mm - Weight: 900 kg ADVANTAGES – Two working zones – Gluing length of 2500 mm – Pneumatic cylinders – Guides for gluing thin elements – Unpainted – Mobile – on wheels – Used press, in very good condition Net price: 13,900 PLN Net price: 3,300 EUR Net price calculated at the rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2021, functionality: fully functional, PUR melting device for aluminum pouches/cartridges, with hose and filling head for use on edge banding machines Lredpfx Ajy S Rw Rsqvsl Weight approx. 73 kg Melting capacity up to 2 kg Gear pump All heaters can be adjusted separately With electronic interface for glue level detection in the gluing section of the edge banding machine (level sensor "Tippkemper" for glue application, provided by the edge banding machine manufacturer) Connection value 400 V, 50 Hz, 3Ph, N Device delivered completely cleaned and with PUR cleaner.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1998, functionality: fully functional, Equipment: documentation/manual, 2-axis CNC lathe built on a MORI SEIKI SL-25 base, manufactured in 1998, compliant with CE standards. CNC FANUC 0-T control. Flat guides. ASA 8" spindle. 250mm self-centering chuck. 75mm bar capacity. Maximum turning diameter over the bed: 520mm. Maximum turning diameter over the slide: 350mm. Maximum turning diameter: 550mm. Maximum spindle power: 18.5Kw. Weight: approximately 5,500 kg. Complete with a hydraulic self-centering chuck from KITAGAWA. Programmable tailstock with hydraulic cylinder. Automatic tool turret with 12 positions. Lrsdpfey S Ry Esx Aqvsl Presetting function. Chip conveyor.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, load capacity: 500 kg, lifting height: 1,410 mm, free lift: 1,350 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: mono, construction height: 1,770 mm, battery capacity: 9 Ah, battery voltage: 48 V, battery weight: 9 kg, fork length: 1,200 mm, fork width: 540 mm, empty load weight: 220 kg, total height: 1,770 mm, total length: 1,640 mm, total width: 780 mm, color: blue, Equipment: CE marking, full service history, VANLIFT is a unique piece of logistics equipment in the cargo-handling sector, allowing for the loading and unloading of pallets up to 500 kg into and out of both light commercial vehicles and heavy-duty trucks. It allows for safe and instant loading. No additional help or equipment is required. It can be transferred between vehicles. Significantly reduces downtime and loading time. Its use does not take up significant weight or space. VANLIFT is a groundbreaking development in the material-handling market. On its own, it can offer a more efficient solution than all currently available similar products. Ljdey S S Drjpfx Aqverl

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2020, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 30 kg, Factory liquidation for mask production. Installed in 2021, out of operation since March 2022. The equipment has already been dismantled and is ready for delivery. Lodoxqghtopfx Aqvsrl Stationary industrial vacuum cleaner Power: 2.2 kW Airflow: 300 m³/min Suction connection: 40/50 mm Weight: 30 kg

Condition: good (used), turning height: 1,500 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 20,000 kg, turning diameter: 2,400 mm, Manufacturer: VIPER Type: VTL 20/24 M Control: Fanuc Oi-TD Year of construction: 2008 X Stroke 1835mm Z Stroke 1000mm Table load 20 Ton Ram size 230 x 230 mm Stroke cross rail 800 mm Stroke crossrail in 5 steps each 200 mm Live tools 2000 rpm Power live tools 15 kW ATC 18 station max L = 450 mm Taper BT50 BIG PLUS Full C-Axis 360,000 Under power in AEROSPACE precision plant 2020 Table bearing replaced 2020 Ram bearing replaced 2025 new chip conveyor Specifications Metric US standard Max. turning diameter 2400mm Table diameter Ø 2000 mm Tool changer 18 Speed 200 rpm Power 48 kW Max. turning height Lrjdpov R Di Sjfx Aqvsl 1500 mm C-axis 360,000 ° Dimensions (estimate) Length 9,300 mm Width 6,300 mm Height 6,700 mm Weight 48,000 kg Please note: The information on this page has been obtained to the best of our knowledge and belief, and where possible, from the manufacturer. The information is provided in good faith, but its accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Accordingly, it does not constitute a representation or contractual terms. We recommend that you check all important details.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2015, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 230 mm, turning diameter: 400 mm, Fanuc control at each spindle is a 3-jaw chuck mounted 2x 12-fold revolver chip conveyor coolant device Technische Daten: / technical details Schwingdurchmesser / rotary diameter 500 mm max. Drehdurchmesser / max. turning diameter 400 mm max. Drehlänge / max. turning length 230 mm X-Weg / X-travel 220 mm Z-Weg / Z-travel 230 mm Lrjdpfx Aqoy Ni Ezsvol max. Drehzahl der Spindeln / max. spindle speed of the spindles 2000 UpM /rpm Anzahl der Revolverplätze / number of tool places 2x 12 Eilgang x, z / rapid feed x, z 30, 30 m/min Antriebsleistung Spindeln / drive capacity spindles 18,5/15 kW Gewicht ca. / weight ca. 9400 kg Technische Daten, Zubehör und Beschreibung der Maschine sind unverbindlich - Technical data, accessories and description of the machine are not binding.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, functionality: fully functional, TECHNICAL DETAILS X-axis travel: 1,000 mm Y-axis travel: 550 mm Z-axis travel: 500 mm Clamping surface: 1,100 mm x 500 mm Rapid traverse X/Y: 36 m/min Rapid traverse Z: 30 m/min Feed rate: 24,000 mm/min Lrodpfx Aey Iztujqvol Spindle speed range: 12,000 rpm Number of tools in magazine: 30 pcs Tool holder: BT 40 MACHINE DETAILS Control: Fanuc 0i EQUIPMENT Chip conveyor Internal coolant supply HWACHEON Automatic Workpiece Changer Magazine capacity: 8 pallets Max. workpiece size, rectangular: 420 x 170 mm Max. workpiece size, round: 300 mm diameter

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, pressing force: 100 t, stroke length: 400 mm, - Capacity 100 tons - Cylinder stroke 400 mm - Working width 1000 mm - Pressure gauge - Emergency stop Lredpfswfnqzox Aqvjl - 400 V

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2020, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: A-200711, total length: 2,450 mm, total width: 780 mm, total height: 1,150 mm, input voltage: 220 V, A washing system for anilox rollers and sleeves is for sale. Further information can be found in the photos. Lrsdsww Tziepfx Aqvol

Condition: good (used), mileage: 2,94,541 km, power: 115 kW (156.36 HP), first registration: 05/2008, fuel type: diesel, tire size: 215/75R17,5, axle configuration: 4x2, wheelbase: 4,220 mm, fuel: diesel, color: white, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: mechanical, number of gears: 6, emission class: euro4, suspension: steel-air, total length: 8,550 mm, total width: 2,550 mm, total height: 2,750 mm, loading space length: 6,400 mm, loading space width: 2,370 mm, Year of construction: 2008, Equipment: ABS, cruise control, power mirror, traction control, = Additional Options and Equipment = - Heated mirrors - Digital tachograph - Tachograph (control device) - Fixed fifth wheel - Halogen headlights - Short cab - Manual - Radio/Cassette - Fabric - Winch = Notes = Number of axles: 2, Configuration: 4x2, Unladen weight: 4,795 kg, Gross weight: 7,490 kg, Total tank capacity: 100 liters, Fifth wheel: Fixed, Winch, Suspension type: Air suspension, Cab type: Short cab, Cruise control, Tachograph (control device), Digital tachograph, Electric mirrors, Radio/Cassette, Color: White, Heated mirrors, Lighting type: Halogen lamps, Flashing lights, Engine power: 115 kW (154 Hp), Fuel: Diesel, Euro: 4, Transmission type: Manual, Transmission: Mercedes Benz, Gears: 6, Clutch pedal, Power steering, ABS, ASR, Starter battery, Seating arrangement: 1+2, Seat upholstery: Fabric, Seat adjustment: Manual, Car transporter, winch. = Further Information = Transmission Gearbox: MB, 6 gears, manual transmission Axle Configuration Tire size: 215/75R17.5 Brakes: Disc brakes Axle 1: Steering axle; Tire tread left: 11 mm; Tire tread right: 9 mm; Suspension: Leaf spring suspension Axle 2: Twin tires; Tire tread left inner: 7 mm; Tire tread left outer: 7 mm; Tire tread right inner: 7 mm; Tire tread right outer: 6 mm; Suspension: Air suspension Weights Unladen weight: 4,795 kg Payload: 2,695 kg Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW): 7,490 kg Maintenance APK (Technical Inspection): checked until 01/2027 Condition Technical condition: good Optical condition: good Damages: none Number of keys: 2 Identification Registration: KLEYN1 = Company Information = Kleyn Trucks is one of the world's largest independent dealers in used vehicles. Here you can choose from a constantly changing stock of 1,200 used trucks, tractors, and trailers. Our range covers all European brands, model years, and price categories. Why buy from Kleyn Trucks? Simple! • Large and fast-changing stock • Recognizable quality • Good prices • Reliable business practices • We speak many languages • We understand our customers • Assistance with import and transport • (Export) registration plates arranged quickly • Expert technical services • The security of 'recognizable quality' • And more.... Lrjdpeyqrn Tjfx Aqvol Please visit our website for special offers and the full inventory: Leasing through Kleyn Trucks is possible in most European countries! Quickly calculate your leasing rate and submit a request through our website. Ask directly about our European warranty package.

Condition: used, mileage: 35,300 km, power: 96 kW (130.52 HP), first registration: 09/2021, next inspection (TÜV): 09/2024, color: grey, gearing type: mechanical, suspension: other, number of seats: 5, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, airbag, central locking, cruise control, electronic stability program (ESP), fog lights, onboard computer, soot filter, traction control, Roadworthy, touchscreen, excellent condition, accident-free, demonstration vehicle, metallic paint, 5 doors, one previous owner, start-stop system, Euro 6d emissions standard, green environmental badge (Class 4), fabric upholstery, fully digital instrument cluster, tire repair kit, ISOFIX passenger seat, distance warning system, passenger airbag, front side airbags, rear side airbags, front window/head airbags, rear window/head airbags, height-adjustable front seats, leather steering wheel, LED headlights, automatic light control, parking aid, rear parking sensors, daytime running lights, rain sensor, LED daytime running lights, emergency braking assistant, digital radio, traffic sign recognition, digital speedometer, hill-start assist, tire pressure monitoring system, traction control system, electronic traction system, electric windows, seat heating, heated front seats, telephone preparation, hands-free system, Bluetooth hands-free system, multifunction steering wheel, radio, radio/MP3, MP3 interface, USB port, heated exterior mirrors, automatic dimming interior mirror, automatically dimming mirrors, power steering, electric exterior mirrors, rear headrests, brake assist, speed limiter, ISOFIX child seat anchor points, split rear bench seat, alloy wheels, roof spoiler, center armrest, lane keeping assist, electronic parking brake, manual transmission Technology On-board computer, particulate filter, start-stop system, fully digital cluster, assists: traffic sign recognition, rain sensor, light sensor, emergency brake assist, hill start assist, lane keeping assist, distance/collision warning Comfort: automatic climate control, power steering, central locking, electric windows, seat heating, electric exterior mirrors, split folding rear seat backrest, cruise control, Park Distance Control, multifunction steering wheel, auto-dimming interior mirror, center armrest, leather steering wheel, speed limiter Visibility: LED main headlights, LED daytime running lights, LED tail lights, fog lights, headlight leveling, heated exterior mirrors Safety: ABS, airbags, passenger airbag, side airbags, ESP, traction control Ledpfxsvifdhj Aqvsrl

Condition: used, mileage: 5,000 km, power: 96 kW (130.52 HP), first registration: 01/2025, color: grey, gearing type: mechanical, suspension: other, number of seats: 5, Equipment: ABS, airbag, central locking, cruise control, electronic stability program (ESP), fog lights, immobilizer system, navigation system, onboard computer, soot filter, traction control, Roadworthy, touchscreen, excellent condition, accident-free, demonstration vehicle, 360-degree camera, metallic finish, 5-door, one owner, start-stop system, Euro 6d emissions standard, no environmental sticker (1), synthetic leather, folding passenger seat, fully digital instrument cluster, Apple CarPlay, Android Auto, tire repair kit, ISOFIX passenger seat, distance warning system, black, dual-zone automatic climate control, passenger airbag, front side airbags, rear side airbags, front curtain/head airbags, rear curtain/head airbags, height-adjustable front seats, leather steering wheel, LED headlights, automatic light control, keyless go, parking assist, reverse camera, self-steering parking system, rear parking sensors, front parking sensors, parking assistant, daytime running lights, rain sensor, LED daytime running lights, emergency brake assist, digital radio, traffic sign recognition, emergency call system, digital speedometer, hill start assist, tire pressure monitoring, traction control, electronic traction system, electric windows, heated seats, heated front seats, phone preparation, hands-free system, Bluetooth hands-free system, multifunction steering wheel, radio, radio/MP3, MP3 interface, USB port, tinted windows, privacy glass in rear, foldable exterior mirrors, heated exterior mirrors, automatic dimming interior mirror, automatic dimming mirrors, power steering, through-loading capability, electric exterior mirrors, rear headrests, brake assist, speed limiter, ISOFIX child seat anchorage, split rear bench seat, alloy wheels, center armrest, lane keeping assistant, driver fatigue detection, high beam assistant, electronic parking brake, manual transmission, on-board computer, particulate filter, start-stop system, fully digital instrument cluster, driver assistance: driver fatigue warning, traffic sign recognition, park assist, rain sensor, high-beam assist, light sensor, emergency braking assistant, hill start assist, lane keeping assist, distance/collision warning, comfort: automatic climate control, power steering, central locking, electric... Lodpfx Aqoyftd Ejverl

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 70000121, number of ink cartridges: 6, color channels: 6, number of print heads: 8, resolution (max.): 360 dpi, paper width (min.): 400 mm, paper width (max.): 2,800 mm, paper height (min.): 400 mm, paper height (max.): 3,700 mm, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 400 V, Equipment: documentation/manual, raster image processor, DIP-TECH GlassJet PRO 16PH – Industrial Digital Glass Printer A professional solution for digital ceramic ink printing, designed for medium to large-scale glass processing facilities. Digital Ceramic In-Glass Printing: Technology that makes the print as permanent and durable as the glass itself. Design Flexibility: Capable of printing photorealistic images, vectors, textures, and imitations (e.g., sandblasted glass effect). Robust Construction: The roller conveyor system (flatbed gantry) ensures maximum precision even with heavy glass loads. General Specifications: Manufacturer: Dip-Tech Model/Type: GlassJet PRO 16PH Serial Number: 70000121 Year of Manufacture: 2009 Number of Print Heads: 8 installed (expandable up to 16) Ink Type: Digital ceramic ink (requires tempering/firing after printing) Control Language: English Maximum Glass Size: 2800 x 3700 mm Minimum Glass Size: 400 x 400 mm Glass Thickness: 2–19 mm Performance & System: Print Resolution: Up to 360 dpi Number of Color Channels: 6 channels (BGWORK: Blue, Green, White, Orange, Red, Black) Control Software: GlassJet Operating System / Durasst RIP Print Head Type: Spectra Nova Transport System: Automatic roller conveyor Lrjdpfxey Ia E Aj Aqvjl Condition: The machine is in very good visual and technical condition, regularly maintained through its control system. It is sold with all accompanying documentation and technical drawings. A set of spare parts is also available upon request. For more information, please call: +387 63 335 445

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: COMPACT, The COMPACT model plasma cutting machine is a machine model that protects your budget through lower investment and reduced costs, prioritizing reliability, user-friendliness, and compactness as its three main principles. The Compact is a valid solution for the needs of a wide market segment, offering an excellent cost/benefit ratio for anyone dedicated to sheet metal processing. COMPACT is characterized by a monoblock design with a compact layout, making it easy to transport and suitable for medium and small workshops. This system is ideal for high-capacity plasma power sources. The system comes equipped with an extraction filter and plasma power source, and it can be configured with various CNC and software options depending on customer requirements. The Compact can feature a working range between 1,500mm x 3,000mm and 2,000mm x 6,000mm. Lredpoyzm S Asfx Aqvol

Condition: new, spindle speed (max.): 3,200 rpm, spindle speed (min.): 72 rpm, spindle mount: MK 4, table width: 240 mm, table length: 800 mm, – MK4 – 75/3200 rpm – Thread cutting function – Digital 3-axis display – Height-adjustable drilling head – Rotatable drilling head – Table 800 × 240 mm – Gear drive – 2-speed motor – Safety guard – Emergency stop – Coolant system – Lighting – Documentation Ledey R E N Eepfx Aqvjrl – 400V

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: PLASMA CUTTING, Equipment: documentation/manual, The PROCUT model plasma cutting machine is designed to operate under all conditions. Its main advantage is a robust frame structure, making it suitable for heavy industrial use. Rails and frames are the most critical factors during the cutting process. They ensure that the machine remains stable and in good condition for a longer lifespan. It can be equipped with high-capacity power sources in sizes ranging from 1,500mm x 3,000mm up to 3,000mm x 12,000mm. All customer requirements can be integrated into the strong construction of PROCUT. This allows it to meet customer demands in the best possible way. Custom manufacturing in requested dimensions is possible, depending on your requirements and workspace. Lsdoyzhl Dopfx Aqvsrl

Condition: new, rotational speed (max.): 1,600 rpm, rotational speed (min.): 75 rpm, – MK4 – 75/1600 rpm – Right- and left-hand rotation – Thread cutting function Lrjdjy Rx Dijpfx Aqvol – Height-adjustable drilling unit – Swiveling drilling unit – Gear drive – Safety cover – Emergency stop – Documentation – 400V

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: COMBO (Plasma, Drilling, OXY-Fuel, Bevel), Equipment: CE marking, documentation/manual, * COMBO offers customers the most innovative technological solutions and features a wide range of models. * It is a highly advanced machine equipped with a 6- and 12-station automatic tool changer ISO 40 drilling system, offering capabilities such as drilling, tapping, countersinking, plasma cutting, OXY cutting, and ±45° bevel cutting. * The COMBO has a working range from 1,500 mm x 3,000 mm up to 4,000 mm x 24,000 mm and can be equipped with high-capacity plasma power sources. * Plasma Cutting * Drilling * Tapping * Countersinking Ljdpfx Ajyy Rn Sjqvorl * OXY-Fuel Cutting * Fully welded, heavy-duty machine frame. * High-durability cutting table designed for easy replacement. * Dual drive system with linear rails, rack and pinion. * Compliance with CE standards. ISO 40 Drilling System * 6-station automatic tool changer (optional 12-station). * CNC-controlled automatic coolant spraying system during cutting. * 26 kW spindle motor power. * Drilling capacity: Ø M5 to Ø M40 (HSS, UDRILL). * Drilling depth: 100 mm * Drilling speed: 0.15 – 0.35 mm/rev. * Spindle speed: 1,500 rpm * Hypertherm / Thermal Dynamics power sources. * Hypertherm / Eurosoft CNC controls. * Possibility to import .dxf and .dwg files via Pronest / Cut-Expert CAD-CAM.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, machine/vehicle number: MASTER PLUS (Müşteriye Özel Ölçüler), control type: CNC control, laser type: fiber laser, type of cooling: water, Equipment: CE marking, centralized greasing system, cooling unit, documentation/manual, emergency stop, safety light barrier, * MASTER PLUS is a high-capacity, technologically advanced fiber laser cutting machine primarily used for cutting large metal sheets. It is capable of processing long, wide, and various materials in a single operation. For materials of variable sizes, it allows for flexible operation by creating continuous, uninterrupted, and independent cutting zones at different points of the machine. Lrsdpfx Aqoyy Nrvjvsl Enables higher production speeds and increased efficiency when processing large-volume materials, leading to significant savings in time and labor. * Single table, fixed cutting bed. * Customizable, available with a wide range of cutting areas. * Equipped with Raycus, MaxPhotonics, and IPG resonators. * Features Raytools, Precitec, and Bochu laser cutting heads. * LYNCA/CYBELEC, Eurosoft, ESA CNC systems. * 21.5'' touch screen for easy operation. * CE-compliant. * Configurable with fiber laser sources from 2kW up to 30kW. * Bevel cutting option available. * User-friendly design, easy access to the cutting area. * Thermally processed, robust monoblock welded steel frame for enhanced structural integrity. * Aluminum bridge design provides higher resistance and dynamic performance. * Energy saving through low power consumption. * Remote service capability. * Automatic lubrication system. * Since both design and manufacturing are done in-house, custom production is available according to customer requirements.