Used Cylindrical Grinding Machine for sale (83,877)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2013, grinding diameter 320 mm grinding length 1500 mm centre height 180 mm workpiece weight max. 150 kg grinding wheel size 400 x 50 x 203 mm grinding wheel speeds 1670 U/min grinding head - swivable +/- 30 ° adjustment grinding slide 246 mm workpiece spindle stepless 25-220 U/min grinding wheel adjustment manuell 0,01 / 0,0025 taper in spindle headstock MK 4 taper in spindle tailstock MK 4 Number of working hours ca. 20 h total power requirement 5,5 kW Tedjwyd S Depfx Ac Nsf weight of the machine ca. 4,3 t dimensions of the machine ca. 4,3 x 2 x 2 m Hydraulic universal cylindrical grinding machine with a machining length of 1500 mm and a grinding diameter of 320 mm, with internal grinding attachment. Rotatable workpiece spindle head and swiveling table, hydraulic longitudinal table movement, hydraulic rapid traverse of the grinding head, hydraulic grinding head feed when reversing the table, manual + hydraulic adjustment of the tailstock quill. For further details, see data sheets, pics 9 and 10. Commissioning 2015: The machine was only used for a FEW HOURS on special workpieces, and then the orders dried up!

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2004, functionality: fully functional, center height: 175 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 180 kg, grinding length: 1,000 mm, grinding wheel diameter: 400 mm, total length: 1,150 mm, grinding diameter: 349 mm, The machine is in working and usable condition in our workplace. There are 2 outer diameter and 2 inner grinding machines, it has a C axis. Tjdpfx Acsv Uxrij Nof

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1970, functionality: fully functional, center height: 130 mm, grinding length: 575 mm, grinding diameter: 125 mm, pivoting range: -90 °, spindle bore: 38 mm, No reserve price - guaranteed sale at the highest bid! TECHNICAL DETAILS Largest grinding diameter with set blocks: 125 mm Largest grinding diameter without set blocks: 250 mm Maximum grinding length: 575 mm Centre height: 130 mm Spindle speed (grinding spindle): 1,150/1,460 rpm (2 levels) Workpiece spindle Spindle bore: 38 mm Head swivel: -90° Workpiece weight: 75 kg Table Table swivel: ±12° (total 24°) Longitudinal table movement: 4 - 710 mm Grinding wheels Maximum grinding wheel diameter: 500 mm Maximum grinding wheel width: 60 mm Grinding wheel bore: 127 mm Holder diameter: 127 mm Flange diameter: 190 mm Cone diameter: 60 mm MACHINE DETAILS Area required: 3.28 x 3.0 x 1.5 m Weight: 2,700 kg Main drive: AEG AM 134 MV4 W1 Workpiece spindle drive: AEG AM 90 S6 W1 Coolant pump: AEG TP 44/270 Tjdpfovt S Diox Ac Njf Voltage: 220/380 V Frequency: 50 Hz EQUIPMENT - Grinding headstock with fixed disk - Workpiece headstock for internal and external grinding - Coolant pump and lubricating oil pump - V-belt drive - Extensive documentation

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1994, machine/vehicle number: 20039, (Please tell us your offer price) Sale only within Europe, incl. Turkey Price without packaging; delivery condition: FCA (machine location) ===== Technical data see handout. All warranty rights are excluded. For the correctness of the technical data and year of construction, for the completeness of accessories and tool equipment, and for compliance with all safety and environmental protection requirements specified in the accident prevention regulations. No sale to private individuals. Sales only within Europe, incl. Turkey Price without packaging; Delivery condition: FCA (machine location) ===== Todpexma I Eefx Ac Nof Technical data please see handout in attachment. German text leading language. Without any guaranty and warranty, including completeness of tools & accessories as well as environmental and safety regulations. No private sales.

Condition: refurbished (used), functionality: fully functional, center height: 175 mm, grinding length: 1,000 mm, rotational speed (min.): 20 rpm, rotational speed (max.): 400 rpm, controller manufacturer: Fanuc, controller model: 0i-TF Plus, Completely overhauled cylindrical grinding machine Kellenberger R175x1000 CNC - unused since then! The machine was completely refitted in collaboration with Fanuc and includes: - New control cabinet and new circuit diagram - New CNC control Fanuc 0i-TF Plus - New servo motors and servo drives Fanuc - New balancing system Elaso with GAP - Grinding wheel loader  - Cooling tank with paper filtering - Geometry according to the Kellenberger protocol TECHNICAL DETAILS Control: Fanuc 0i-TF Plus Centre height: 175 mm  Centre distance: 1000 mm Speed: Workpiece spindle head: 20 - 400 rpm C-axis: available Programming: Programs can be created with G-codes or via the user-friendly interface Table angle shift: 8° (for long parts) Headstock inclination: 90° (for short parts that do not require a tailstock) Table speed: max. 10.0 m/min (infinitely variable) External grinding: possible Todpfjvmqllox Ac Nsf Internal grinding: not possible Tip grinding: up to 6 different diameters on the same piece Taper grinding: the machine has a table that can be tilted up to 8 degrees for long parts, and for short parts that do not require a tailstock, the headstock can be tilted up to 90 degrees.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2013, grinding diameter 390 mm grinding length 650 mm centre height 200 mm total power requirement 46 kW weight of the machine ca. 6 t dimensions of the machine ca. 3x3x2,4 m Universal cylindrical grinding – Type WUG21 (W27) Grinding length 650 mm Tjdpfx Acow Inr Ns Nof EMAG Weiss stands for high-end technology in universal cylindrical grinding between centres. With its CNC-controlled WUG 21 machines, EMAG Weiss offers the right solution for virtually every user. --> Technical data Max. grinding length: 650 mm --> Centre height: 200 mm --> External grinding diameter: 1 – 390 mm --> Max. weight flying MK4: 100 kg --> Max. workpiece weight between centres: 250 kg --> Feed: --> X-axis travel: 480 mm --> Z-axis travel: 1.150 mm --> Workpiece headstock --> Tailstock --> Grinding spindle headstock --> Coolant device, manufacturer HYFRA, --> Belt filter, manufacturer Knoll, type KF 200 - year of manufacture 2012, --> Oil mist filter, manufacturer Cobaron

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2021, functionality: fully functional, center height: 135 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 70 kg, grinding length: 600 mm, grinding wheel diameter: 405 mm, grinding diameter: 250 mm, grinding spindle motor power: 3,700 W, overall weight: 3,200 kg, pivoting range: 11 °, The machine is equipped with cycle control and is easy to operate; it can process various automatic cycles involving roughing, finishing, and spark-out, but it does not have CNC control. A grinding wheel, dressing diamond, coolant system, and balancing unit are included. Transport and commissioning are available on request. The machine can be inspected under power; it is new and has only been run for demonstrations, not for cutting operations. Tjdpfx Aexl Uc Ijc Njf

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1998, Danobat CNC Cylindrical Grinder RP 1600 E - System 200 BTV 30 CNC Control, Year Of Manufacture 1998, Coolant, steadies & accessories, manuals, Wheel Balancer. Tedew A Sd Hjpfx Ac Nof

Condition: good (used), Max. diameter: 560mm Tjdpfxev Dvzyo Ac Nof Working length: 3550mm Max. workpiece length: 4000mm

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1315/451, Completely overhauled: Mechanics, geometry, hydraulics, and electrical parts (checked and/or replaced) Wheelhead: Disassembled, parts cleaned, worn or defective components replaced, motor overhauled, bearings replaced, belts replaced, spindle disassembled, seals and O-rings replaced, adjustments made. Newly painted. Workhead: Disassembled, parts cleaned, worn or defective components replaced, motor overhauled, belts replaced. New spindle bearings. Newly painted. Tailstock: Disassembled, inspected, overhauled. Hydraulics: Disassembled, motor checked, hoses replaced, defective and worn parts replaced. Hydraulic block checked. X-axis: Disassembled, all worn parts such as O-rings, seals, segments, etc. replaced, hydraulic piston overhauled, table ground. Z-axis: Disassembled, table ground, worn or defective parts replaced, hydraulic piston overhauled, newly painted. Electrical cabinet: Completely checked, various relays replaced. Paintwork: Colors: White RAL 9003 and Grey RAL 7011 Geometry according to manufacturer's protocol. Various accessories checked and cleaned. Origin: CH Voltage: 380 / 50 / 3 Net weight: approx. 2,200 kg Customs tariff number: 8460.2920 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Nominal distance between centers: 600 mm Max. distance between centers (with extended headstock): 750 mm Center height, standard: 125 mm Center height with interchangeable pads for heads: 175–250 mm Max. workpiece diameter (125 mm center height): 250 mm Max. workpiece diameter with interchangeable pads: 350–500 mm Swiveling range of table in each direction: 10° Tjdpfxjw U Ry Ne Ac Njf Max. grinding length for flat surfaces (max. width = 200 mm): 900 mm Continuously variable hydraulic table speed: up to approx. 6 m/min Table reversal delay: 0–5 sec Grinding wheel for external grinding, diameter - width - bore: 400x50x127 mm Grinding wheel for flat surface grinding: 250x13x76 mm Wheelhead spindle speed: 1,500/1,700/2,200/3,600 rpm Wheelhead swiveling range: 270°, with indexing every 90° Vertical travel of wheelhead, center height: 125–350 mm Transverse travel of wheelhead: 285 mm Hydraulic rapid traverse stroke: 40 mm Intermittent infeed of wheel by table reversal: 0.001–0.03 mm/dia Continuous infeed for plunge grinding: 0–0.9 mm/dia Micrometric infeed stop, by division: 0.001 mm/dia Workhead swiveling range: 360° Workhead spindle speed, stepless: normal/special: 20–400 / 10–400 rpm Internal taper of workhead/tailstock: Morse 5/3 Wheelhead motor: approx. 4 HP All technical specifications are given without obligation and subject to errors or omissions.

Year of construction: 1979, condition: refurbished (used), functionality: fully functional, TECHNICAL DETAILS Height of centers: 125 mm + heights of 50 mm distance between centers: 1.000 mm Grinding wheel ' diameter: 400 mm ' width: 50 mm ' Bore: 127.0 mm angular displacement: 270 ° workpiece spindle head: 20 - 400 rpm taper of the spindle: 5 MT Taper in the tailstock: 3 MT table angular displacement: 8 ° Table speed: infinitely variable up to 6.0 m/min Internal grinding spindle with 60 000 rpm External grinding wheel motor: 4,0 kW Workpiece spindle motor: 1,5 kW Weight machine: 3.100 kg Overall machine dimensions: 2,860 × 1,680 × 1,670 mm (L × W × H) EQUIPMENT & SCOPE OF DELIVERY - Machine was completely retrofitted Tjdpfjk H Hp Nsx Ac Nef - New control cabinet & new wiring diagram - New motor & frequency converter for the working head - 2 axes DRO - Cooling tank with paper filtering - Geometry made according to the Kellenberger protocol - Internal grinding spindle - Many accessories Please refer to the attachment below for a test report on the machine.

Year of construction: 1975, condition: ready for operation (used), machine/vehicle number: M-27 738, Center hight: 165 mm Center width/grinding length: 1000/1075 mm Gr. Grinding diameter: 250 mm Table swivel: +/- 8° Gr. Table longitudinal movement: 1210 mm Workpiece spindle stick swivel: 0 - 90° Spindle bore/cone: 38 mm/MK 5 Grinding spindle stick easily swivelling Hydr. Quick adjustment approx.: 50 mm Grinding wheel dimensions: 400 x 50 x 127 mm Tjdpfjd Rv Rbsx Ac Nsf 2 grinding wheel speeds due to V-belt step disc Drive power: 3 kW Space requirement: 2900 x 2200 x 1750 mm Weight: approx. 3.5 t

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2002, functionality: fully functional, center height: 225 mm, controller model: Fanuc 16T, TECHNICAL DETAILS Tedpfx Aoxlix Dec Nsf Centre height: 225 mm MACHINE DETAILS Control: Fanuc 16T

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2012, machine/vehicle number: RPM 1000 D, Used robots - polishing machines P 1000 D Type: P1000 Tedpfxoxludxe Ac Nef Right-hand version Polishing discs Ø 1000 mm

Year of construction: 1997, condition: ready for operation (used), Main Drive Tsdsw Spr Espfx Ac Nsf Number of axis 4 Additional Equipment Belt filter system This 4-axis KELLENBERGER Kel-Varia UR 175/1000 was manufactured in 1997. It features an internal grinding device with a tiltable B-axis and a C-axis for out-of-round grinding, complemented by a belt filter system. Consider the opportunity to buy this KELLENBERGER Kel-Varia UR 175/1000 cylindrical grinding machine. Contact us for more information. Application Types Grinding

Condition: good (used), Manufacturer: Beling & Lubke Model: cylindrical grinder Tjdpfjxal Iwsx Ac Nof Condition: Used

Condition: refurbished (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 32461/2384, Manufacturing origin Swiss Voltage 380 / 50 / 3 Netweight 4900 lbs Dimensions 121 x 69 inches TECHNICAL DATA Nominal distance between centre 600 mm Max. distance between centres, headstock and tailstock projecting 750 mm Height of centres, standard 125 mm Height of centres by means of raising blocks for work head-and tailstock 175 =ᐳ 250 mm Max. swing diameter with 125 mm height of centres 250 mm Max. swing diameter with raising blocks 350 =ᐳ 500 mm Table swivels each side 10° Max. lenght for surface grinding (width=200 mm) 900 mm Table speed infinitely viable by hydraulic drive, approx. .. 6 m/min Dwell of table reversal 0 - 5 sec. Grinding wheel for cylinrical grinding (diameter x width x hole) 350/400x50x127mm Grinding wheel for surface grinding diameter x width x hole 250 x 13 x 76 Speeds of grinding wheel spindle 1500/1700/2200/3600 Grinding wheel head swivels 270° with indexed stop each 90° Vertical movement of grinding wheel head, height of centres -350 mm Cross movement of grinding wheel head 285 mm Rapid advance and withdrawal of wheelhead 40 mm Intermittent infeed per reversal of table 0,001-0,03 mm/dia Infeed for plunge grinding 0-0,9 mm/dia Micro-corrector of infeed, 1 division of dial 0,001 mm/dia Swivel of work headstock 360° work speeds infinetely viable, normal/special 20-400/10-400 Todpfx Aod Amifec Nof Internal taper of headstock/tailstock 5/3 Morse Grinding wheel motor, approx. 4 HP errors and omissions excepted data given without obligation Inventory Nr.2170089, machine equipped with : 1 Workpiece headstock MT5 1 sinus rule without comparator 1 Wheel headstock with 4 pulleys 1 Tailstock MT3 1 Collet clamping device with drawbar and reduction sleeve B32 1 Internal grinding device with quill Fischer UJ50x250 – pulley Ø 48 for 14000 min-1 1 Pivoting wheel trueing-up device with sole 50 mm 1 Table’s pivoting stop without comparator 1 Cooling device through decantation 1 extractor 1 balancing stake

Condition: ready for operation (used), cCenter height: 130 mm center width: 500 mm Todpfx Aevf Dmtsc Nsf grinding wheel dimensions: 127/300 x 40 mm grinding wheel speeds: 2 rpm electrical connection: 380 V, approx. 4 kW space required: 1730 x 1100 x 1550 mm weight: approx. 1750 kg

Condition: reconditioned (used), Year of construction: 1992, functionality: fully functional, center height: 150 mm, grinding length: 620 mm, center width: 680 mm, grinding wheel diameter: 350 mm, total width: 500 mm, Condition of the machine: The machine is currently in a used, non-overhauled condition. The following work carried out on the machine: - Complete disassembly of the entire machine except for the guides - Replacement of all sealing and wear parts of the entire machine - Replacement of the infeed spindle of the X-axis - Replacement of the main bearing of the workpiece spindle - Replacement of grinding spindle - All machine assemblies are restored to as-new condition Geometry: - Scraping of the X-axis guide - Scraping the Z-axis guide - Grinding the X-axis table - Grinding the Z-axis table - Grinding the upper tables - Grinding of the assembly housing (workpiece headstock, grinding headstock and tailstock) - Creation of measurement report for TSCHUDIN cylindrical grinding machine Painting: Tedpfxsrz Nfls Ac Nof The main assemblies are repainted, the rest of the machine retains the original paintwork Electronics: The complete electronics of the machine are checked, tested and defective switches and cables are replaced

Condition: repair required (used), Type AS - 900 Todpfexguxfex Ac Njf Machine No. 74054 Centre distance 900 mm Centre height 150 mm Max. grinding wheel 400 x 80 x 127 mm Centre height 150 mm Centre distance 900 mm ..... Condition: The machine cannot be switched on! The following applies to this machine: Condition unknown! Scope of delivery as per attached images ....

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 510-1986, CYLINDRICAL GRINDER JOTES SCHAUDT A440X1500 Specifications Maximum longitudinal travel: 1500 mm Grinding diameter: 298 mm External grinding: Yes Internal grinding: Yes Dimensions (L x W x H): 5400 × 2400 × 1600 mm Weight: 4800 kg Operating hours: — Tsdpfxow T Ti Ds Ac Nef Power-on hours: — Condition: Rebuilt Compliant with local standards: — Status: Under power Technical features - Grinding length [mm]: 1500 - Grinding diameter [mm]: 300 - Manual table displacement [mm/rev]: 10 - Table speed range [mm/s]: 0.01–5 - Smallest table stroke [mm]: 3 - Wheelhead swivel [°]: ±90 - Centre sleeve taper [Morse No.]: 4 - Grinding wheel dimensions [mm]: 500 x 63 x 203 - Spindle speed [rpm]: 32–500 - Grinding wheel drive motor power [kW]: 5.5 - Workpiece drive motor power [kW]: 0.75 - Hydraulic pump motor power [kW]: 1.5 - Grinding attachment drive motor power [kW]: 0.75 - Machine dimensions [mm]: L=5400 / W=2400 / H=1580 / Machine weight [kg]: 4800

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 0257391, height of centers: 160 mm distance between centers: 1500 mm grinding wheel measures: 500 x 127 x 40 mm grinding wheel rotations: 1570/2050 Upm Tedpfx Asgayiwoc Nef electrical connection: 380 V kW space needed: 4400/6400 x 2000 x 1400 mm weight: ca. 4000 kg

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1999, operating hours: 16,000 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 650341, Year 1999 with Fanuc 18 TB – 3 axes XZB Marposs E30/E20 Country of manufacture: Switzerland Voltage: 400V/50Hz/3ph Dimensions: 410 x 220 x 190 cm Net machine weight: 5,000 kg TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS CNC control: Fanuc 18TB Intermediate Section Fixed intermediate section: grinding head R Swiveling section with manual indexing 2.5°: R / RS / UR / URS -210° to +30° Swiveling section with automatic indexing 2.5°: R / RS / UR / URS -210° to +30° B axis, resolution 0.1'': R / RS / UR / URS -210° to +30° Standard workhead Swivel range: -10° to (+100°) Spindle speed (continuous): 6 – 600 rpm Internal taper: MT5 Reducing sleeve: MT5/MT4 Short external taper fitting: DIN 55026 / Size 5 Permissible torque: 160 Nm Guaranteed roundness for chuck work Standard: 0.5 µm Option: 0.2 µm Workpiece weight between centers: 150 kg Tailstock Taper fitting: MT4 Quill stroke: 50 mm / 2° Option: fine adjustment with correction (Ø +/- 150 µm) Grinding wheel data (max. speed) Diameter 300: 27 m/s Diameter 400: 35 m/s Diameter 500: 45 m/s UR Grinding Head Power: 9.2 kW / 12.5 HP Wheel mounting, left max.: Ø 500 x 80 mm Right, additional max.: Ø 400 x 63 mm Internal grinding device: spindle HJN 828 Lower table (Z axis) Distance between centers: 1000 mm Max. travel: 1150 mm Max. speed: 15 m/min Max. resolution: 0.1 µm Upper table Distance between centers: 1000 mm / swivel 0° to 9° Grinding carriage (X axis) Max. travel: 320 mm Max. speed: 7.5 m/min Max. resolution: 0.1 µm Pneumatics Min. connection: 6 bar Air consumption: approx. 0.6 m³/h Coolant Max. connection pressure: 3 bar Tjdpfxsw T Tb Hs Ac Nof Required space (version 1000): 3600 x 2000 mm Unless otherwise stated, technical data is provided without engagement and may be subject to errors or omissions.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 027.0400/067, CNC CYLINDRICAL GRINDER STUDER S-33 CNC Year: 2007 - Fanuc 21i-TB 1 External Grinding Spindle Country of Origin: Switzerland Voltage: 380/50/3 Net machine weight: 4,000 kg TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Distance between centers: 600 mm Center height: 175 mm Maximum workpiece weight: 80 kg Longitudinal Slide Z Max. travel: 800 – 1,150 mm Travel speed: 0.001 to 10,000 mm/min (early 2000’s model: 0.001-5,000 mm/min) Resolution: 0.0001 mm Cross Slide X Max. travel: 285 mm Travel speed: 0.001 to 20,000 mm/min (early 2000’s model: 0.001-10,000 mm/min) Resolution: 0.0001 mm Wheelhead (universal version) Swiveling range: -15° to 225° (early 2000’s model: -15° to 195°) Swivel axis: 2.5 / 1 ° Hirth Drive power: 7.5 or 9 kW or 11 kW Grinding wheel: 500x63 (80/110F5) x203 mm Todpfew T Sh Eex Ac Njf Workhead Rotational speed: 1 – 1,500 min-1 Mount taper: MT4 or MT5 / ISO 50 Drive power: 1.6 or 3.0 or 4.0 kW Tailstock Mount taper: MT3 or MT4 Quill stroke: 35 / 50 mm (early 2000’s model: 35 mm) Quill diameter: Ø 50 mm Fine adjustment: +/- 40 µm Control system: Fanuc 21i-TB All technical details are provided in good faith but subject to errors or omissions.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 50 h, machine/vehicle number: 3018-04, Country of manufacture: Switzerland Voltage: 380/50/3 Net weight: 3100 kg Overall dimensions: 230x155x170 cm Installed power: 13 kVA Customs tariff position: 8460.2920 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS MAIN DIMENSIONS Distance between centers: 650 mm Grinding capacity SpW+bs: -80 Stroke: 700 LONGITUDINAL SLIDE Max stroke: SpW+50 mm Minimum automatic feed: 1.5 mm Speed: 50-5500 mm/min Reversal delay: 0-6 sec Maximum table swivel: 12°/10°/8.5°/6° Pneumatic relief for table and workhead CROSS SLIDE Max stroke: 300 mm Rapid traverse: 60 mm Plunge grinding depth in diameter: 3.4 mm Feed 1: 0.012-6 mm/min Todpfx Acow T Sd Tj Njf Feed 2: 0.012-1.2 mm/min Feed per pulse: 0.001-0.05 mm GRINDING WHEEL HEADSTOCK Left-side wheel, external grinding: 400x80x127 mm Drive power: 5.5 kW Peripheral speed: 35 m/s RPM: 1670/2110 min-1 Internal grinding device for belt-driven spindles, including drive unit: 1.5 kW WORKHEAD Swivel range: 0-90° Continuously variable RPM: 30-1000 min-1 Internal taper: Morse 5 Collets: W-25 Drive power: 0.55 kW Maximum workpiece weight between centers: 130 kg Grinding load between centers: 100 Nm TAILSTOCK Internal taper: Morse 3 Quill stroke: 35 mm Fine adjustment for cylindricity correction: ± 40 μm TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS: GUARANTEED WORKING ACCURACY Straightness of the generator over 630 mm: 0.003 mm Roundness during chuck grinding: 0.0003 mm CONNECTION VALUES Maximum absorbed power: 13 kVA Maximum permitted voltage fluctuation: -15%/+10% Maximum permitted frequency variation: ± 3% Required compressed air pressure: 5 bar Unless otherwise stated or in case of error or omission, these technical details are provided without engagement.