Used Karl Schermer for sale (399)

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 1966, overall weight: 7,000 kg, input voltage: 380 V, broaching length: 1,500 mm, number of broaching positions: 3, workpiece diameter (max.): 575 mm, total height: 5,100 mm, Manufacturer: Karl Klink Model: RSI 20x1500 Year of manufacture: 1966 Weight: approx. 6,700kg Machine No.: 2455 General / technical data: Used vertical hydraulic internal broaching machine with 3 broaching stations Pulling force: 20,000 kg Broaching stroke: 1,500 mm Broaching stations: 3 units Distance between broaching stations: 2 x 145mm Mounting diameter of the draw heads: 3 x Ø 85mm Passage width between the columns: max. 580 mm Cutting speed: hydraulically steplessly adjustable from 1 m/min up to max. 7 m/min Return speed: hydraulically steplessly adjustable from 7 up to max. 25 m/min Machine space requirement: (w x d x h) approx. 1,500 x 2,100 x 4,600 (h max. 5100 with raised tool feeder) Power supply / Connected load: 380Volt 50 HZ / 14kw Accessories / special features: The machine is equipped with a workpiece table with 3 holes for 3 broaching stations. The tool clamping system is designed for spring-mechanical locking in the drawbridge and in the feeder. The machine has an integrated coolant system. Remarks: The machine is designed for use in series production, for optimal use, ideally a foundation (pit) is required or optionally a platform. Draw heads and ejector needles are available on request. The machine can be inspected under power at our warehouse. General information: Godewql Rvjpfx Anxoub We constantly have a large selection of approx. 80 used broaching machines with pulling forces from 3,000 kg to 63,000 kg in horizontal as well as vertical design in stock. A large part of the broaching machines in stock are ready for demonstration and can be inspected. If required, we can offer you used equipment such as draw heads, ejector needles, broaching tools and other specific accessories. We operate as a contract broaching company and can also assist you with technical questions based on 50 years of experience in broaching technology.

Year of construction: 1964, condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 2016, Used vertical hydraulic internal broaching machine with 3 broaching points Tractive force: 16,000 kg clearing length: 1.250 mm Broaching points: 3 pieces Distance between the broaching points: 380 mm Mounting diameter of the broaching heads 3 x Ø ___mm Cutting speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 1 m/min to max. 7 m/min Guodot Dv I Aopfx Anxob Return speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 7 to max. 25 m/min Space requirement of the machine: (w x d x h) approx. 2,200 x 1,550 x 4,200 (without pit) Power supply / connected load: 380Volt 50 HZ Accessories / special equipment: The machine is equipped with a workpiece table with 3 holes for 3 broaching positions. The tool clamping system is provided for spring-mechanical locking in the drawbridge and hydraulically mechanical in the feeder. The machine has been electrically (PLC Siemens S7) and mechanically modernized in 2004. The machine has an integrated coolant system. Remarks: The machine is designed for use in series production, ideally a foundation (pit) or optionally a platform is required for optimum use. Drawing heads and needle lifters are available on request. The machine can be viewed in our warehouse.

Year of construction: 1961, condition: used, General / technical data: Vertical duplex external broaching machine with two tables Guedpfx Anolwu Hrsxeb Manufacturer: Karl Klink Model: RSA 10 T/Zw. Year of manufacture: 1961 weight: approx. 6.500kg tractive force: 10t clearing speeds: 1 - 11m/min return speeds: 7 - 25m/min maximum stroke: per machine unit 1250mm clamping area: 500 x 500mm passage width: 380mm power supply: 380 Volt / 50 Hz Remark: The machine is under power in our warehouse and can be inspected.

Year of construction: 1960, condition: refurbished (used), machine/vehicle number: 1732, Vertical internal broaching machine with switching plate of the company Karl Klink Type: RSI6DT Machine No.: 1732 Year of manufacture: 1960 weight: 3,2 to broaching force: 6.000kg With switch plate ( 2 stations ) Power supply: 380V / 50Hz Rated current: 15 A Connected load: 4kW Guodpfegyd Svjx Anxsb The machine is completely revised and is therefore in a very good condition.

Year of construction: 1964, condition: refurbished (used), machine/vehicle number: 2041, Vertical internal broaching machine with switching plate of the company Karl Klink Type: RSI8DT1 Machine No.: 2041 Year of manufacture: 1964 weight: 3,2 to Guodpfxegyd S Dj Anxsb broaching force: 8.000kg With switch plate ( 2 stations ) Power supply: 380V / 50Hz Rated current: 25 A Connected load: 5,5 kW The machine is completely revised and is therefore in a very good condition.

Year of construction: 1962, condition: good (used), machine/vehicle number: 1886, Used vertical hydraulic internal broaching machine with 3 broaching points Tractive force: 10.000 kg clearing length: 1.200 mm Broaching points: 3 pieces Gusdpfx Anjt Dwb Doxeb Distance between the broaching points: 380 mm Mounting diameter of the broaching heads 3 x Ø ___mm Passage width between the cylinders: max. XXX mm Cutting speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 1 m/min to max. 7 m/min Return speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 7 to max. 25 m/min Space requirement of the machine: (w x d x h) approx. 1,300 x 1,450 x 3,350 mm (without pit) Power supply / connected load: 380Volt 50 HZ / 8.0 KW Accessories / special equipment: The machine is equipped with a workpiece table with 3 holes for 3 broaching positions. The tool clamping system is provided for spring-mechanical locking in the drawbridge and in the feeder. The machine has an integrated coolant system. Remarks: The machine is designed for use in series production, ideally a foundation (pit) or optionally a platform is required for optimum use. Drawing heads and needle lifters are available on request. The machine can be viewed in our warehouse.

Year of construction: 1965, condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 2549, General / technical data: used horizontal hydraulic internal broaching machine in a good condition according to age with manual tool feeder in heavy design clearing stroke: 2.000mm Tractive force: 25,000 kg (250KN) Mounting in the drawbridge: Ø 105mm Cylindrical Through-hole in the clamping table: Ø 125mm Workpiece clamping surface: 440mm x 440mm Workpiece diameter: max. approx. 800mm (due to the tool trough of the tool feeder) Cutting speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 1.5 m/min to 7 m/min Return speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 7 m/min to 25 m/min Oil volume: hydraulics approx. 450L / coolant approx. 100L Space requirement of the machine: (w x d x h) approx. 8,400 mm x 1,350 mm x 1,800 mm (without working area) Power supply: 380Volt 50 HZ Connected load: 19kw Equipment: - the machine has a mechanical hydraulic control for the clearing & return stroke - the machine has an integrated coolant system - the machine has a manually operated tool feed system - The broaching carriage with the pulling head holder is guided flat on both sides. - The machine has an adjustable tractive force limiter - Tractive force display Accessories - 1 universal pulling head for flat shafts up to a maximum width of approx. 40 mm - dividing head (see pictures) - Various special fixtures and clamping devices - Machine documentation Gedpetuuvzjfx Anxeub Remarks: The machine can be used for the production of keyways with flat broaching tools, as well as for profile broaching. In combination with the machine bed of the machine and the stable broaching tool feeder, the machine is very well suited for heavy profile broaching tools. The machine is used and is in good condition for its age. The machine is available for inspection in our warehouse. The machine is new in our stock and is currently not technically or visually refurbished. Pulling heads for profile broaching are available on request, depending on DIN standard, dimensions and stock.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1990, machine/vehicle number: 3048 & 3047, Manufacturer: Karl Klink Model: RKW 25-3800-520 Weight: 50t Year of manufacture: 1990 Machine No.: 3048 & 3047 General / technical data: Chain broaching machine for continuous outside broaching tractive force: 25.000kg cutting speed: 7,2 / 8,1 / 9,6m/min maximum tool length: 3520mm passage width: 520mm clamping area of the tool carrier: 3520 x 460 mm dimension: 12.300 x 6.400 x 4650mm power supply: 380V 50Hz / 110kW Accessories/ special equipment: - 6 tool carriers for tool change Gsdjinim Tjpfx Anxsub - machine documentation Remark / General The machines are in a good condition. The machines are dismantled and stored in our warehouse. The total volume of the plant is several trucks (approx. 70to per machine). The machines have produced connecting rods for passenger car diesel engines. Chain broaching machines are designed for mass production. The continuous (backstroke-free) working process in chain broaching is designed for maximum achievable productivity in external broaching. The chain broaching process is the only broaching process without a backstroke of the tools or workpieces. In chain broaching, the workpiece is continuously moved past the tool and thus performs the feed movement. and thus carries out the feed motion. This unique broaching process is only used for very large quantities in series production.

Year of construction: 1978, condition: excellent (used), machine/vehicle number: 2751, General / technical data: Hydraulic horizontal internal broaching machine in in good technical condition Guodpfx Anjiw Dlkexjb Manufacturer: Karl Klink Model: RIW 6,3 Machine No: 2751 Year of manufacture: 1978 Weight: 2,3to tractive force: 6,3t broaching speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 1m/min to 7m/min Return speed: hydraulically stepless adjustable from 7m/min to 25m/min maximum stroke: 1320mm maximum workpiece diameter: max. 420mm table opening: Ø 80mm dimensions: (w x d x h) approx. 5.700mm x 600mm x 1.900mm power supply: 380 Volt / 50 Hz / 4kW Accessories/ optional equipment: - Coolant / lubricant system - without tool feeder - Oil and chip tray (approx. 2,000mm) Remark: The machine is ideal for the production of keyways. Broaches as well as broaching mandrels can be supplied on request. The machine is ready for demonstration under power in our warehouse.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1998, overall weight: 2,900 kg, power: 8 kW (10.88 HP), input voltage: 380 V, number of broaching positions: 1, total width: 6,100 mm, total height: 1,900 mm, Manufacturer: Karl Klink Model: RW 10 Year of manufacture: 1959 / 1998 Weight: 2,900 kg Machine No.: 1194 General Information / Technical Data: Hydraulic internal broaching machine in operational condition Broaching stroke: 1,420 mm Tensile force: 10,000 kg Gujdpfxextcz Ij Anxob Diameter of drawhead mount in the draw bridge: 85 mm Broaching tool clamping: universal drawhead for flat shanks up to 25 mm width Through-hole in the clamping table: Ø 100 mm Workpiece diameter: max. approx. 360 mm (limited by the machine body of the tool feeder) Cutting speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 1 m/min to 7 m/min Return speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 7 m/min to 25 m/min Machine dimensions (W x D x H): approx. 4,100 (6,100) mm x 800 mm x 1,900 mm (excluding work area) Power supply / connected load: 380 Volt 50 Hz / 8.0 kW Accessories / Special Features: • The machine is equipped with manual-hydraulic control for the broaching stroke movement • The machine has an integrated coolant/lubricant system • The machine features a basic oil drip tray fitted to the machine bed, without tool feeder Remarks: The machine is ideal for the production of keyways and profiles. Broaching needles, arbors, and drawheads can be supplied on request.

Year of construction: 1960, condition: used, max. tractive force: 20.000KG max. stroke: 1250 mm max. cutting speed: from 1 m/min to 7 m/min max. return speed: from 5 m/min to 25 m/min Gujdpfxoui Sbs Anxeb max. workpiece Ø: approx. 140 mm max. tool Ø: approx. 50 mm, tool changeover: 2 pieces, The machine is equipped with a 2 station rotary indexing table. The machine is equipped with an automatic tool feeder, and is designed for manual series production. The tool locking in the draw bridge as well as in the tool feeder is spring-mechanical (drawing head DIN 1417).

Year of construction: 1951, condition: good (used), machine/vehicle number: 1133, horizontal hydraulic broaching machine Karl Klink (our Ref No. WKG 1678) machine type: horizontal internal hydraulic broaching machine manufacturer: Karl Klink type: RW 10 built in: 1951 stroke 1500mm pulling force: 10.000KG working stations: 1PCs Godpsdcdrpofx Anxjub drive: hydraulic system equipment: coolant system Optional accessories available on request: Information about us: we are specialized for second hand broaching machine and still have anytime about 80 pcs of used broaching machines in our stock, vertical and horizontal machines from 3.000kg up 63.000kg pulling force and from 1000mm stroke up to 3500mm stroke

Year of construction: 1962, condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 1790, creator: Karl Klink Model: RW 5 year of construction: 1962 weight: ca. 2500 KG machine. No.:1790 General / technical data: hydraulic horizontal internal broaching machine in a good working condition clearing stroke: 1320mm turning: 1 piece pulling force: 5000 KG at 3m/min (3000KG at 7m/min) Clamping tool: universal drawing head for flat shafts Through hole in clamping table: Ø 100mm Workpiece diameter: max. 420mm (due to the oil and spit trough) cutting speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 1m/min to 7m/min Return speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 7m/min to 25m/min Dimensions of the machine: (w x d x h) approx. 4600mm x 600mm x 1900mm (without working area) Power supply: 380Volt / 50 HZ / 15A hydraulic motor: 4 KW Accessories / special equipment: - the machine is equipped with a universal pulling head for flat shafts - Coolant / lubricant system - without tool feeder - short oil and oil sump (approx. 900mm) Remarks: The machine is ideal for the production of keyways. On request broaches and mandrels can be supplied. The machine is ready to run under power in our warehouse. Gedpfsdl Uzkex Anxjub

Year of construction: 1958, condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 1545, Manufacturer: Karl Klink Gujdsda Ugijpfx Anxob Model: RIS 6 x 1000 Year of manufacture: 1958 Weight: 2500 KG General / technical data: used vertical hydraulic indoor rasping machine with 1 rasping point in a working condition tractive force: 6000 KG clearing length: 1000mm diameter of the pulling head: Ø 85 mm passage width between the cylinders: max. 280 mm Cutting speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 1 m/min to max. 7 m/min Return speed: hydraulically infinitely variable from 7 m/min to max. 25 m/min Space requirement of the machine: (w x d x h) approx. 1000 x 1200 x 2800mm Power supply / connected load: 380Volt 50 HZ / 4KW Accessories / special equipment: The machine is equipped with a workpiece table for 1 rearrangement. The tool clamping system is provided for a spring-mechanical locking (DIN 1415). The machine has an integrated cooling system. There is a double pulling head for 2 flat broaching tools with tool support plate. Remarks: The machine is in a good condition according to its age and is ready for immediate use. It is designed for manual production use with medium batch sizes. For the use ideally a machine pit or alternatively a platform is needed. Drawing heads are available on request. The machine has no tool feeder. The machine can be inspected in our warehouse under power.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1990, max.: tractive force 25.000 KG Gedpocm Eiwofx Anxsub max.: tool length 3520 mm max.: cutting speed 9,6 m/min passage width 520 mm The machine has machined connecting rods and con rod caps. The machine is designed for mass production (output 400 pieces/hour).

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Complete factory for sale, currently in operation, including fabric samples of ongoing production. Full customer portfolio and comprehensive technical documentation included. Machine List: KARL MAYER RASCHEL RJSC-4F-NE 230/584/18, with creel 844xx, 2 units, year 1997 KARL MAYER RASCHEL RJSC-4F-NE 230/584/18, with creel 831xx, 2 units, year 1996 KARL MAYER RASCHEL 5/2 F-NE, two Jacquard bars, 130/330/14/14, with two creels 626xx, 2 units, year 1984 KARL MAYER RASCHEL 5/2 F-NE, two Jacquard bars, 130/330/7/14/7, with two creels 626xx, 1 unit, year 1984 KARL MAYER RASCHEL RG4N-1K, 130/330/20, 555xx, 1 unit KARL MAYER RASCHEL RMJG 5-F, 130/330/7/14, with creel 543xx, 1 unit, year 1979 KARL MAYER RASCHEL RJG 5F-NE, 130/330/7/14, with creel 582xx, 2 units, year 1988 Gujdpfx Aoxlt Rqenxsb KARL MAYER RASCHEL RJMSG 4F-NE, 130/330/14, with creel 762xx, 5 units, year 1991 KARL MAYER RASCHEL RJMSG 5F-NE, 130/330/14, with creel 744xx, 2 units, year 1990 KARL MAYER RASCHEL RJMSG 5/2 F-NE, two Jacquard bars, 130/330/14/14, with two creels 744xx, 5 units, year 1990 KARL MAYER RASCHEL HDRJ 5/2 PLM, two Jacquard bars, 130/330/16/16, with two creels 677xx, 3 units KARL MAYER RASCHEL RJMSG 4F-NE, 130/330/14, with creel 763xx, 1 unit, year 1991 KARL MAYER RASCHEL RJG 5/2 F-NE, two Jacquard bars, 130/330/14/14, with two creels 654xx, 4 units, year 1984 KARL MAYER RASCHEL RJG 5/2 F-NE, two Jacquard bars, 130/330/14/14, with two creels 683xx, 2 units, year 1986 KARL MAYER KS3, 130/330/28, 553xx, 1 unit KARL MAYER KS2, 130/330/28, 531xx, 1 unit KARL MAYER SECTIONAL WARPER G8, 14, 221x, 1 unit KARL MAYER SECTIONAL WARPER DS21, 14x21, 287x, 1 unit SCHWEITER BOBBIN WINDER, 48 heads, MC 82x, 1 unit M-TEC 4-ply fabric folding machine, 330, 740x, 1 unit, year 1997 For further details or to arrange an inspection, please contact us.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2002, Vacuum cooker melter, ribbon blender, horizontal. For mixing and cooking under vacuum viscose products like processed cheese, pet food, standardization, etc. Double jacketed for indirect heating or cooling and direct heating by steam injection, 6 x steam injection ports. Max pressure in jacket 2 bar water or steam max 3,5 bar, CIP cleanable by 4 x spray balls. 1 outlet hatch pneumatic openable. With vacuum system, water dosing system with flow transmitter . Closed cover, pneumatic liftable, integrated liquid ring vacuum pump. Ingredient inlets: by separate elevator and standard 200 liter trolleys (elevator: KS type 602, 1,1kW - max 250 kg). Control panel with PLC (Siemens S7-300 controls), frequency converters. Display operation panel. Dimensions product room: 100 x 100 x 82 (lxwxh) cm. Documentation available. Guedpfx Asw Uzzkenxjb

Year of construction: 2009, condition: new, Three-front weaver Karl Mayer control panel We also have the 3 servo motors Gedjhva Twspfx Anxjub

Operating hours: 20 h, condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, total length: 400 mm, total width: 1,100 mm, total height: 800 mm, Ingredient cart / sack transport cart "Kuli Karl" for 5 sacks of 25 kg each stainless steel construction 4 swivel castors Dimensions approx.: 1100 x 400 x 800 mm (W x D x H) Gusdpfoxvk Eyex Anxjb Used unit / AS NEW

Condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, mileage: 50 km, first registration: 01/2025, empty load weight: 10,500 kg, overall weight: 14,100 kg, wheelbase: 3,850 mm, Year of construction: 2026, operating hours: 1 h, load capacity: 3,350 kg, pivoting range: 400 °, Equipment: ABS, all wheel drive, cable winch, crane, cruise control, differential lock, onboard computer, seat heater, trailer coupling, Kranimog special model KARL - special model! Unimog U5023 with HMF crane with 5 extensions and CABLE WINCH! - also available with work basket! The Unimog only has a total height of ~ 3.68 m with the large Michelin! Gsdsvluvrspfx Anxsub the important equipment - more details available on request - of the Unimog Tire pressure control system Off-road rear group Automatic Shift EAS Gearbox auxiliary drive End cross member for increased trailer load Trailer coupling Air conditioning Driver's air seat, suspension seat Front camera and rear view camera, monitor Tachograph digital generation 2 Exhaust system tailpipe upwards High performance engine brake HMF crane 1620 with 5 extensions and cable winch - WORK BASKET available as an option! ==> Scharmüller trailer sled with truck coupling and/or car coupling - with truck approval (a specialty and exclusive to us) In conjunction with the Scharmüller cross member and Scharmüller trailer sled, the following trailer values are possible: Trailer with continuous braking system: 21,000 kg Trailer with overrun brake: 3,500 kg Trailer without brakes: 750 kg Central axle trailer: 13,000 kg and support load: 1,000 kg  this makes the U5023 a multifunctional towing vehicle from car trailers, to ZAA trailers, to classic turntable trailers, at every possible height, the right coupling!  Ideal for you to drive your crane, because the Unimog itself is short and can therefore attach very long trailers.  Our special model also has a working gear: perfect for maneuvering, because it is very easy on the clutch and the speed can always be selected appropriately when necessary. Offer subject to change, only while stocks last - subject to prior sale. Unimog is still in use in some cases, mileage may vary!

Condition: ready for operation (used), WEG W22 motor with Karl Klein DNG 6-25/TS-300°C fan SN: 1612-302113, used, in good condition, fully functional, scope of delivery as per photos. Gjdpfx Ajx Dwinonxoub

Year of construction: 2017, condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, Complete Sawmill with Carriage Bandsaw and Edger including conveyors Gjdpfey I A H Aex Anxoub 4 Headblock Log Carriage - 1200 mm Fully Hydraulic Bandsaw - 1+2 Edger

Year of construction: 2014, condition: refurbished (used), functionality: fully functional, UHM120_H_T TANDEM BAND SAW Diameter of Wheels Ø 1200 mm Width of Wheels 140 mm Max. Cutting Height 1090 mm Max. Cutting Width 620 mm Upper Wheel Tilting 2×0.37 kW Movement of the Tandem 0.75 kW Hydraulic Unit Motor 2.2 kW Main Motor 2×45 kW - 1450 rpm Weight without Motor ~9000 kg Gujdpsu Rmqisfx Anxeb - Capability to saw two timbers in one pass by tandem lined two band saws - Timber thickness is adjusted by two axes control system on band saw and log carriage system UTA_Z4 HYDRAULIC LOG CARRIAGE Max opening of headblocks :1000 mm Max opening of hooks : 1070 mm Forwarding speed :160 m/min Speed of headblocks :320 mm/sec Hydraulic unit of forwarding :22 kW Headblocks : 4 pcs Width of rails : 1220 mm - Fixed fence-horizontol movable hooks. The distance between fence and hooks can be adjusted to desired position min: 35 mm- max: 145 m - Independent horizontal move hooks, log is able to be easily aligned according to to cut axis while clamped and is able to be adjusted to a fix distance of the hook and the fence -min:15mm - max:145mm - Two sets of joysticks with six buttons each to control head blocks, hooks and turning arms and 1 set of hydraulic pedal for carriage forward backward movement Conveyors 1. 14 mt longitudinal log conveyor 2. 6 mt Trasnversal Log Decking 3. 7 mt Longitudinal Timber Conveyor

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 7958 TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum cutting height: 120mm - Shaft width: 510mm - Shaft diameter: 75mm Gusdpfx Aeyzr N Honxob - Maximum sawblade diameter: 400mm – From above: - 2 rows of anti-kickback fingers - toothed feed roller - toothed outfeed roller – From below: - anti-kickback fingers - 2 toothed feed rollers - arbor with sawblade - toothed outfeed roller - 6 feed speeds - Hydraulic motor (for extension, feed, rollers): 3kW - Main motor: 22kW - Infinitely variable feed speed - Control stand dimensions: 700x600x1000mm - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2300x1450x1600mm - Weight approx. 2650kg ADVANTAGES – Turkish production – Robust construction – Used machine, in very good condition Net price: 37,900 PLN Net price: 9,020 EUR depending on the exchange rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, UDKP100 Multi-Blade Circular Saw - 37kW motor power - Max. cutting height: 100mm - Max. cutting width: 300mm - Max. working width: 450mm - Saw blade diameter: 250-300-350mm - Working speed: 40m/min - Chain conveyor feed - Manual saw blade height adjustment - Extra thick steel frame, shaft made of specially alloyed, hardened and ground steel - Manual blade height adjustment depending on the selected saw blade diameter - Large set of spacer rings included - Price ex location Hungary Gsdsxbrutspfx Anxoub Due to the age of the used machine, warranty is excluded for sales to commercial customers.