Used Roles Paternoster for sale (296)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, Equipment: documentation/manual, We inform, that we currently only sell or deliver to the D-A-CH and Be-Ne-Lux countries. We ask for your understanding Itjdpfjuriwgex Adlel

Condition: used, Features: Condition: fully functional, with traces of use. Ideal for fast material transport Itodpfomxf Uvox Adlol Expertly disassembled and packaged Manufacturer: Budde Condition: used drive type: motorized -king shaft total length outside: ca. 1500 mm total length inside: ca. 1850 mm total width incl. motor: ca. 900 mm total width without motor: ca. 560 mm conveying width: approx. 540 mm Material: steel, plastic Color: light gray Including feet (height adjustable) and motor gear (north 0.55 KW) Discharger/ Infeed/ Roller conveyor Due to the excellent workmanship of the roller conveyor, your material glides smoothly to its destination, even under heavy load. Tailor-made solutions for your intralogistics For roller conveyors, belt conveyors, inclined conveyors or telescopic conveyors for loading and unloading your goods, we are your competent partner! We will be happy to prepare your individual offer or advise you on design or installation issues. Simply let us know your requirements and the local conditions. Take advantage of our many years of experience and our excellent network of specialists. For companies in a wide range of industries, such as: Logistics, pharmaceutical industry, trade or the electronics industry, we have already successfully realized projects. Together we will work out ways to optimize your process and material flow in a cost-effective and sustainable way. We can even offer you fully automatic sorting technology or supplementary components such as picking racks or containers.

Year of construction: 2019, condition: excellent (used), Westphal Mechanik C7x Commutator Slotting Centre Machine No. M64127 Year of manufacture: 09/2019 The commutator slotting centre has four machining steps. The following components are approached in the steps: Contact slitting saw Insulating grooving saw Deburrer Brush The Stäubli TS 80 robot with SP1 control has two grippers that pass the commutator to the individual stations. Software data: Marking Builder2 (2D) Marking Builder2 (3D) Logo designer  Power supply: 3/N/PE AC 400/230 V 50 Hz Control voltage: 24 VDC  More pictures via this link. Further technical data will follow shortly.  Complete factory closure, large selection of storage platforms, pallet racks, shelf racks, paternosters. High-quality industrial machines, lathes, grinding machines, hand machines. Financing through our bank is also possible. komplett-konzept.leasingo.de Itjdog H Inzjpfx Adlel Further articles - new and used - you will find in our shop! International shipping costs on request!

Condition: reconditioned (used), Modernized machine with new LTG-StoreControl P control system 3 identical paternosters are available External dimensions: Height 6500 mm Width 3670 mm Itodpfjrw A Eisx Adlsl Depth 1560 mm 46 supports with a payload of 305 kg each In the clear usable dimensions: H = 210 mm W = 3050 mm D = 520 mm Chain pitch 254 mm Additionally available: 46 intermediate shelves for halving the usable height Total payload up to 14200 kg Storage table at 1000 mm above floor level with stainless steel worktop Color: GRAY / DARK GRAY, surface cleaned, signs of wear possible Drive motor power: 1 x 5.5 kW / 400 volts Subject to errors and technical changes. Details may vary from the photos. Delivery and installation currently mainly in Germany, Austria, and several neighboring countries.

Year of construction: 2019, condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Characteristics * Speed 350 m/min * 500 cuts/min * 8 unwinding stations * 10 cutting blades (pair) * 2 sets of cutting blades * Cutting capacity (set) 540 gsm * Cross cutter max.load 805 gsm Sheet output * Paper sheet width min: 350 mm * Paper sheet width max: 2200 mm * Paper sheet length min: 400 mm * Paper sheet length max: 1650 mm * Stack height incl.pallet: 1800 mm * Stack weight incl.pallet: 5000 kg Roles input * Roll diameter min: 500 mm * Roll diameter max: 1500 mm * Roll weight max: 5000 kg Itedpfx Adevphiyjlsl * Sleeve diameter min: 76 mm * Sleeve diameter max: 150 mm

Condition: good (used), Stacking boxes, stacking boxes, plastic boxes, Euro stacking boxes, transport baskets, stacking baskets, Euro stacking containers, Euro stacking containers, small load carriers, storage boxes, shelf boxes -6620x Storage bins: various sizes -771x storage bins Dimensions: 550/174/H110 mm -3483x Storage bins Dimensions: 175/135/H110 mm -2112x storage bins Dimensions: 275/175/H110 mm -30x storage boxes dimensions: 138/86/H110 mm -172x storage bins Dimensions: 174/136/H96 mm -56x storage boxes dimensions: 274/174/H96 mm Iodpfedqc Hwox Adletl -Sale: only complete

Condition: reconditioned (used), modernized machine with new StoreControl L control system Control system expansion optionally available 5 of the originally 6 identical machines still available External dimensions: Overall height 6,900 mm Overall width 1,580 mm Overall depth 2,680 mm 80 carriers, each with a payload of 250 kg in the clear internal dimensions: W = 1,250 mm D = 825 mm H from 0 to 750 mm Total payload up to 20,000 kg Start of the opening at 860 mm above floor level, then 1000 mm high Color: Gray / Dark Gray, carriers hot-dip galvanized Surface cleaned, signs of use and minor deformations possible Itodpfx Asrvkq Ejdlsl Performance data: Vertical drive 1 x 2.2 kW / 400 Volt Horizontal drive 1 x 0.25 kW / 400 Volt Additional extras: Lift door, manually operated Subject to errors, technical changes, and minor deviations in the photos Photos of identical machines Delivery and assembly currently mainly in Germany, Austria, and several neighboring countries

Condition: used, This listing is introducing 8 No Envair Mobile Isolators of different specifications currently held in our stock The units are in full working condition and ready for immediate use Envair Mobile Isolator Envair Technology is a UK-based manufacturer specializing in clean air and containment solutions for the healthcare, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical industries. Their product range includes a variety of isolators designed to provide controlled environments for handling hazardous substances, ensuring both operator and product safety. Applications Envair isolators are widely used in a variety of applications including Hospital Pharmacies: For preparation of TPN, CIVAS, and aseptic dispensing. Pharmaceutical Laboratories: Handling of HPAPIs and sterile compounding. Sterility Testing: Secure, controlled environments for product testing. R&D Facilities: Safe containment during experimental or early-stage developmen Key Features of Envair Isolators Positive and Negative Pressure Models: Envair offers both positive pressure isolators protect the product from contamination and negative pressure isolators to protect the operator from hazardous substances Compliance with GMP Standards: Many Envair isolators meet EU GMP Grade A and ISO 5 classifications, ensuring sterile, controlled environments. Customizable Designs: Envair provides bespoke solutions tailored to specific client needs, including unique dimensions and technical requirements. Itodpjxv Dhbefx Adlol Advanced Containment Technology: Isolators are equipped with automated pressure decay leak tests, electromagnetic interlocks for transfer chambers, and integrated decontamination systems. User-Friendly Controls: Most units include intuitive touchscreen interfaces and PLC-based systems for simple and efficient operation. Growing Need for Containment with HPAPIs Demand for personalised medicines containing High Potent Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (HPAPIs)—particularly in newer super-potent oncology, cardiovascular, and diabetes treatments—is increasing rapidly. These medicines often require shorter turnaround times, forcing pharmaceutical process manufacturers to develop faster, more agile workflows. In such high-risk, high-value settings, a GMP-compliant environment is not optional—it’s critical. It’s easy to overlook the fact that the people developing, manufacturing, and dispensing these complex drugs are at risk of exposure to harmful, sometimes lethal, compounds. Their safety is paramount, given the essential role they play in maintaining a reliable supply of advanced therapeutics. Expertise in HPAPI Handling for CMOs & CDMOs Envair has specialist expertise in helping Contract Manufacturing Organisations (CMOs) and Contract Development and Manufacturing Organisations (CDMOs) safely handle HPAPIs—even within existing non-contained facilities. Their isolator systems are designed, manufactured, and installed to meet rigorous containment performance levels below 1μg/m³ (OEB 5). Each system is custom-engineered for the specific site and process step—whether it’s weighing, mixing, milling, spray drying, or packaging. Applications Hospital Pharmacies: For preparation of TPN, CIVAS, and aseptic dispensing. Pharmaceutical Laboratories: Handling of HPAPIs and sterile compounding. Sterility Testing: Secure, controlled environments for product testing. R&D Facilities: Safe containment during experimental or early-stage development

Condition: reconditioned (used), modernized machine with new LTG control system StoreControl L External dimensions: Overall height 10,000 mm Overall width 1,600 mm Overall depth 2,680 mm 45/90 carriers, each with a payload of 250 kg in the clear internal dimensions: W = 1,250 mm D = 825 mm H from 0 to 750 mm Total payload up to 20,000 kg Start of the operating opening at 865 mm above the floor level, then 850 mm high Color scheme: GRAY / BLUE, carriers hot-dip galvanized Surfaces cleaned, signs of wear and minor deformations possible Performance data Vertical drive 1 x 2.2 kW / 400 Volt Horizontal drive 1 x 0.29 kW / 400 Volt Additional extras: Lift door, manual Itsdpsrvkrfefx Adljl Subject to errors, technical changes, and minor deviations in the photos Images of a similar machine Delivery and installation currently mainly in Germany, Austria, and several neighboring countries

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2014, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 2,200 kg, KUKA KRC4 linear axis 1500/3T Article number: 8143983 Serial number: 143983 The KUKA KRC4 linear axis is a high-precision and robust motion unit that is ideal for industrial applications. It ensures precise control of motion sequences and plays a central role in automation processes and robotic systems within production. Its stable construction ensures consistently reliable performance, even in the most demanding applications. Itodpevzxg Tofx Adljl

Year of construction: 1990, condition: good (used), Weiss temperature test chamber WT 11-18 KWP 500/40  Spring, summer, autumn and winter - your products must be able to withstand different temperatures during manufacture, transport, storage and use. The temperature test chambers from Weiss Technik help you to test the influence of thermal conditions on the properties, function and service life of your products. Itodpsh Izh Iofx Adlsl Manufacturer: Weiss Technik Type: KWP 500/40 - 180 DU Designation: WT 11-18 Type: Temperature test chamber Test chamber volume: 500 ltr. Temperature range: -40°C to +180°C Outside dimensions: 110 cm wide, 173 cm deep and 204 cm high Dimensions inside: 80 cm wide, 85 cm deep and 85 cm high Pressure: 25 bar Voltage: 380 V Frequency: 50 Hz kVA: 4.7 Refrigerant: R 502 Year of manufacture: 1990 Condition: used complete factory closure, large selection of storage platforms, pallet racks, shelf racks, paternosters. High-quality industrial machines, lathes, grinding machines, hand machines Financing through our bank is also possible. komplett-konzept.leasingo.de Further articles - new and used - you will find in our shop! International shipping costs on request!

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 250-1850X825, total height: 6,300 mm, total width: 2,030 mm, total length: 2,680 mm, load capacity per storage section: 250 kg, input voltage: 415 V, warranty duration: 12 months, Equipment: safety light barrier, KARDEX SHUTTLE 250-1850X825-NT 1 AVAILABLE GREY IN COLOUR TRAY WEIGHT 250KG NUMBER OF TRAYS 45 TRAY DIMENSIONS - 1850mm x 825mm Itedpfxewtqxdo Adlol AUTO ADJUST TRAY HEIGHT PER TRAY 12 MONTHS WARRANTY SERVICE & MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS AVAILABLE THESE MACHINES ARE MODULA AND CAN THEREFORE BE REDUCED IN HEIGHT TO FIT ANY HEIGHT RESTRICTIONS

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, total height: 6,300 mm, total width: 1,580 mm, total length: 2,680 mm, load capacity per storage section: 250 kg, input voltage: 415 V, warranty duration: 12 months, Equipment: documentation/manual, safety light barrier, KARDEX SHUTTLE 250 - 1250X825-NT GREY IN COLOUR 45 TRAYS TRAY DIMENSIONS 1250MM X 825MM AUTOMATIC HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT FOR TRAYS WHEN ENTERING MACHINE 12 MONTHS WARRANTY SERVICE & MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS AVAILABLE Isdpfewtqz Eox Adletl THESE MACHINES ARE MODULA AND CAN THEREFORE BE REDUCED IN HEIGHT TO FIT INTO ANY HEIGHT RESTRICTIONS

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 7010X3000, total height: 7,010 mm, total width: 3,000 mm, total length: 2,100 mm, load capacity per storage section: 300 kg, input voltage: 415 V, warranty duration: 12 months, Equipment: safety light barrier, MEGAMAT FSE STORAGE LIFT SYSTEM GREY IN COLOUR 300KG PER TRAY 40 TRAYS INCLUDED TRAY DIMENSIONS 2652mm x 612mm AUTOMATIC HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT 12 MONTHS WARRANTY KEYPAD OPERATION WHICH CAN BE UPGRADED TO PC/SOFTWARE AT ADDTIONAL COSTS SERVICE & MAINTENANCE CONTRACT AVAILABLE Isdpfx Aowtrcqodljtl

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2024, operating hours: 10 h, functionality: fully functional, coil weight: 15,000 kg, sheet thickness aluminum (max.): 4 mm, sheet thickness steel (max.): 4 mm, sheet thickness copper (max.): 4 mm, inner diameter: 508 mm, sheet thickness (max.): 4 mm, outer diameter: 1,800 mm, coil width: 1,600 mm, number of blades: 4, type of input current: three-phase, warranty duration: 12 months, straightening roller diameter: 75 mm, load capacity: 15,000 kg, space requirement width: 3,500 mm, space requirement length: 12,000 mm, space requirement height: 3,500 mm, feed roller diameter: 250 mm, number of feed rollers: 2, CTL Demaq Evo. New, stock. Coil up to 15 Tons D1800, 20-24" Nominal. Itedpfx Aju Ey D Sodlol Coil Cart hydraulic. 2 pinch-role of feeder and 11 straight rolls. Hardened and chromed. Servo Nidec in straightener and decoiler. 4 longitudinal knifes, axis (HC) 230 mm, knifes 300 mm. Transversal shear. Full made in Spain in our facilities. Optional other devices and configurations. The most advanced Demaq SPL machine. 2 units available.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: XP2000, total height: 7,550 mm, total width: 2,780 mm, total length: 3,070 mm, load capacity per storage section: 500 kg, construction height: 7,600 mm, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 415 V, empty load weight: 500 kg, warranty duration: 12 months, load capacity: 20,000 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, safety light barrier, Kardex shuttle 500 XP2000 415v Colour Blue & Grey Max load per tray 500Kg Number of Trays 40 Ijdpfx Asrgqw Eodlstl Total machine load 20,000 Kg Tray Dimensions width - 2450mm x 864mm depth Machine Dimensions 7550mm x 2780mm x 3074mm These machines are modula and can be reduced in Height to fit any facility Full installation service available with 12 months warranty Supply only without warranty Service & Maintenance available after installation if required

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2000, operating hours: 15,800 h, Used Bottle Washer KLINGER up to 9600 bph This Bottle Washer handles up to 9,600 bottles per hour. The machine features 20 bottles per row, ensuring a long soaking time and double lye pumps. Constructed entirely of stainless steel, this bottle washer uses a Siemens S7 control system, ensuring reliable and precise operation. Technical Specifications of the Washing System The Used Bottle Washer KLINGER up to 9600 bph includes double heaters and overflow pumps, providing a high cleaning capacity. Consequently, this configuration treats each bottle uniformly, enhancing the efficiency of the washing process. The Siemens S7 control system, furthermore, offers a user-friendly interface via a touch panel, simplifying operational management. Potable Water Treatment Plant Potable water treatment plays a crucial role in the proper functioning of the bottle washer. Hager + Elsässer provides the plant, which includes cation and anion exchangers, a salt container, a pre-filter, and a UV probe. This system processes 5 m³/h, ensuring high-quality water. Additionally, the reverse osmosis (RO) plant delivers a total desalination capacity of 2.5 m³/h, ensuring pure water for the washing process. Electrical Configuration and Control Panels This Bottle Washer features three electrical panels, arranged from left to right, with a Siemens touch panel for centralized control. This configuration allows for accurate monitoring and optimal operational management. In addition, the upper panels handle cooling, with a total residence time of 4.13 minutes and a treatment time of 1.63 minutes. Technical details Bottle cells: width and diameter: Iodpfx Adexqmrfsletl height 100 mm. 360 mm spray hole in the base of the cell diameter 20 mm. The bottle cell is not round on the lower insertion side, but flattened , so that even bottles with small diameters can be inserted into the cell without any problems. Bottles from 200 ml to 1,500 ml can be rinsed. The diameter of the bottle mouth must not be smaller than the spray hole in the bottom of the cell, i.e. at least 20 mm. If the bottles are very light, or made of PVC, the spray pressure of the pumps could be reduced using software, so that the bottles are not sprayed out of the cell. Fort PVC bottles the diameter of the bottles should not be smaller than 50 mm, depending on the shape and weight. The higher the weight, the better… PVC bottles do not cause problems because of their shape or diameter, but are usually too light… So your bottles can be easily worked. Treatment and Spraying Details of the Used Bottle Washer KLINGER up to 9600 bph The central panel, on the other hand, manages the spraying times with the following specifications: Spraying soda: 0.5 min. Residual soda: 0.83 min. Hot water: 0.38 min. Warm water: 0.38 min. Cold water: 0.38 min. Fresh water: 0.

Condition: reconditioned (used), Currently, 13 (formerly 17) identical machines are still available. Mechanically refurbished machine with new LTG control system StoreControl L. External dimensions: - Height: 8,450 mm (modification possible at extra cost) - Width: 2,805 mm - Depth: 2,810 mm 50 carriers, each with a load capacity of 250 kg Clear usable dimensions: - Width: 2,450 mm - Depth: 825 mm - Height: from 55 to 750 mm Total load capacity per machine up to 2 x 15,000 kg Operation opening begins at 890 mm above FFL (finished floor level), with a height of 875 mm Colour: cream white / blue, carriers sendzimir galvanized, surfaces cleaned, traces of use possible Itedpfx Aden D A I Tjlel Performance data: - Vertical drive: 1 x 5 kW / 400 Volt - Horizontal drive: 1 x 0.55 kW / 400 Volt Optional transport trolleys available Subject to errors, technical modifications, and variations from the photos. Delivery and installation currently mainly in Germany, Austria, and several neighboring countries.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2012, functionality: fully functional, load capacity per storage section: 500 kg, empty load weight: 5,000 kg, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! The payment period is one week after purchase of the machine! Placing a bid obliges you to collect the machine on time between 17.11.2025 and 21.11.2025! Number of pallets: 55 included, space for 74. TECHNICAL DETAILS Load capacity per storage section: 500 kg Maximum container load: 500 kg Maximum total load: 40,000 kg Ijdpsxm U U Hefx Adljtl Tray size: approx. 1860 x 825 mm MACHINE DETAILS Power: 6 kW Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 3,000 x 2,000 x 7,500 mm Weight: 5,000 kg

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2016, Bosch Rexroth Linear Cylinder Machine Itedpohufclofx Adlol The machine is a special production for Bosch for own use in the production process. The machine contains: Rexroth MSK050C-0600-NN-M1-UG1-NNN 3-Phase Synchronous PM-Motor Festo DGC-40-650-KF-Y5R-A 532449 H608 Rexroth EMC-063-NN-2 Schischke MY_1106 E2 - voltage 380-480, 6 bar, 1300 kg, year of construction 2016 Condition: used  Complete plant closure, large selection of storage platforms, pallet racks, shelf racks, paternosters. High-quality industrial machines, lathes, grinding machines, hand machines. Financing through our bank is also possible. komplett-konzept.leasingo.de Further articles - new and used - you will find in our shop! International shipping costs on request!

Condition: reconditioned (used), Mechanically overhauled machine with new LTG-StoreControl L control system 2 identical machines available External dimensions: Height 5,450 mm Width 3,380 mm Depth 2,920 mm 60 beams with a payload of 210 kg each with clear usable dimensions: W = 3,050 mm D = 813 mm H from 45 to 750 mm Total machine load capacity up to 2 x 33,650 kg Start of the service opening 900 mm above the top floor, then 800 mm high Color: GRAY/BLUE, beams sendzimier-galvanized, surfaces cleaned, signs of wear possible Performance values: Vertical drive 1 x 4 kW / 400 volts Ijdpsn D A N Hefx Adlotl Horizontal drive 1 x 0.75 kW / 400 Volt Subject to errors, technical changes, and deviations from the photos. Delivery and installation currently mainly in Germany, Austria, and several neighboring countries.

Year of construction: 2003, condition: good (used), Type: TLI 4500/4300 Device No.: 03501 Iedpfx Aehyhlnsdlotl Year of manufacture: 2003 Device height: approx. 4560 mm Device width: approx. 4280 mm Device depth: approx. 2330 mm Number of shelves: 5 Shelf width: approx. 3610 mm Shelf depth: approx. 710 mm Shelf height: approx. 1060 mm Load capacity per shelf: 200 kg Total load capacity: 1000 kg Color: beige

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, total height: 5,720 mm, total width: 3,470 mm, total length: 2,300 mm, load capacity per storage section: 250 kg, input voltage: 415 V, warranty duration: 12 months, Equipment: safety light barrier, MODULA LIFT SYSTEM MX25 MX1220043 GREY IN COLOUR 415V 250KG PER TRAY TRAY DIMENSIONS 2500mm x 800mm 35 TRAYS KEYPAD OPERATION Itedpfx Aewtrbgedlol 12 MONTHS WARRANTY SERVICE & MAINTENANCE CONTRACT AVAILABLE THIS MACHINE IS MODULA AND CAN THEREFORE BE REDUCED IN HEIGHT TO FIT ANY HEIGHT RESTRICTIONS

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2003, functionality: fully functional, Fully automatic high-performance die cutter Renz Kugler 341-2R for calendars and ring binders 3 tools Conveniently operated by a single person, Kugler punching machines are suitable for use in even the tightest spaces. Equipped with a non-stop feeder and gentle top-fed material intake. Capable of trouble-free processing of mixed materials (e.g., cardboard and plastic). Precise alignment before the punching process ensures maximum accuracy. Ideal for perforating ring binder inserts, cardboard and plastic calendar/index sheets, paper for wire-bound products, and much more. Tool changes only require a few simple steps. After punching, a turning wheel maintains the correct sequence for printed and numbered products, transporting them to the delivery station. Precise and simple register adjustment. Performance features - Minimal maintenance required - Highly efficient - User-friendly operation - Fastest changeover between formats Technical data - Working width: 500 mm - Maximum punched page format: 500 mm - Maximum unpunched page format: 500 mm - Maximum punching thickness: 3 mm per layer - Punching speed: 110 cycles/min Itjdpfx Aoxduclodljl - Paper feeding: automatic, non-stop paternoster feeder - Paper delivery: automatic, box delivery with jogger - Paper grammage: min. 60 g/m², max. 2 mm (subject to gram/quality restrictions) - Register punching: yes (not included) - Interchangeable tooling - Tool changes require only a few manual operations - Quick format change, manual setting wheels - Adjustable edge distance - Punching unit can be selectively deactivated - Space required: 3.30 x 1.50 m - Net weight: 1,580 kg

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: NT2000, total height: 4,300 mm, total width: 3,300 mm, total length: 2,980 mm, load capacity per storage section: 250 kg, construction height: 4,35,000 mm, input voltage: 415 V, warranty duration: 12 months, load capacity: 250 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, safety light barrier, Kardex 500 Shuttle NT2000 1 Available 415v 3 phase netural & Earth 16 amps into an isolator required Colour Blue & Grey Max load per tray 250Kg Number of trays 20 per machine Machine Dimensions 4300mm Height x 3300mm Width x 2980mm depth Tray Dimensions 3000mm width x 860mm depth Delivery, installation & 12 months warranty available Itjdpfx Ajrgqxmodlol Supply only available without warranty Service & Maintenance contracts available for these machines