Used Screen Printing Machines for sale (70,053)

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2023, For sale: MHM SPiQ 20 45×55 screen printing carousel (SYNCHROPRINT iQ OVAL compact) with iDS (individual Drive System). Manufacturing date: January 2023. Ibsdpfx Aaexb Avzsbsc Manufacturer: MHM – Machines Highest Mechatronic GmbH (Austria) Model: SPiQ 20 45×55 Type: 1450IQ Year of manufacture: 01/2023 Power supply: 3×400 V, 50/60 Hz Connected load: 7.4 kVA Air requirement: approx. 690 l/min, 0.8 MPa (8 bar / 116 psi) Specification (per order): • Print area: 45×55 cm • Number of printing stations: 13 • Number of flash cure units: 4 Equipment: • 20× aluminium palette with neck cut-out: 52×80 cm • 13× squeegee blade 50 cm / 65 shore • 13× flood blade (low) 50 cm • 1× MHM Pro Iron – 40 cm Overall dimensions: 3.5 m × 11 m

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1996, The Vipromat-S semiautomatic screen printing machines, manufactured by Viprotech in 1996, are currently in production and located in Germany. These machines have a format of 700 x 1000 mm and can handle a maximum sheet size of 885 x 1250 mm with a maximum stock thickness of 25 mm. The maximum printing size is 700 x 1000 mm, and the maximum frame size is 1125 x 1500 mm. The machines have an air consumption of 6 bar at 20 nl/min and an adjustable squeegee angle between 75 and 90 degrees. The off-contact is variable from 3 to 28 mm, and the fine registration adjustment ranges from to . The squeegee speed can be set between 0.2 and 1.2 meters per second, allowing for a maximum of 850 prints per hour. The machine dimensions are 170 cm in length and 160 cm in width, with a weight of 435 kg. The electrical connection required is 230 V, 50 Hz, 1ph+N+Pe, 3 kW. The delivery terms are FCA (Free Carrier), meaning the seller delivers the goods to the carrier appointed by the buyer at the seller's premises. Format: 700 x 1000 mm Equipment: Width 160 cm Length 170 cm Maximum frame size 1125 x 1500 mm Maximum printing size 700 x 1000 mm Maximum sheet size 885 x 1250 mm Off-contact variable 3 - 28 Air consumption 6 bar, 20 nl/min Squeegee speed m/sec 0,2 - 1,2 Squeegee angle adjust 75 - 90?? Electrical connection 230 V, 50 Hz, 1ph+N+Pe, 3 kW Fine register adjustm Max. stock thickness 25 Machine weight 435 KG Max. nr of prints/hour 850 semiautomatic screen printing machines Ibjdpfxevfxp Aj Aabjc

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1996, The Vipromat-S semiautomatic screen printing machines, produced by Viprotech in 1996, are currently in production and located in Germany. These machines have a format of 700 x 1000 mm and can accommodate a maximum sheet size of 885 x 1250 mm with a maximum stock thickness of 25 mm. The maximum printing size is 700 x 1000 mm, and the maximum frame size is 1125 x 1500 mm. The air consumption is 6 bar at 20 nl/min, and the off-contact is adjustable from 3 to 28 mm. The fine registration adjustment ranges from to . The squeegee speed can be set between 0.2 and 1.2 meters per second, enabling a maximum of 850 prints per hour. The machine dimensions are 170 cm in length and 160 cm in width, with a weight of 435 kg. The squeegee angle can be adjusted between 75 and 90 degrees. The electrical connection required is 230 V, 50 Hz, 1ph+N+Pe, 3 kW. The delivery terms are FCA (Free Carrier), which means the seller delivers the goods to the carrier appointed by the buyer at the seller's premises. Format: 700 x 1000 mm Equipment: semiautomatic screen printing machines Maximum printing size 700 x 1000 mm Maximum frame size 1125 x 1500 mm Maximum sheet size 885 x 1250 mm Max. stock thickness 25 Off-contact variable 3 - 28 Max. nr of prints/hour 850 Fine register adjustm Squeegee speed m/sec 0,2 - 1,2 Squeegee angle adjust 75 - 90?? Ibjdpfxovfx Hze Aabec Machine weight 435 KG Electrical connection 230 V, 50 Hz, 1ph+N+Pe, 3 kW Air consumption 6 bar, 20 nl/min Length 170 cm Width 160 cm

Year of construction: 2013, condition: excellent (used), machine/vehicle number: 181941, Air Delivery System: Re-circulating Temperature range: +/- 8°C from ambient within a programmable range of 19 – 30°C Temperature control: +/- 0.5°C Cooling Capacity: 2000W Temperature Sensor: shared output from integrated printer sensor (0 – 10V input over 0 – 50°C) Air In Filter: G4 (91% Average Arrestance) EN 779: 2002 Refrigerant Gas: R134a 0.75Kg Full load current: 12.6A Start Up Current: 20A Frequency: 50 / 60Hz Voltage: 230V +/- 10% (207V – 253V working range) Single Phase Acoustic Noise: > 75dB Dimensions: 1300mm High (+ beacon), 510mm, 540mm Condensate: Collected in 5 litre container for disposal or piped to drain Weight: 100Kg Documentation not included the TCM is a precision temperature control module designed to enhance the Print Process by providing a highly stable and accurately controlled air temperature within DEK's range of printers. The operating range of the TCM offers wide control of the process s temperature either side of factory ambient. As applications become more varied the requirement to produce high yield results can be aided by the ability to heat as well as cool from factory ambient. Adhesive printing for example benefits from a temperature in the 25-30°C range, which is generally higher than conditioned factory ambient. Conditioned air is fed from the TCM into the print area and returned via ducting located beneath the printer. Ducting design has been formed to achieve minimal airflow rates over the process area prolonging tack performance of solder pastes and increasing stencil life. Ijdpfx Aajhg Rcxjbsbc Due to its optimised design and re-circulating system the TCM is energy efficient and requires minimal input power from a single-phase mains supply. Exhaust air is vented through the top of the TCM alleviating the need for any connection to factory extraction systems. The TCM will automatically shut down following a predetermined delay if the printer is powered down or covers are left open. To monitor process temperature the TCM utilises the output from the printers integrated Temperature Sensor located on the print carriage resulting in accurate feedback and control. To prevent process contamination conditioned air is passed through a filter before entering the printer. The possibility of process contamination is further reduced due to the TCM maintaining a higher air pressure within the printer compared to the surrounding environment thus limiting the ingress of airborne particulates. The Modules operating status is indicated by provision of a 'four colour' beacon clearly visible to line operators. Any condensate produced can be gravity piped to drain or collected in an easy to empty 5-litre container. Two sensors monitor condensate level and give a warning via the beacon when container requires emptying. The TCM will automatically shut down if the container is not emptied to prevent overflow. Sales price: 1900 Euro + VAT, negotiable, FCA Oradea, Romania Irrtum, Anderungen und Zwischenverkauf vorbehalten /

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2010, functionality: fully functional, FOR SALE: Antec Legend 8/8 Screen Printing Press - The World's Finest Manual Machine! We are selling our Antec Legend 8/8 manual screen printing press. Widely recognized as the best manual machine available, the Legend offers an unparalleled combination of features: Extremely Lightweight: Makes operation smooth and less fatiguing. Isdowk E Ihopfx Aabjbc Precise Registration: Ensures high-quality, multi-color prints with perfect alignment. Fast and Efficient: Designed for rapid production without compromising accuracy. Incredibly Easy to Maintain: Simple design for hassle-free upkeep and longevity. True All Heads Down Capability: Allows for printing with multiple operators simultaneously, significantly increasing production speed. Included with the press is a Workhorse Flash Dryer with Stand-Off. This machine is ready to go and waiting for its new owner to start printing! Contact us for more information and to arrange a viewing.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, operating hours: 8,000 h, M&R automatic textile screen printing machine with 6 colors and 8 stations, Sportsman model, pneumatic, in perfect condition. A total of 400,000 prints, very little use as we specialized in workwear printing. The machine can be tested, it is operational and installed. Ibedpfowzkz Uox Aaboc

Year of construction: 2011, condition: ready for operation (used), Various laboratory devices are available for quality testing in the textile industry. 1) Textile tensile tester Textechno FPA ME, year of manufacture: 2000, max. speed of pull-off clamp: 5000mm/min, clamping dimensions X/Y: 46mm/10mm, clamping pressure 3bar/5bar/8bar: 1200N/2000N/3200N, max. clamping distance: 960mm, force transducer: E 10N/E100N/E1000N, accuracy: +/-1%, machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 885mm/700mm/1730mm, weight: approx. 200kg, control: Textechno Bus. 2) Illuminated table White Screen Normlight, lighting: 3x 36W, machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 1250mm/800mm/850mm. 3) Textile length measuring machine Yuan More YG086, year of manufacture: 2011, measurement: linear yarn density, yarn count: 1-6, frame circumference: 1000mm (+/-1mm), frame speed min./max.: 30r/270r/min, max. yarn frame turns: 9999, yarn traverse stroke: 35mm (+/-0.5mm), single yarn tension range: 0cN-100cN, machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 850mm/680mm/550mm, weight: approx. 50kg. 4) Digital microscope Di-Li. 5) Light box Just color Viewing Light. 6) Cardwinder Graf & Co CCW15. Documentation available. On-site inspection is possible. Ijdpfsuanrwsx Aabebc

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2004, Sakurai Front Pick up Automatic Suction Feeder Sakurai Aktiprint SK UV Dryer Sakurai Automatic Stacker Iodpfsww Eiljx Aabjbc Fully Cleaned

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2016, Assembly in 2017, consisting of: unwinding and rewinding unit (unwinder/rewinder), each with SIEMENS control system including touch panel, FANUC R2000ic 210f loading robot, control unit (for print unit setup), 8 color printing units (left tower, central tower, right tower). Weight: 16/35/18 t, BST edge guiding system, AHLBRANDT surface treatment (corona station), extraction unit, 5 web tension units, web break sensor, inspection table, BST eltromat register control, serial no.: WA18911, RITTAL control cabinet, PSI electron beam unit with switching and cooling system, pressure vessel, oxygen analysis, BST eltromat web monitoring system, BST eltromat visual defect detection system, year of manufacture: 2017, platform, staircase, mounted control cabinet (for corona station), serial no.: 513783, power: 8 kW, control center (container design), various MITSUBISHI climate control units, specialized media supply (water, electricity, nitrogen, compressed air), central SIEMENS control system, safety fencing, light barriers, total weight approx. 110 t. Iodpfx Ajxnafaoabobc

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2004, SPS CP2 SpotUV 72cm*102cm + UV SPS ClassicJet M2 (2H/1C UVi) / 2 x heating stations UV cooler ST2 stacker delivery Also included are extra brand-new lamps, extra strap and about 80 metal frames. Max paper size : 720 x 1020 mm Iodpswmmhzofx Aabjbc Min paper size : 320 x 450 mm Screen size : 1140 x 1280 mm Speed : 3300/h Dimensions : 4090 x 2350 x 1580 mm Weight : 4200 kg Air : 6 bars Power supply : 3 x 400V N PE 50/60 Hz – 13.5 Kw

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2020, operating hours: 100 h, input voltage: 220 V, total length: 2,750 mm, total width: 850 mm, total height: 2,000 mm, type of input current: three-phase, overall weight: 500 kg, Almost unused machine. Ibsdpfxsxayxke Aabsc

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2010, operating hours: 6,191 h, functionality: fully functional, We have an SPS Stop Cylinder B1 machine for sale, year of manufacture 2010, placed into production in 2018. From 2010 to 2018, the machine served as a demo unit in a showroom and ran only empty cycles without printing, which is why it has a higher number of empty cycles – 3,366,000, compared to 1,818,912 printing cycles. The machine consists of a stop cylinder, UV tunnel, and stacker. During a service inspection last year, the SPS technician rated its condition as the best he has ever seen on a used machine in his career. The machine will be available in January 2026. Iodpfxsxmuu Hs Aabebc

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: vec1206-L-1809RO1, input voltage: 400 V, total length: 7,000 mm, total width: 7,000 mm, total height: 2,000 mm, compressed air connection: 6 bar, type of input current: three-phase, year of last overhaul: 2024, overall weight: 2,000 kg, input current: 11 A, mount diameter: 7,000 mm, loading space length: 7,000 mm, loading space width: 3,000 mm, loading space height: 2,000 mm, Laminated steel frame. safety bars for each print head and loading/unloading station. - Safety barrier to prevent operators from entering the stations during work -FOOT PEDAL (print order) -SERVOINDEXATOR-Precise pallet position control +/- .001". Ensures smooth indexing with superior print consistency -Increase production with precise control of acceleration and deceleration direction index: right and left -Programmed with Step-Back, Multi Step-Back and Cycle indexing options -Adjustment of the carousel stroke in both directions -15" TOUCHSCREEN with Aries 2 operating system Easy operator access to all machine parameters Program multiple heads simultaneously Full speed control in both directions of travel View number of prints in real time, speed (pcs/hour) Save all parameters of a stored job: indexer speed, head speed of printing, printing area, number of strokes, time and temperature flash polymerization, color design Setting the preheating temperature of the pallets Quick setting at the same print speed and distance for all heads -Electrically operated PRINT HEADS-10 stations, 6 colors, 4 intermediate flashes, 12 pallets -VERY USEFUL for printing with water-based ink (automatic screen flooding system with ink after printing) - adjusting the screens (templates) with maximum precision in 3 points (front-back, left-right, rotational movement) -adjusting the distance between the pallet and the screen giving you the flexibility to print practically any ink on any substrate at the touch of a button - independent adjustment of the angle of the scraper and counter-scraper, with possible adjustments do with one hand - INTERMEDIATE FLASHS - RAPID WAVE QUARTZ QUARTZ FLASH 51cmX53cm (12 lamps) maximum coverage area Each of them is divided into 3 separate areas (front, middle, back) that can be used depending of the print size: area one, area two, area three, each two/all three Ibedpfxevccqxj Aabec CONFIGURED FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF INTERMEDIATE DRYING AFTER EACH PRINT: PRINT/FLASH/PRINT/PRINT/FLASH/PRINT/FLASH/PRINT/FLASH/PRINT/FLA SH/PRINT (POLYCROMY AC-powered printheads enhance finesse, speed and power Front and rear travel adjustment One-handed tool-free squeegee/flood bar lock for quick and easy charging and changing 15" touch screen with Aries 2 operating system Easy operator access to all machine parameters Program multiple heads simultaneously Full speed control in both directions of travel View real-time number of prints (dozen) and speed (pcs/hour) Save all parameters of a stored job: non-contact, indexer speed, indexer speed, printhead speed, print area, number of strokes, flash curing time and temperature, color design, mode Set the pallet preheat temperature Quickly set the same print speed and distance for all heads Print heads AC electric print heads for a stronger and smoother stroke Press the button at the loading/unloading stations to prevent printing on empty pallets Adjustable side supports for low-profile screens for easy access True three-point micro-registration (front to back, left to right and roll motion)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2021, functionality: fully functional, conveyor belt width: 1,200 mm, infeed width: 1,080 mm, Thieme 3030/20 H Vision Screen Printing Machine (2021) with Siemens touchscreen control panel Ibjdpfxsxiwuno Aabec Vacuum infeed table approx 1,080 x 1.080mm with 2x overhead inspection cameras Teknek dust & particle removal and film cleaning system Keyence MK-G Series inkjet printer for film traceability Screen printer effective print area approx 1,080 x 1,080mm with approx 1,200mm wide plastic mesh conveyor Screen print area overhead inspection cameras Natgraph 54318A 110-6004-R-IR-85 dryer (2021) with ICS Cool Energy iC 305 chiller Film outfeed collection tray

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1998, Technical data: Material width: min. 100 mm, max. 340 mm Printing width: max. 325 mm Print repeat length: min. 101.6 mm, max. 355.6 mm Machine components: • Corona treatment Ijdpfexnrdhjx Aabobc • Turn bar • 3× screen printing units • Hot foil stamping unit • 1× screen printing unit • Flatbed die cutter • 1× screen printing unit

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2012, functionality: fully functional, total length: 1,020 mm, total width: 740 mm, ESC ATMACE 710/G: Max print format: 720x1020 Max substrate format: 740x1020 Min. substrate format: 330x480 Max size of the screen printing frame: 1140x1280 Squeegee angle adjustment range: 30 degrees Fit adjustment range: /-10 Ibedpownbbxsfx Aaboc Manual feed - ¾ auto Max speed - depends on the substrate: 500 sheets/h Power consumption: approx. 3.9 kW Dimensions: length/width/height 2700x2500x1500 year of manufacture 2012 UV TUNNEL EPS SUV 800: Max sheet format: 1050x780 Max stack height: 860 Max conveyor speed: 45m/min. Max power consumption: 14.3 kW Weight: 550 kg Dimensions: length/width/height 4300x1680x1380 year of manufacture 2012 The set additionally: - Station for washing sieves, - grinder for sharpeni...

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1994, functionality: limited functionality, input voltage: 400 V, total length: 2,430 mm, total width: 1,880 mm, total height: 1,400 mm, conveyor belt width: 1,100 mm, Three-quarter automatic flatbed screen printing machine with angle-opening upper section and pull-out device. Product removal unit via vacuum suction, Natgraph Air Force dryer type 110-4002 TC, automatic copying station esc for frame size 105x125 cm, automatic screen washing unit DSW, automatic wastewater treatment plant (defective), 2 manual screen washing units. The printing line is operational but is being sold as defective. No warranty or liability. The line is still in operation and can be inspected. It is also possible to sell individual parts of the system upon offer. Ibedpew I N Ilefx Aaboc

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Screen printing exposure machine: UV - LED from MTP, model S-LED 4000 (New) Machine for preparing screen printing silkscreen, robust and reliable. Easy to use, low energy consumption. LED source: 400W Fast vacuum pump (20/30s to create a vacuum) Maximum screen size: 83 cm x 63cm Digital timer for vacuuming + exposure time Supplied with its chassis (to be assembled) Very simple operation, exposure time of 1 to 2 mins UV LED exposure chassis, vacuum pump included. Support included. Price €2,390 excluding VAT - Delivery not included 1 year warranty. AVAILABLE IN MARCH 2025 screen printing, screen printing workshop, screen printing ink, screen printing, screen printing art. screen printing workshop, screen printing frame, screen printing training, screen printing equipment. screen printing, screen printing exposure machine, screen printing bordeaux, screen printing typon. Ibsdpfolgvlrox Aabjc screen printing company, screen printing machine, industrial screen printing, screen printing machine. home screen printing, screen printing company, screen printing printer, screen printing on wood. screen printing painting, artisanal screen printing, artist screen printing, technical screen printing. screen printing typon printer, textile screen printing, screen printing spatula, manual screen printing carousel. screen printing film printer, automatic screen printing machine, garment screen printing machine. screen printing used equipment. Textile ink. Solvent cleaner, Photographic emulsion. Screen printing emulsion. Emulsions for coating screen printing screens. Textile emulsion. Diazo emulsion for water-based inks, High-quality screen printing emulsion, water and plastisol inks. Products for screen manufacturing Screen printing exposure unit, emulsion, exposure frame, Vacuum exposure unit, Exposure frame. UV exposure unit, Exposure unit, Exposure bench, UV exposure unit for screen printing, UV screen printing exposure light. screen printing exposure unit, cyanotype exposure unit, uv led exposure unit, screen printing exposure kit, screen printing frame manufacturing

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, input voltage: 400 V, Gas dryer for textiles after screen printing, M&R Sprint 2000. The dryer is in very good condition. Conveyor length: 7 m. Continuous adjustment of temperature and belt speed. Ibodpfoxfkyiex Aabjc

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2006, 3/4-automatic screen printing machine THIEME 3010 special model Iedsr Izhuspfx Aabsbc Printing format 55 x 75 cm, screen frame format 100 x 110 cm, parallel lifting machine with extendable vacuum table plate, special version with gripper system, rear delivery, suitable for channel with long infeed or for cross-positioning at a drying channel. The rear part of the gripper extends the machine by 170 cm at the back. Electromechanical machine with pneumatic squeegee pressure control, separate control panel, can be operated from the left or right side, complete with 3 sets of printing and flood squeegees, used, model year 2006, fully refurbished and repainted, in good technical and visual condition.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2002, machine/vehicle number: 0102002, Semi-automatic angle opening Very good condition 3 months functional guarantee Print format: 1000 mm x 1500 mm max. sheet size: 1050 mm x 1550 mm max. screen frame: 1370 mm x 1850 mm Squeegee pre-squeegee height adjustment: 40 mm Squeegee angle adjustment stepless: + / - 50 - 90 ° Support bar height adjustment: 0 - 100 mm stepless Maximum material thickness: 100 mm Machine weight: approx. 1500 kg connected load: 400Volt/50HZ - 5KW Air connection: 6 bar options: Ijdporllhkofx Aabobc pneumatic screen frame clamping Squeegee pressure compensation adjustable via pressure regulator Stainless steel pressure plate Blowing air device All data without guarantee

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2016, For sale: ROQprint ECO P10 2XL automatic screen printing carousel with accessories. The machine was manufactured in 2016 and upgraded in 2019 (flash units, additional pallets, accessories). Manufacturer: S.ROQUE – Máquinas e Tecnologia Laser S.A. (Portugal) Model: ROQprint ECO P10 2XL Serial number: RPE 1483 Year of manufacture: 2016 Power supply: 3×400 VAC Active power: 88 kW Operating pressure: 0.7 MPa / 100 PSI Machine configuration (as per documentation): • Printing heads: 7 • Stations/pallets in circulation: 10 Flash dryers (total 4 units): • 2× ROQdry ECO 20400 2XL – S/N RDR 11432, year 2019, 20.4 kW, 3×400 VAC • 2× ROQdry ECO 9000 M – S/N RDR 7928, year 2016, 9.0 kW, 3×400 VAC Ijdpfx Aajxb A A Uobjbc Pallets (actual condition): • 10× 75×120 cm • 10× 45×100 cm • 10× 32×100 cm Maximum print area: 70×100 cm

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2015, functionality: fully functional, Automatic roll to roll screen varnishing printing machine LTA-5060 Maximum print area: 500 x 600 mm Material thickness: suitable for different thicknesses Printing Material Thickness 0.02-0.5 mm (PET, PVC, ...) Screen frame 800 x 1000 mm Print speed: high-speed printing 0-2500 impression/hour Registration accuracy: accurate registration for high-quality print results Ibodpfx Aaowkd Elobsc The power of oven： three phase 380V 25KW 40A The power of printer：single phase 220V 3KW 15A Youtube video about similar LTA-4050 machine

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 400 V, For sale: M&R Sportsman EM 1210 screen printing carousel for textile printing. The machine is in working condition, has been in our facility since new, and has low usage (470,000 prints). Ibodpfoxfkm Njx Aabjc In other listings, we offer various textile printing accessories: M&R Sprint M2000 gas dryer, flash cure units, 80 Newman-roller screen frames, Trilock rapid registration system, and much more.

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 150 h, input voltage: 400 V, total length: 3,000 mm, total width: 1,500 mm, total height: 2,200 mm, compressed air connection: 6 bar, type of input current: AC, overall weight: 1,500 kg, 1. very precise, fully automatic screen printing machine with an automatic feeder feeder that positions the sheet with an accuracy of 0.08mm. The integrated CCD camera recognizes a hole or a print mark and positions the screen with an accuracy of 0.02mm to the print mark. 2. welded steel frame and highly dynamic servo axes for maximum precision and smooth running 3. the printing table is made of cast aluminum with a flatness of ± 0.1 mm per meter 4. all guides are hardened linerar guides for a long service life Ibjdpfx Aasqu Udwebsc 5. an integrated, controlled pneumatic squeegee pressure compensation, which acts directly on the individual squeegee holders, is able to level out even the smallest unevenness in the printed material. 6. the material is kept in a floating state during application and removal, which guarantees scratch-free transportation.