Used Circular Table Saw for sale (40,132)

Year of construction: 1991, condition: good (used), Underfloor circular saw, crosscut saw, pull saw, chop saw, sliding table saw, table saw, circular saw, panel saw Gtedpfxomydmbe Ah Hot -Manufacturer: Altendorf, sliding table saw type TKR 45 -Main motor: Bauknecht 5.5 kW with brake -Scorer motor: Emod 0.75 kW -Speed: 3000/4000/5000 rpm -Saw blade: Ø 300 mm / max. Ø 350 mm -Max. Cutting height: 90° 95 mm / 45° 70 mm -Miter cut: up to 45° -Cutting width: 2250 mm -Table length: 1400 mm -Dimension total 3480/1530/H1370mm -Weight: 1104 kg

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Upgrade your timber production to a high-safety, OHS compliant saw. A420 is a simple to use saw for high-speed cutting of softwood in straight or mitered parts (up to ±75°). High-safety operation with a two-hand press cutting and full saw guarding (including 900 mm tunnels each side) preventing access to the saw as well as uncontrolled offcuts ejection. Pneumatic liftable guard opening and closing with a press of a button. Safety switch disabling the saw on guard up. • Ø420 mm TCT saw blade with 2.2 kW drive motor • AS / NZS 4024:2014 safety standard, two hand press cut operation • Overhead safety guards with safety tunnels 900 mm each side of the saw • Safety guard liftable on a press of a button for unimpeded saw table access • Safety switch disabling the saw operation on guard up • 2× vertical and 2× horizontal clamps with adjustable clamp pressure • Adjustable saw mitre angle to ±75° • Moveable back fence for increased cutting capacity • Air gun and LED interior light • Ø100 mm attachment point for chip collection • Optional 2.2 kW vacuum dust extractor Godpomb U T Hsfx Ah Hett Highly suitable for: • Planters and boxes manufacture • Light timber manufacture • Decorative manufacture • Woodcraft manufacture • Furniture manufacture

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2022, functionality: fully functional, cutting height (max.): 70 mm, saw blade diameter: 225 mm, total height: 900 mm, Festool Table Pull Saw CS 70 EBG-Set Year of manufacture: 2022/03 Power consumption: 2,100 W Godpfx Ahjx Tpggs Hett No-load speed: 2,000 - 4,200 min⁻¹ Saw blade diameter: 225.00 mm Cutting height at 90°/45°: 0 - 70/0 - 48 mm Bevel adjustment: 0 (-2)° - 45 (+47) ° Sliding stroke: 320.00 mm Table height, folded: 375.00 mm Table height, extended: 900.00 mm

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2025, For sale: Hammer K2M3 table saw with an 800 mm cutting length. The machine has a minor transport damage and is in like-new condition. Technical specifications: - Cutting length: 800 mm - Cutting width: 600 mm - Cutting height: 80 mm - Height adjustable and tiltable - Extractable (Ø 100 mm) - Motor power: 1.9 kW - Year of manufacture: 2025 - Minor transport damage The circular saw is located at A-5431 Kuchl and can be inspected at any time during our business hours. Subject to prior sale! Related terms: saw, circular saw, Hammer Gtjdpfx Ahsxxr N Ej Hot Reference: R-A0117

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, The new F 45 is a masterpiece of technology and design. The comprehensively redesigned machine frame combines absolutely unprecedented torsion resistance with extremely low levels of vibration, while the smooth front and clear foot space on the floor enable you to operate closer to the machine and the workpiece. The famously smooth running sliding table, which has received a number of design tweaks, remains the undisputed benchmark for precision cutting and minimal maintenance. The crisp new industrial design underlines the distinctive quality of the Altendorf brand: It is an approach that brings together distinctive design and timeless aesthetics – recognised with the iF design award 2016. Altendorf’s new generation is unique in that we now have just the one model: the F 45. But this one model comes with a choice of three completely new control unit designs, each of which enables you to control up to four axes from the centrally positioned eye-level control panel. The only decision that remains for you to make is this: Which control unit shall it be? Machine equipment: - F 45 ProDrive in basic specification - Max. diameter of the disc 450 mm - 5,5 kW (7.5 HP), three speeds (3/4/5,000 rpm) - Two-axis scorer unit for one-way tilt - Sliding table, table length 3200 mm - Crosscut-mitre fence, stops to 3200 mm - CNC rip fence, cutting width 1300 mm - Duplex 1350 mm Gtsded Hz Etspfx Ah Het

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, cutting width (max.): 280 mm, cutting height (max.): 48 mm, saw blade diameter: 168 mm, cutting width at rip fence: 280 mm, Festool Cordless Table Saw CSC SYS 50 EBI-Set 36 Volt battery voltage, No-load speed 4,500 - 6,800 rpm, tiltable from -10° to +47°, cutting height 0 - 48 mm (at 45° = 34 mm), electric height and tilting adjustment with digital display maximum rip capacity 280 mm, sliding table with cross-cutting width up to 450 mm, Gjdpfx Aoxzudqeh Hstt miter angle stop 0 - 70°, complete with: saw blade 168 x 1.8 x 20 mm, Z = 42 tooth WD, parallel guide, push stick, angle stop, dust collection bag, riving knife for concealed cuts, riving knife with blade guard, 6 mm hex key, energy set SYS 18 V 2 x 5.5/TCL 6 DUO, stand UG-CSC-SYS Order No.: 577379 available ex stock Seevetal, promotion valid until the end of 2025, while stocks last, without shipping and packaging

Condition: used, GRAULE AGT pull and table circular saw Gtodoxf Tr Ujpfx Ah Hot

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, High-speed timber processing with high-powered motor and PLC controlled motion. Solid steel construction with machined saw table, and high-power induction motor to cut through hardwood with ease. Hyper-fast cutting capable with up to 0.5 sec for a complete up-down saw motion. • Ø460 mm TCT blade with 5.5 kW drive motor • AS / NZS 4024:2014 safety standard, two hand press cut operation • Overhead safety guards 300mm on each side of saw blade • Adjustable T-clamp with adjustable saw up-down cutting feed rate • Flat precision ground table, assuring cutting accuracy • 3x 100mm dust extraction outlets Gedjmcaahjpfx Ah Hstt • Fully enclosed blade housing • Spindle lock for easy blade removal • TCT 120-tooth saw blade included • Available in either right or left hand configuration to suit work flow • Also available 455, 600, 762 and 914mm diameter blade models Highly suitable for: • Frame and truss manufacture • Pallets manufacture • Windows and doors manufacture • Furniture manufacture • Bulk timber cutting

Condition: used, Rip saw - Saw for lengthening boards. Gtedpfx Ahotq Ebls Het - Manufacturer: omega T55 300 - Year: 1996 - Electric motor - Frequency counter

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, cutting width (max.): 1,200 mm, cutting height (max.): 70 mm, saw blade diameter: 125 mm, total height: 1,300 mm, total length: 6,000 mm, cutting height with scoring (max.): 2 mm, extraction nozzle diameter: 250 mm, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 400 V, space requirement width: 3,000 mm, space requirement length: 6,500 mm, input frequency: 50 Hz, main saw diameter: 350 mm, overall weight: 3,500 kg, rotational speed (max.): 3,800 rpm, cutting length (max.): 4,200 mm, feed length X-axis: 4,500 mm, feed rate X-axis: 7 m/min, collet bore: 75 mm, saw blade speed: 3,800 rpm, saw drive: 7,500 W, year of last overhaul: 2024, Saw for rip cutting but also for sawing. It is very well suited for longitudinal edging of lumber flanks and then cutting to width before planing. With this machine, sawing lumber is incomparably lighter than on classic saws even with a carriage. It can work in automatic and semi-automatic cycle . It has 4 ranges of aggregate position as far as the length of the element is concerned, which means that the aggregate does not have to return all the way to the end of the machine, which shortens the time of cutting the raw material. It significantly facilitates and accelerates the manipulation of Godpouyvnijfx Ah Hstt with the preparation of lumber for planing, and the even cut makes the alignment saves time on planing the element. Working on it is relatively safe because during the cutting itself, the operator does not have direct contact with the material being cut, and the workpiece is pressed from above with a pressure beam using compressed air. Activation of the pressure beam and the feed of the cutting unit, is carried out using a foot pedal .It is also suitable for cutting boards with a jigsaw .Also equipped with components for various applications. It is ideal for small and medium-sized carpentry shops that process thick massive lumber. The machine is massive and durable.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2023, functionality: fully functional, cutting height (max.): 79 mm, saw blade diameter: 250 mm, cutting width at rip fence: 769 mm, total height: 7,900 mm, total length: 14,050 mm, total width: 15,500 mm, table width: 792 mm, table length: 508 mm, input voltage: 230 V, extraction connection diameter: 100 mm, overall weight: 120 kg, rotational speed (max.): 3,800 rpm, hole diameter of the disc: 30 mm, power: 1.45 kW (1.97 HP), The Fusion 1 model is an excellent solution for anyone looking for a compact but very accurate and high-quality saw to start with - Polished cast iron table. - Robust cast iron motor suspension. - Can be used with DADO circular saw blade set. - Two T-slot rails on both sides of the circular saw blade. - Quick and easy control and tilting of the cutting height. - Lever for quick exchange of circular blade. - Positionable main switch. - Quick attachment of the riving knife. - Additional rear table included in the price. - Sufficient power for longitudinal and cross cuts up to 79 mm in height. - Storage space for tools and rulers that are always to hand. - Type: Fusion 1 - Recommended area of application: Craftsman - Power (230 V): 1450 W - Recommended fuse switch: 13 A - Disc x clamping: 250 × 30 mm - Rotations: 3800 rotations/min. - Tilting of the disk: 0-45° - Max. Max. cutting height at 45°: 50 mm - Max. Cutting height at 90°: 79 mm - Max. Cutting width: 769 mm - Extraction: 100 mm - Cast iron table size: 508 mm × 792 mm - Overall table size: 1118 mm × 792 mm - T-slot rail dimensions: W × H 24.3 mm (19 mm), × 4.2 (10.7) - Dimensions: 1550 mm × 1405 mm × 1100 mm - Weight: 110 kg - Packaging size: - Cardboard box on its own pallet 1330 mm × 700 mm × 790 mm - Weight incl. packaging: 120 kg Scope of delivery - elongated ruler - Angled ruler - Gripper for small parts - Upper suction hood - Rear table extension - Carbide circular saw blade for universal use (diameter 250/30 mm, Z40 Gtodpfotuurtex Ah Hot - Hose for suction The machine is delivered partially disassembled in a transport box. The set-up time is estimated at approx. 1 hour.

Condition: used, NC Multi-Blade - Double-Blade Saw for Light Metal MIKSITZ Year of manufacture: 1991 Circular saw, aluminium circular saw, table circular saw, mitre saw For cross-cutting and notching aluminium profiles Saw blade travel: 500 mm Max. cutting height: 100 mm Saw blade speed: approx. 5000 rpm Installed saw blade diameter: 300 mm Max. saw blade diameter: 400 mm Motor power: 5.5 kW Power supply: 400 Volt, 50 Hz Table size: 1100 x 1100 mm Table opening: 300 x 1100 mm Working height: approx. 1100 mm Tool holder: SK40 - Several saw blades can be mounted on a single work shaft with double-sided bearing - A long SK40 arbor serves as the work shaft - Belt drive between the drive motor and saw shaft - Table height adjustable via hand crank (to set cutting depth) - Fixtures and stops can be mounted on the table - Saw blade movement via ball screw spindle with servomotor - Single-axis NC control for the cutting movement, LENORD + BAUER type GEL 7541.0000 - Separate control cabinet Gedpfx Aedzp Snoh Hstt Space requirement (L x W x H): 1800 x 1600 x 1700 mm Weight: approx. 1100 kg

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, Saw Saw blade rotation speed 3000 / 4000 / 5000 RPM Diameter saw blade and bore 300 – 400 mm, 30 mm Sawblade tilting 90° – 45° Cutting depth at 90° / 45° 125 mm / 90 mm Cutting width parallel fence, version Z400 M, Z400 EL 1350 mm (option 1000 / 1525 mm) Cutting width parallel fence, version Z400 X1, Z400 X3 1250 (option 1500 mm) Cutting length 3500 mm (option 2500 mm / 4100 mm) Dimensions cast iron table 985 mm x 710 mm Dimensions sliding table 3200 (option 2200 mm / 3800) mm x 420 mm Dimensions cross-cut table 1420 mm x 650 mm Length of swiveling cross-cut fence 2295 mm (telescopic 3000 mm) Scoring unit Diameter scoring blade and bore 120 mm, 20 mm Cutting depth with 120 mm diameter blade 3,5 mm Scoring blade rotation speed 8200 RPM Scoring saw motor power 1,3 kW / 2 hp (S6) Weight 850 kg (Z400 – 3200) – 1080 kg (Z400 X3 – 3800) Voltage 400 V 3 phase (option 230 V 3 phase) Motor power (3 phase) 7 kW /9,5 hp (S6), option 9,2 kW / 14 hp (S6) Gtedpjglfv Ssfx Ah Hjt

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Supercharge your timber cutting productivity with one of the most flexible, large-capacity saws around. A550 is designed for high mitre angle cutting with a huge ±75º saw mitre range supported by a large capacity blade to provide genuine high-angle cutting capability but without compromising on the timber size you may need to cut. Suitable for bundle-cutting many timbers at once and with high precision. High-speed timber processing with high-powered motor and precision PLC controlled motion. Pneumatic-actuated safety guard opening and closing with a press of a button for full unimpeded saw table access. Safety switch disabling of the saw on guard up. Optional CNC controlled saw mitre angle positioning with touch-pad screen control. • Ø550 mm TCT saw blade with 4 kW drive motor • AS / NZS 4024:2014 safety standard, two hand press cut operation Gjdpfx Asmb U T Rsh Hett • Overhead safety guard with safety tunnels 900 mm each side of the saw • Safety guard pneumatically liftable on a press of a button • Safety switch disabling the saw operation on guard up • 2x vertical and optional 2x horizontal clamps with adjustable clamp pressure • Mitre angle ±75° with pin locating at 0°, ±15°, ±22.5°, ±30°, ±45°, ±60°, ±75° • Air gun and LED interior light • 2× Ø100 mm attachment points for chip collection • Optional 2.2 kW dust vacuum extractor • Optional automated mitre control system Highly suitable for: • Frame and truss manufacture • Sheds manufacture • Furniture manufacture • Mitre timber structures manufacture • Bulk timber cutting

Condition: new, Table size: 420 x 450 mm Table height: 215 mm Table swivels up to: 45 Saw or cutting blade Ø: 200 mm Gsdec Snvfspfx Ah Hett here cutting depth: 47 mm electrical connection: alternating current 230 V weight: 14,5 kg

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, High-capacity timber processing with high-powered motor and PLC controlled motion. Solid steel construction with machined saw table and high-power induction motor to cut through hardwood with ease. Hyper-fast cutting capable with up to 0.8 sec for a complete up-down saw motion. • Ø600 mm TCT blade with 11 kW drive motor • AS / NZS 4024:2014 safety standard, two hand press cut operation • Overhead safety guards 600 mm on each side of the saw blade • Flat precision ground table, assuring cutting accuracy • Adjustable T-clamp, for material height variation • 3x 100mm dust extraction outlets • Fully enclosed blade housing • Spindle lock for easy blade removal • TCT 160-tooth saw blade included • Available in either right or left hand configuration to suit work flow • Also available 455, 600, 762 and 914 mm diameter blade models Highly suitable for: • Retail timber sales • Doors manufacture • Pallets manufacture • Furniture manufacture Gsdomcaawspfx Ah Hett • Bulk timber cutting

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, No matter what job you need to cut A700 is the only saw you will ever need. With the largest capacity in its class and massive ±75º mitre angle range capability, it is designed for genuine high mitre angle cutting without compromising on the size of the timber you may need to cut. Suitable for bundle-cutting many timbers at once and with high-precision. High-precision timber processing with PLC controlled motion. Pneumatic actuated safety guard, opening and closing with a press of a button for a full unimpeded saw table access. Safety switch disabling the saw on lifting of the guard. Optional CNC controlled saw mitre angle positioning with touch-pad screen control. • Ø550 mm TCT saw blade with 4 kW drive motor • AS / NZS 4024:2014 safety standard, two hand press cut operation Gtodpfx Aemb U T Uoh Hot • Overhead safety guard with safety tunnels 900 mm each side of the saw • Safety guard pneumatically liftable on a press of a button • Safety switch disabling the saw operation on guard up • 2x vertical and optional 2x horizontal clamps with adjustable clamp pressure • Mitre angle ±75° with pin locating at 0°, ±15°, ±22.5°, ±30°, ±45°, ±60°, ±75° • Spray-mist blade lubrication system • Air gun and LED interior light • 2× Ø100 mm attachment points for chip collection • Optional 2.2 kW chip vacuum extractor • Optional automated mitre control system Highly suitable for: • Windows and doors manufacture • Mitered aluminium structures manufacture • Aluminium fabricated structures manufacture • Composites manufacture • Blinds, shades and furniture manufacture • Aluminium retail sales

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2004, mobile circular saw for cutting bricks with extraction Gedpfx Asv Ivx Tsh Hjtt

Condition: used, Vesto saw with two discs for sale - electric motor: 2 x 7.5 kW, - complete with hydrostation, - electrical cabinet. Godpstqt T Iofx Ah Hstt

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number: 7547 TECHNICAL DATA Track width: 300 mm Roll working width: 290 mm Max. disc diameter: 300 mm Disc bore diameter: 70 mm Max. cutting height: 100 mm Table width with extension: 680 mm Table length: 1630 mm *From above: 2 rows of pawls Metal pressure slip roller Roller with saws 2 smooth metal pressure slip rollers Gtjdpox Uz T Uofx Ah Hst From below: Guide rail Pawls Track Electric height adjustment of main body (up/down) Central track lubrication 2 feed speed modes Feed motor: 1.1 kW Main motor: 22 kW Extraction nozzle diameter: 130 mm Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2000x1400x1700 mm Weight approx.: 900 kg – Italian manufacture – Very good condition – Used multi-blade saw Net price: 34,900 PLN Net price: 8,300 EUR (based on 4.2 EUR rate) (Prices may vary according to rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number: 7545 TECHNICAL DATA Track width: 250mm Gedpsx Uz Tusfx Ah Hjtt Shaft width: 220mm Max blade diameter: 300mm Blade bore diameter: 60mm Cutting height: 100mm Table width: 650mm Table length: 1460mm – Top: 2 rows of pawls Smooth feed roller Blade shaft Smooth feed roller – Bottom: Guide rail Pawls Track 2 feed speed settings + stepless adjustment Central lubrication Feed motor: 1.2kW Main motor: 21kW Extraction outlet diameter: 180mm Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 1700x1450x1500mm Weight: approx. 1800kg – Made in Italy – DTR technical documentation – Robust machine – Used multi-blade saw, in very good condition Net price: 25,900 PLN Net price: 6,160 EUR depending on exchange rate 4.2 EUR (Prices may vary with significant fluctuations)

Condition: new, Catalog number: H0561 – new machine, in stock – CE certificate – Austrian production – professional – trolley on steel bars TECHNICAL DATA engine power S1 5500W (/750) voltage 400V / 50Hz table height 890mm extraction connector 100mm sliding table 3200x435mm extension table 1200x550mm max. cutting width with gauge 1300mm disc diameter 250-400mm (30) scoring blade diameter 120 x 20 x 3.2-4.2/2.2 mm rotational speed I: 3000; II: 4000; III: 5000 rpm Rotation speed of the scoring saw 8000 rpm Motor power of the scoring saw 750 W Blade tilt 0-45 ° Acoustic power level 90 dB (A) Acoustic pressure level 88.2 dB (A) Overall dimensions of the machine when unfolded L / W / H 3350 x 3600 x 900 mm Shipping dimensions 1350 x 2200 x 1170 mm Net/gross weight 930 / 1110 kg Features: - solid construction - with a large aluminum sliding table and boom, ideal for machining large elements and cutting large, heavy boards to size - cast iron work table (1100 x 700 mm) with table extension (900 x 830 mm) and table extension (610 x 600 mm) with solid steel construction – extension table (1200 x 550 mm) + cutting fence (1950 – 3300 mm) – scoring saw with separate motor – manually adjustable main saw blade angle 0°-45° (using angle indicator) – electric height adjustment of main saw blade and scoring saw Scope of delivery: LEUCO TCT main blade (Ø300 x 30 x 3.2 mm T72) LEUCO scoring saw blade (Ø120 x 20 x 3-3.8 T=2*12ES) Pressure beam – option Net price: PLN 24,300 Net price: EUR 5,750 depending on price EUR 4.20 Gtjdevwlfbjpfx Ah Het (Prices may vary with higher fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7833 Godpfex Arimsx Ah Hett TECHNICAL DATA - Max blade diameter: 400mm - Blade bore diameter: 30mm - Max cutting height: 110mm - Main blade adjustable up/down and at an angle - Blade guard included - With side carriage - Angle guide - Cutting length on carriage: 870mm - Cutting width at the fence: 600mm - Main motor approx.: 4kW - Table dimensions: 900x1020mm - Extraction port diameter: 110mm - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2500x1400x1000mm - Weight: 530kg ADVANTAGES – Polish manufacture – Includes side carriage – DTR technical documentation – Used saw, very good condition Net price: 7500 PLN Net price: 1790 EUR based on 4.2 EUR exchange rate (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7644 Technical Data: - Max main blade diameter with scoring unit: 350 mm - Max main blade diameter without scoring unit: 450 mm - Cutting height with mounted blade: 100 mm Gjdpfx Ahjwgdh Se Hott - Main blade adjustable hydraulically: up/down + angle - Electric angle display - Electric height and lateral adjustment of scoring unit - Spindle diameter: 30 mm - Spindle locking - With sliding table - Cutting length on sliding table: 2800 mm - Cutting width at fence: 1440 mm - With side carriage - With scoring unit - Max diameter of scoring blade: 120 mm - Scoring unit spindle diameter: 22 mm - Scoring unit motor: 0.75 kW - Main motor: 5.5 kW - 4 spindle rotation speeds - Electronic speed display - Extraction port diameters: 120 mm, 80 mm - Table dimensions: 1220 x 730 mm - Table dimensions with extension: 1230 mm - Table dimensions with extension: 2070 mm - Saw blade guard - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2940 x 3400 x 1420 mm - Weight: 1100 kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – With scoring unit – Not repainted – Used saw, in very good condition Net price: 29,900 PLN Net price: 7,120 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant exchange rate changes, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7541 Technical Specifications: - Maximum diameter of main saw blade (without scorer): 400mm - Maximum diameter of main saw blade (with scorer): 350mm - Blade bore diameter: 30mm - Maximum cutting height for 400mm blade: at 90 degrees – 120mm, at 45 degrees – 85mm - Maximum cutting height for 350mm blade: at 90 degrees – 95mm, at 45 degrees – 67mm - Main blade adjustable vertically and for angle - Blade guard - Equipped with side sliding table - Cutting length on sliding table: 1700mm - Cutting width on sliding table: 1400mm - Cutting width at fence: 1350mm - Main motor power: 6kW Gtedpfxjvwczyo Ah Hot - Table dimensions: 1190x990mm - With table extension: 1880mm - With table enlargement: 1890mm - With scorer unit - Maximum scorer blade diameter: 120mm - Scorer spindle diameter: 20mm - Scorer motor power: 0.75kW - Three spindle speeds: 3500, 4500, 6000 rpm - Brake - Extraction port diameter: 80, 120mm - Machine dimensions (LxWxH): 3050x2200x1600mm - Weight: 800kg ADVANTAGES – Manufactured in Poland – DTR documentation included – Blade guard – Equipped with scorer unit – With table extension and enlargement – Used saw, in very good condition Net price: 15,900 PLN Net price: 3,780 EUR (based on exchange rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may change with significant rate fluctuations)