Used Tschudin for sale (25)

Year of construction: 2018, operating hours: 28,658 h, condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 18E400239, Through-feed grinding, grinding range Ø: 10 cm, plunge grinding, grinding range Ø: 15 cm, weight: 9,000 kg, FANUC 0i-MF control, 2 handling robots YASKAWA YR-MH005LS-E000, serial numbers: R17507-979-3 / R19033-789-1, automation system/workpiece storage EGS Automation Tschudin, year of manufacture: 2018, serial number: 180100, 4-way, oil cooling and filtration system ARO, year of manufacture: 2018, serial number: PRA0032086, protective guard Duedpfx Agjyn Nk Hj Aop

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2013, total height: 1,900 mm, overall weight: 6,000 kg, controller manufacturer: FANUC, controller model: 21i-MB, General Data Measurements width 2400 mm Measurements depth 2000 mm Measurements height 1900 mm Machine weight 6000 kg Control Unit Brand FANUC Model 21i-MB Additional Equipment Kraft & Bauer Fire extinguishing system, Type FB703S-UV3-TFM70°/KLA 6-S-MV / Knoll microfilter, Type Micro Pur 240 F / Streuli lifting station, Type SHSRT300-TL142/180 Dujdpfx Agox D Nzcj Ajp This TSCHUDIN ecoLine 400 centerless grinding machine was manufactured in 2013. It features a Fanuc 21i-MB control system, a grinding wheel with a max outer diameter of 400 mm, and a regulating wheel with a speed range of 0-265 rpm. Additional attachments include a Kraft & Bauer fire extinguishing system and a Knoll microfilter. Consider the opportunity to buy this TSCHUDIN ecoLine 400 centerless grinding machine. Contact us for more information about this machine. Application Types Grinding

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2021, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 21.C.350.314, Centreless Cylindrical Grinding Machine Tschudin Cube 350 ! The machine is in like-new condition and has only been used occasionally. It is fully operational, currently connected to power, and can be demonstrated on site. Sale is due to business reasons only! ● Year of manufacture: 2021 ● Machine no.: 21.C.350.314 ● Condition: Not inspected ● Delivery terms: Free loaded on truck ● Location: 79353 Bahlingen a.K. ● Availability: By arrangement ● Payment terms: Advance payment by bank transfer ● Internal reference no.: MÄ1 ● Under power for inspection: YES Technical Data: ● Control: Fanuc 0i ● Through-feed grinding range Ø: 0.1–20 mm ● Plunge grinding range Ø: 0.1–20 mm ● Grinding wheel width / plunge grinding length: 180 mm (optional 205) ● Grinding wheel diameter: 350 mm ● Grinding wheel bore: 203.2 mm ● Regulating wheel diameter: 275 mm ● Regulating wheel bore: 175 mm ● Grinding spindle drive power: 7.5 / 12 kW ● Grinding spindle peripheral speed (constant-V): max. 63 m/s ● Regulating wheel speed (stepless): 5–1000 rpm ● Resolution: 0.1 µm Equipment: ● Dressing spindle without counter bearing: - Tool holder: up to 10 mm width - Clamping diameter: ID 40 mm h2 - Power: 2.14 kW - Speed: max. 6000 rpm ● External cooling for grinding and regulating spindle ● W-axis ● Balancing unit type Dodpsyrpx Sefx Ag Aoup ● Needle nozzles ● Diamond dresser for grinding wheel ● Diamond dresser for regulating wheel ● Diamond dressing wheel ● Blowing device ● W-axis safety light curtain ● LED lighting lamp ● Cooling and filtration system ● Paper band filter Knoll Scope of delivery: ● Available manuals Dimensions & Weights: ● Installation size L x W x H approx.: 2558 x 1735 x 1320 mm ● Weight approx.: 4000 kg For any questions or to arrange a viewing, please feel free to contact us! Additional information: ►Transport to the destination can be offered upon request ►The offer price is net plus VAT ►The goods are sold under exclusion of any warranty ►Technical data subject to change and not guaranteed ►Subject to prior sale ❗Sale of goods is strictly to businesses only❗

Condition: used, TSCHUDIN GL 600 is a CNC centerless grinding machine designed for precision, high accuracy and reliable operation. Working capacities: grinding diameter 2–100 mm; grinding wheel Ø600 mm × 350 mm; regulating wheel Ø350 mm × 350 mm, swivelling range ±5°. Key specs: grinding spindle stepless, speeds up to 45 m/s; regulating spindle stepless 0–290 t/min; voltage 50 Hz 3x400 V; grinding motor 22 kW; total power 26 kVA; overall dimensions L2300 × W2000 × H2150 mm. Enables tight tolerances; suitable for automotive, watchmaking, machine tools, aerospace and medical sectors Dedsyn Ra Aopfx Ag Ajup

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1988, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1, center height: 150 mm, center width: 480 mm, grinding diameter: 299 mm, New Arrival 1 Hydraulic Universal External and Internal Cylindrical Grinding Machine TSCHUDIN HTG 410 U – Year 1988, partly overhauled in 2025 – 150 mm center height x 480 mm center distance – Workpiece headstock MK 5 with stepless speed adjustment. Grinding wheel left and right – retractable internal grinding attachment with 18,000 rpm Machine with four-axis digital readout – X-axis, Y-axis, and rotary encoder with 1 micron resolution when swiveling the universal grinding spindle head and workpiece headstock! Pneumatic air cushion lifting for effortless swiveling of the workpiece headstock and grinding spindle head Machine includes four-jaw chuck, halogen lamp, paper band filter, folding dresser, and balancing arbor X-axis guideway newly hand-scraped – And the entire machine checked by a specialist Automatic cycle with “rapid approach, automatic feed, spark-out time, return, feed setting remains” Very lightly used machine from prototype construction! Price: On request (Domestic customers plus 19% VAT) Technical data without obligation – Subject to prior sale and errors Best regards Dusdpjvdumbofx Ag Asp INDUBA GmbH Mathias Becker D-78628 Rottweil

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2002, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 0244, center height: 175 mm, grinding length: 1,000 mm, center width: 1,000 mm, grinding diameter: 348 mm, controller model: GE FANUC Series 18-T, TECHNICAL DETAILS Centre Height: 175 mm Centre Distance: 1,000 mm Max. Grinding Diameter: 348 mm Dodpfjyhn Epox Ag Asup Grinding Length: 1,000 mm Max. Workpiece Weight Between Centres: 250 kg Grinding Wheel Diameter: 500 mm Grinding Wheel Width: 100 mm Grinding Wheel Peripheral Speed: 45 m/s Longitudinal Slide Travel: 1,400 mm Longitudinal Slide Feed Rate: 8,000 mm/min Cross Slide Travel: 340 mm Cross Slide Swivel Range: +9/-9° Cross Slide Feed Rate: 8,000 mm/min Workpiece Spindle Head Max. Speed: 1,000 rpm Swivel Range: +30/-45° Tailstock Quill Taper: 4 MT Tailstock Quill Travel: 50 mm Connection: 50 Hz, 3x 400 Volt Grinding Spindle Motor: 15 kW MACHINE DETAILS Control: GE FANUC Series 18-T Connection: 50 Hz, 3x 400 Volt Grinding Spindle Motor: 15 kW Total Power Requirement: 27 kW Apparent Power Requirement: 16 kVA Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 4,410 x 3,550 x 1,900 mm Machine Weight: approx. 5,100 kg EQUIPMENT Plunge Grinding MARPOSS Measuring Head Set of Grinding Wheels

Condition: reconditioned (used), Year of construction: 1992, functionality: fully functional, center height: 150 mm, grinding length: 620 mm, center width: 680 mm, grinding wheel diameter: 350 mm, total width: 500 mm, Condition of the machine: The machine is currently in a used, non-overhauled condition. The following work carried out on the machine: - Complete disassembly of the entire machine except for the guides - Replacement of all sealing and wear parts of the entire machine - Replacement of the infeed spindle of the X-axis - Replacement of the main bearing of the workpiece spindle - Replacement of grinding spindle - All machine assemblies are restored to as-new condition Dedorz Nflepfx Ag Ajup Geometry: - Scraping of the X-axis guide - Scraping the Z-axis guide - Grinding the X-axis table - Grinding the Z-axis table - Grinding the upper tables - Grinding of the assembly housing (workpiece headstock, grinding headstock and tailstock) - Creation of measurement report for TSCHUDIN cylindrical grinding machine Painting: The main assemblies are repainted, the rest of the machine retains the original paintwork Electronics: The complete electronics of the machine are checked, tested and defective switches and cables are replaced

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, Data Djdpfx Agecgtp Ee Ajup Machine type: HTG 610 U Workhead: MK5 Tailstock: MK3 Center height: 150 mm Center width: 680 mm Grinding length: 620 mm Grinding wheel left: 350 x 50 x 127 mm Grinding wheel right: 250 x 25 x 127 mm Condition The machine is currently in a used (not reconditioned) condition. All wear parts of the machine will be replaced, including the feed spindle in the X and Z axis. All components will be returned to as-new condition. After the overhaul, the machine is comparable to a new machine. Geometry The machine will be completely dismantled down to the guides. Before the geometry of the individual tables and components can be restored, both guides of the Z and X axis are manually scraped and restored to as-new condition. Upon completion, the machine is issued with a test certificate according to the manufacturer’s specification.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, Data Machine type: HTG 310 Workhead: MK5 Tailstock: MK3 Dujdecgkurjpfx Ag Aep Center height: 100 mm Center width: 380 mm Grinding length: 380 mm Grinding wheel: 350 x 50 x 127 mm Condition The machine is currently in a used (not reconditioned) condition. All wear parts of the machine will be replaced, including the feed spindle in the X and Z axis. All components will be returned to as-new condition. After the overhaul, the machine is comparable to a new machine. Geometry The machine will be completely dismantled down to the guides. Before the geometry of the individual tables and components can be restored, both guides of the Z and X axis are manually scraped and restored to as-new condition. Upon completion, the machine is issued with a test certificate according to the manufacturer’s specification.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, center height: 150 mm, total length: 620 mm, Mechanics: All wear parts of the machine are replaced, including the infeed spindle in the X-axis. All assemblies are restored to as-new condition. After the overhaul, the machine is comparable to a new machine. Geometry: The machine is completely dismantled down to the guides. Before the geometry of the individual tables and assemblies can be restored, both guides of the X and Z axes are scraped by hand and restored to as-new condition. After completion, the machine receives a measurement report in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. Painting: Once the geometry of the machine has been restored, it is prepared for repainting. All housings, tables and the machine bed are stripped of old paint, cleaned and repainted. Hydraulics: The entire lubrication system, including the lubrication unit, is replaced. The hydraulic unit is also completely overhauled. Conventional internal cylindrical grinding machine TSCHUDIN HTG 610I Equipment of the machine: Dusdpfsurw Uyex Ag Aep Technical data: Center height: 150 mm Center width: 680 mm Grinding length: 620 mm Weight and space requirement of the machine: 2500kg // 2340x1445x1900 mm Machine equipment (standard): 1 pc. Workpiece headstock MK5 1 pc. Control panel 1 pc. Holder for internal grinding spindle 1 pc. Speed control unit for belt spindle (UJ50 / UJ80) FISCHER 1 pc. Hydraulic unit Optional: - Digital measuring system 2-axis - Freely adjustable speed (1-800 rpm) incl. soft start (higher speeds are optionally possible after clarification of technical details) - Separate low speed for part alignment

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2026, Manufacturer: TSCHUDIN Machine type: SL 105U Year of construction: 2024 Dodpfxjd Adfue Ag Asup Workpiece headstock: MK6 Tailstock: MK4 Center height: 175 mm Center width: 1000 mm Grinding length: 1000 mm Control: Siemens 840D SL Space requirement of the machine: 4920x3400x2300

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2026, center height: 100 mm, center width: 680 mm, total length: 620 mm, grinding diameter: 199 mm, Condition of the machine: The machine is currently in a used, unrevised condition. All wearing parts of the machine are replaced, including the feed spindle in the X-axis, and all assemblies are restored to a new condition. After the revision, the machine is easily comparable to a new machine. Geometry: The machine is completely dismantled except for the guides. Before the geometry of the individual tables and assemblies can be restored, the two guides of the Z and X axes are scraped by hand and restored to a new condition. After the work is completed, the machine receives a measurement report according to the manufacturer's original specifications. Electronics: The electronics and the control cabinet housing are completely replaced. All electrical parts are replaced, including the motors. Hydraulics: The entire lubrication system, including the lubrication unit, is replaced. The hydraulic unit is overhauled and the hydraulic lines are replaced with new lines. Painting: As soon as the geometry of the machine has been restored, it is prepared for repainting. All housings, tables and the machine bed are freed of the old paint, cleaned and repainted. Technical data of the machine: Center height: 100 mm Center width: 680 mm Duodpfxsv Hqlre Ag Aep Grinding length: 620 mm Grinding wheel: 350 x 50 x 127 Weight and space requirement of the machine: 2600kg // 2320x1400x1450 mm Machine equipment (standard): • 1 piece grinding headstock Ø35 • 1 piece workpiece headstock MK5 • 1 piece protective cover for discs Ø 400 mm • 1 piece tailstock MK 3 standard • 1 piece flange Ø 127 mm • 1 piece hydraulic unit • 1 set of operating tools and operating instructions

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1990, CNC Cylindrical Grinding Machine Make: TSCHUDIN Type: HTG 22 - 862 Year 1990 with MARPOSS E14 control and measuring control E5. center width : 650 mm center height : 100 mm grinding length : 620 mm Weight : ca.4 500 Kg. Further data See : TECHNICAL DATA SHEET With many grinding stones and holders Complete machine documentation available. Duodeid Aphepfx Ag Ajp Machine in stock.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2014, Offered here is a centerless cylindrical grinding machine from the manufacturer Tschudin, including automation. The machine is in very good condition and can be inspected upon request. Technical data – see PDF. Dodpfx Agex Urh As Aoup

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1978, functionality: fully functional, center height: 100 mm, grinding length: 420 mm, grinding wheel diameter: 350 mm, Max. grinding length 420 mm Centre height 100 mm Work stock spindle speeds 100 - 500 rpm Grinding wheel size 350 x 50 x 127 mm Dusdpfx Agjyil Izs Aep

Year of construction: 2013, condition: ready for operation (used), A centerless CNC cylindrical grinding machine Tschudin is available. Workpiece diameter min./max.: 1.5mm/100mm, max. grinding length: 250mm, grinding wheel diameter outside/inside: 400mm/203.2mm, grinding wheel peripheral speed: 50m/s, grinding wheel power: 11kW, control wheel diameter outside/inside: 225mm/127mm, speed: 265rpm, inclination: +/-5°, power: 3.7kW. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 2000mm/2400mm/1900mm, weight: approx. 6000kg, control: Fanuc 21i-MB. Including Knoll Micro Pur 240 F ultra-fine filter, Streuli SHSRT300-TL142/180 lifting station and Kraft & Bauer FB703S-UV3-TFM70° fire extinguishing system. Documentation available. On-site inspection is possible. Dusdpfx Aewwllgsg Asp

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1994, Technical details: grinding diameter: 198 mm grinding length: 200 mm z-axis: längs:240 mm x-axis: quer: 340 mm control: Tschudin CNC E 9034B grinding wheel diameter: 500 mm centre height: 100 mm Distance between centres: 300 mm max. workpiece weight between centres: 100 kg interface: RS 232 total power requirement: 16 kVA weight of the machine ca.: 4,5 t space requirement of the machine approx.: L:3,1xT:3,2xH:2,0 m Plunge type grinding automatic technical specifications: Dujdpfsu Ng A Nex Ag Asp - grinding spindle tool intake: 203,2mm - grinding spindle not swiveling - workpiece spindle swivelling : +30° to -90° - tailstock collet cone = MK 3 - control: ISO - and graphically programing equipment: - electronical balancing device : AB 100 T.K. - grindig wheel changing aid - grinding disc dressing device (also for grinding forms programable) - cooling system with paper filtering system - Measuring device (out of function, integrated measuring control not connected) *

Condition: used, total height: 1,550 mm, total length: 1,600 mm, total width: 1,200 mm, Empty weight: 2.100 kg - Documentation available: No - CE marking present: Yes Dusdownh Tzjpfx Ag Aop - CE certificate present: No - Drive system: Conventional - Power [kW]: 4.5 - Distance between centres [mm]: 480 - Centre height [mm]: 100 - Transport dimensions: 1600mm x 1200mm x 1550mm (l x w x h) - Transport weight [kg]: 2100kg - Transport packages [pcs.]: 2 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Lukas van Rossum

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2006, functionality: unexamined, machine/vehicle number: 06.E.400.020, Manufacturing origin CH Voltage 3x400V - 24(V – DC) Netweight 5500 kg Dimensions 237x206x195 cm Djdpjiqt S Aefx Ag Aeup TECHNICAL DATA Control Fanuc 21i-MB 3 axes U : work wheel axis W : workpiece / dressing axis X: drive wheel axis Through feed grinding Workpiece diameter Ø 1.5 - 50 mm Plunge grinding Workpiece diameter Ø 1.5 - 100 mm Grinding length max 270 mm Grinding wheel Max. external diameter Ø 400 mm Inner diameter Ø 203.2 mm Max. speed 50 m/sec. Drive power 11 kW Optional drive power 29 kW Regulating wheel Max. external diameter Ø 250 mm Inner diameter Ø 127 mm Speed 5 - 1'000 min-1 Tilting angle +5° / -5 Drive power 3.7 kW Positioning accuracy In all 3 axes 0,1 µm Resolution of glass scales 0.05 µm Dimensions Length 2060 mm Width, (with door open) 2370 mm (3120 mm) Height, (with door open) 1950 mm (2100 mm) Weight 5500 kg Compressed air Max. pressure 16 bar Air consumption 165 L/min Air consumption with straightening spindle 250 L/min Temperature +15° / +40° C. errors and omissions excepted-data given without obligation

Condition: used, O F F E R We can offer you ex stock, subject to prior sale and errors: TSCHUDIN (CH) Centerless cylindrical grinding machine Model TC-300 Year of manufacture 2001 Grinding range – Ø 0.5 – 25 mm (30) Max. workpiece length for plunge grinding 125 mm (140) Max. workpiece length for through-feed grinding 300 mm Grinding wheel dimensions: Ø x width Ø 300 x 125 mm (140) Regulating wheel dimensions: Ø x width Ø 225 x 125 mm (140) Grinding wheel peripheral speed 35 m/sec Grinding wheel infeed 3 mm Regulating wheel speeds, steplessly adjustable 0 – 444 rpm Regulating wheel inclination Degrees Grinding wheel drive approx. 7.5 kW Total connected load approx. 13 kW – 380 V – 50 Hz Weight 2,500 kg Dodpfowftt Usx Ag Aeup Accessories / Special equipment: • The machine operates with a fixed workpiece position, allowing both the grinding spindle and the regulating spindle units to be adjustable. This simplifies machine setup as well as automatic workpiece loading and unloading. • SIEMENS PLC control for automatic operation with SIEMENS touchscreen. Complete electrics and PLC control renewed in 2016! • Electromechanical profile dressing device for the regulating wheel • Regulating and grinding wheel speeds are steplessly adjustable. • Adjustable plunge guide bridge with mounted plunge workpiece rest • Electromechanically controlled workpiece pusher & automatic pneumatic workpiece ejector • Additional outfeed cylinder for automatic tilting of workpieces after plunge grinding (adjustable 4–30 mm) • Machine is prepared for use with a HELP-TEC bar loader MSHL08/400P, which is currently not present. • Complete enclosure of working area with monitoring technology • Separate control cabinet, operating and electrical manuals for the retrofit Condition: Very good! Fitted with new electronics in 2016! Click here for a video of the machine: Delivery: ex stock, immediately available, FCA Metzingen Payment: strictly net – after receipt of invoice Always a large selection of grinding machines in stock – please inquire for your requirements!

Condition: good (used), Machine is in good condition with equipment. Dodpfxowu Ey Es Ag Aeup

Condition: good (used), Center height: 100 mm Distance between centers: 380 mm Grinding length: 380 mm Workpiece headstock: MK5 Tailstock: MK3 Grinding wheel size: max. 350 x 50 x 127 Space requirement of the machine: about 2'020 x 1'200 x 1'450 mm Equipment: -with band filter Dsdpfx Aofg U A Njg Asup

Condition: used, Cylindrical Grinding Machine TSCHUDIN type HTG 400 Between points: 400 mm Centre height: 100 mm Cone: CM4 Spindle speed: from 70 to 500 RPM Dedpfxoxtmv Ne Ag Aoup Max table travel: 420 mm Table orientation at 15° Grinding wheel: Ø 300 mm Retractable tailstock CM3 Machine rebuilt by REWITECH SA (Switzerland) in 1995 Equipped with one settling tank PHILIPS Voltage: 380 V Dimensions (L x W x H): 2000 x 1400 x 1600 mm Weight: approx 1,5 T

Condition: used, TECHNICAL DETAILS - Distance between tips: 400 [mm] - Tip height: 125 [mm] - max. workpiece weight between tips: 150 [kg] - Z axis stroke : 600 [mm] - Z axis rapid feed : 15 [m/min] - Table orientation : +/- 6 [°] WHEELHEAD - grinding wheel dimensions: 500 x 80 x 203.2 [mm] - peripheral speed: 60 [m/sec] - Power : 9.5 [kW] - head position : -30 [°] WORKPIECEHEAD Dsdpfx Agsuhbxys Aeup - Type of cone : CM5 - Speeds : 5 - 1500 [rpm] - Power : 2.1 [kW] - Bore : 34 [mm] TAILSTOCK - Cone : CM3 - Quill stroke : 80 [mm] POWER SUPPLY - Voltage: 400 [V] - Frequency: 50 [Hz] - Installed power: 16 [kVA] WEIGHT & DIMENSIONS - Machine floor space : 3.650 x 3.050 [mm] - Machine height : 2.000 [mm] - Machine weight : 4.850 [kg] MACHINE HOURS - Number of working hours : 42000 [h] EQUIPMENT - CNC : Siemens 840 D - Remote electronic handwheel - Automatic tailstock - Diameter and length control - Loading/unloading robot - Cooling unit - Coolant tank - Oil mist extractor - Wheel diamer - 2nd grinding head with CBN wheel and rotary wheel dresser - Fire extinguisher * *NB : working order not guaranteed. To have it checked by a qualified organization of the buyer.

Condition: used, TECHNICAL DETAILS - Distance between tips : 400 [mm] - Tip height : 125 [mm] - Max. workpiece weight between tips : 150 [kg] - Z axis stroke : 600 [mm] - Z axis rapid feed : 15 [m/min] - Table orientation : +/- 6 [°] WHEELHEAD - Grinding wheel dimensions : 500 x 80 x 203.2 [mm] - Peripheral speed : 60 [m/sec] - Power : 9.5 [kW] - Head position : -30 [°] WORKPIECEHEAD - Type of cone : CM5 - Speeds : 5 - 1500 [rpm] - Power : 2.1 [kW] - Bore : 34 [mm] TAILSTOCK - Cone : CM3 - Quill stroke : 80 [mm] POWER SUPPLY Djdpjuhbx Hsfx Ag Aeup - Voltage : 400 [V] - Frequency : 50 [Hz] - Installed power : 16 [kVA] WEIGHT & DIMENSIONS - Machine floor space : 3.650 x 3.050 [mm] - Machine height : 2.000 [mm] - Machine weight : 4.850 [kg] MACHINE HOURS - Number of working hours : 31000 [h] EQUIPMENT - CNC : Siemens 840 D - Remote electronic handwheel - Automatic tailstock - Diameter and length control - Loading/unloading robot - Cooling unit - Coolant tank - Oil mist extractor - Wheel diamond grinding device - 2nd grinding head with CBN wheel and rotary wheel dresser - Fire extinguisher * *NB : working order not guaranteed. To have it checked by a qualified organization of the buyer.