Used Okuma Lb 300 for sale (190)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 100277, turning diameter: 340 mm, spindle speed (max.): 4,500 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 280 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 120 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 500 mm, TECHNICAL DETAILS X-axis: 280 mm Y-axis: 120 mm Z-axis: 500 mm C-axis: 360° (0.0001°) Spindle speed: 4,500 rpm Spindle bore: 62 mm Chuck diameter: 10 inches MACHINE DETAILS Control: OSP U 100 L Weight: 6,000 kg Hfedpfx Aox I Axrodweb EQUIPMENT Driven tools Chip conveyor Transformer Manuals

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2011, Main Drive Number of axis 3 Spindle Speed 5000 RPM Hodpfx Adjx Imqfjwsfb Spindle motor power 22 kW Movement X-Axis Movement 260 mm Z-Axis Movement 1010 mm Y-Axis Movement 120 mm Technical Specification Driven Tools yes This 3-axis Okuma LB 3000 EX turn-mill centre was manufactured in 2011. It features a maximum turning diameter of 340 mm, a turning length of 950 mm, and a spindle speed up to 5,000 rpm. The machine includes a 12-position tool turret and supports driven tool speeds up to 6,000 rpm. If you are looking to get high-quality turning and milling capabilities, consider the Okuma LB 3000 EX machine we have for sale. Contact us for more information. Application Types Turning

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2010, turning length: 995 mm, spindle bore: 80 mm, Max. turning Ø: 530mm X-Axis: 260mm Z-Axis: 995mm Spindle bore: 80mm Speedrange: 5000Rpm Spindle power: 22kW Subspindle speeds:6000Rpm Subspindle bore: 62mm Subspindle power:11kW ATC / revolver: 12 Speed live tools:6000Rpm Tool eye: yes Hours: 2800H Hjdox I Nbtjpfx Adwjfb Length: 3000mm Width: 1800mm Height: 1900mm Weight: 6350kg Please Note: The information on this page has been obtained to the best of our ability and belief, and from the manufacturers where possible. It is given in good faith, but its accuracy can not be guaranteed. Accordingly, it will not form a representation or constitute contractual terms. We advise you to check any vital details!

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, functionality: fully functional, * Okuma LB 3000 MY. * Included equipment value: 20,000–24,000 euros. * 4-axis machine. * Fully independent tailstock, programmable in Z-axis movement and locking via M codes. * 12-station turret, all stations live (motorized). * C-axis. * Y-axis. * Main spindle with built-in motor, 18.5 / 22 kW. * Motor for driven tools: 5.5 kW. * Spindle start-up torque: 620 N·m. Hodpfx Adox Nf Ekswjfb * Integrated motor, direct drive without belts or gear steps. * Main spindle nose: A2-8. * Tailstock Morse taper: MT5. * Bar capacity: 75 mm. * Spindle chuck: Kitagawa B-210. * Hardened box ways on all axes. * Main spindle speed: 4,200 rpm. * Driven tool speed: 4,000 rpm. * Swing diameter: 520 mm. * Max turned diameter: 380 mm. * Max turning length: 1,050 mm. * Headstock oil chiller. * IGF OSP P200-L conversational automatic programming system. * Automatic load monitoring and tool consumption monitoring. * Parameterized automatic tool collision avoidance system. * Tool life management and monitoring system. * Rapid traverse speed: 20 and 25 m/min on X and Z axes. * Turret index time: 0.2 seconds. * Renishaw automatic tool measurement arm. * Communication ports: USB, PCMCIA card, and RS 232. * Dual pedal for main chuck and tailstock open/close. * Side chip conveyor, hinged type. * Complete set of external and internal static toolholders. * Complete set of axial and radial driven toolholders. * Electrical transformer. * Documentation: parts list, electrical diagrams, programming, and operation manuals. * Weight: 6,200 kg. * Machine currently in operation. * Immediate delivery subject to prior sale.

Year of construction: 2022, condition: ready for operation (used), General Data Machine weight 6850 kg Control Unit Brand OKUMA Model OSP-P300LA Main Drive Number of spindles 2 Spindle bore 120 mm Number of axis 5 Movement X-Axis Movement 260 mm Y-Axis Movement 115 mm W-Axis Movement 895 mm Workpiece Workpiece drm over bed 580 mm Workpiece drm over support 470 mm Turret Rotating tools Yes This 3-axis Okuma LB 3000 EX II was manufactured in 2022, featuring a robust horizontal turning capability. It includes an Iemca KID 80 bar feeder, a 250 mm SMW chuck, and a 170 mm Kitagawa chuck. With a main spindle motor power of 22 kW and rotational speeds up to 6000 rpm, it ensures efficient turning operations. If you are looking to get high-quality turning capabilities consider the Okuma LB 3000 EX II machine we have for sale. Contact us for more information. Application Types Hfjdpfsx D Rvnex Adwsb Turning

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2007, turning length: 1,065 mm, turning diameter: 470 mm, Chip conveyor SMW 315 3 chuck 2 x Radial live tooling holders Hodpfxjwq Rpws Adwsfb 2 x Axial live tooling holders Spindle bore 80 mm BMT-Tooling system Tool measuring probe Spindle hours 6960 / 6270 Running hours Max. turning Ø: 470mm X-Axis: 260mm Z-Axis: 1065mm Spindle bore: 80mm Speedrange: 4200Rpm Spindle power: 30kW ATC / revolver: 12 BMT Tool system Speed live tools:6000Rpm Power live tools:7,1kW Length: 3310mm Width: 1900mm Height: 1970mm Weight: 6100kg

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2003, operating hours: 10,000 h, This 3-axis Okuma LB300-10000 MC was manufactured in 2003. It features a turning diameter of 340 mm, turning length of 1,000 mm, and 12 tool positions. Includes a chip conveyor and has been used in single-shift operations. Consider the opportunity to buy this Okuma LB300-10000 MC horizontal turning machine. Contact us for more information. Hfsdpfex Ut H Hsx Adwsb • 12 tool positions • Chip conveyor • Single-shift operation • Without tools, fixtures, or clamping devices.

Year of construction: 2008, condition: used, Manufacturer : OKUMA Model: LB3000EX-MYT Voltage: 380V Phase: 3P (3-Phase) Frequency: 50Hz Average Capacity: 35.5 kVA Full Load: 55 A Hfjdpsuiq N Refx Adwob Max Motor Power Consumption: 215 A Interrupt Capacity: 65 kA Diagram Number: W5201-139-756 Find more here - Contact us at -

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, operating hours: 4,382 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 127611, turning diameter over cross slide: 340 mm, turning length: 480 mm, spindle bore: 62 mm, spindle speed (max.): 4,500 rpm, spindle motor power: 1,500 W, Equipment: rotational speed infinitely variable, EQUIPMENT - Hydraulic tailstock - Bar feeder 1000 mm TECHNICAL DETAILS Swing diameter over bed: 530 mm Swing diameter over longitudinal slide: 530 mm Swing diameter over cross slide: 410 mm Turning length: 480 mm Turning diameter: 340 mm Spindle speed: 4,500 rpm Spindle Spindle nose type: JIS A2-6 Taper bore: Ø70 (2.75") x 1/10 mm Spindle bore: 62 mm Spindle speed range: 38 - 4,500 rpm Longitudinal slide (Z-axis) Travel: 500 mm Feed rate: 0.001 - 1,000 mm/rev Rapid traverse: 25,000 mm/min Cross slide (X-axis) Hodoxl Udropfx Adwofb Travel: 280 mm [70 + 210] Feed rate: 0.001 - 1,000 mm/rev Rapid traverse: 20,000 mm/min Turret Type: V12 Number of tools: 12 (turning or driven tools) Tool size (external turning tools): 25 x 25 mm Tool size (internal turning tools): 40 mm C-axis Control angle: 360° (increment: 0.001°) Rapid traverse: 200°/min Tailstock & Motors Tailstock quill diameter: 90 mm Tailstock quill travel: 120 mm Main spindle motor: 15/11 kW (20 min / continuous duty) Longitudinal feed motor (Z-axis): 6 kW Cross feed motor (X-axis): 4 kW MACHINE DETAILS Machine height: 2,200 mm Footprint: 2,200 x 1,720 mm Weight: 5,200 kg EQUIPMENT - Hydraulic tailstock - Bar feeder 1000 mm

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2012, Datasheet: Travels: Turning length: 1,000 mm Turning diameter: 360 mm X-axis: 260 mm Z-axis: 1,000 mm C-axis: 0.001 degrees Hedpfxsq Dpuzo Adwsfb Spindle machining diameter: 410 mm Swing over bed: 580 mm Main spindle: Cross section: 80 mm Spindle drive: 22 kW Spindle speed: 5,000 rpm Torque: 427 Nm Weight and dimensions: 6,000 kg LxWxH: 3,000x1,800x2,3000 mm Touchsetter NC tailstock 12-position turret with driven tools Kitagawa B210 chuck Mayfran chip conveyor 8 bar coolant pump

Year of construction: 2018, operating hours: 1,256 h, condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 2189, OKUMA LB3000EX-II - is particularly suitable for universal turned parts and complete machining of complex workpieces thanks to generous flatbed guides and the high-torque drives ensure high precision and continuous accuracy TECHNICAL DETAILS turning diameter over bed: 580 mm Machinable turning diameter: 340 mm workpiece length: 950 mm traverse X / Z / Y: 230 / 510 / 120 (+70/-50) mm C axis: 360 / 0.001 ° Control: OKUMA OSP-P300LA rapid traverse X / Z / Y: 25 / 30 / 12,5 m/min Hfodpfjnt T Ausx Adweb riveting stroke: 1015 mm spindle speed: 4200 rpm spindle end piece: JIS A2-8 spindle bore: 91 mm diameter spindle bearing: 140 mm tool holder: M-V12 with 12 places tool size: 25 x 25 mm tool diameter: 40 mm tool change time: 0,1 s Tool speed: 45 - 6000 rpm Operating hours: 1.256 h Control on: 1.660 h MACHINE DETAILS dimensions L x W x H: 3420 x 2041 x 2444 mm weight: 6600 kg Supply voltage: 400 V, 3 phases, 50 Hz Power drawn: 38,9 kVA Spindle power (30 min/continuous): 30 / 22 kW Spindle torque: (30 min/continuous): 700 / 512 Nm Tool power (25 min/continuous): 7.1 / 4.1 kW Tool torque (25 min/continuous): 40.4 / 23.4 Nm Note: The WTOH hobbing tool holder (see document in the appendix) is not part of the scope of delivery.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 2,044 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 223697, turning length: 950 mm, turning diameter: 340 mm, travel distance X-axis: 260 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 120 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,010 mm, rotational speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, Machine with Big-Bore Spindle TECHNICAL DETAILS Spindle speed: 45 to 4,200 rpm Spindle motor: 30/22 kW Hjdpfxewnqdio Adwefb Spindle mount: JIS A2-8 Spindle bore: ø91 mm Axes and Travel Turning length: 950 mm Turning diameter: 340 mm C-axis control: 360° at 0.001° increments X-axis travel: 260 mm Y-axis travel: 120 mm; +70 mm / −50 mm Z-axis travel: 1,010 mm Tool Turret Turret type: V12, radial, for L and M tools Tool holder mount: VDI Speed: 45 to 6,000 rpm Rotary tool motor: VAC 7.1/4.1 kW Control CNC control: OSP-P300LA with 15" touch panel Pitch error compensation: X-/Y-/Z-axes Workpiece ejection detection: available Smart Interface: included API Library 2: activated Virus Protection System - OSP-VPS: available Software Functions One Touch IGF Advanced M-E Kit: standard Optional IGF Advanced M-D Kit: available Multitasking coordinate conversion: available Profile generation: available Cycle time inspection and reduction: available Hi-Cut Pro: available Load monitoring, spindle & feed axes: available NC operation monitoring: available Spindle speed control: variable Y-axis turning: available Helical milling for MY machine: X/Y surface, Y/Z surface Cooling and Lubrication Coolant pump: 0.25 kW Coolant tank: L-type, replacing I-type High-pressure coolant pump: 0.8 kW Lubrication monitoring: A-1 incl. hydraulic pressure monitoring Dimensions and Construction CE marking and EMC: available IEC standard compliance: available Power supply CE-compliant: adapted to local standards Guideway extension for steady rests: available TAS-C: available Chip and Coolant Management Chip tray: side extraction Chip conveyor H-type: side, CE-compliant Fully enclosed with coolant protection: available MACHINE DETAILS Height: 2,444 mm Footprint: 3,420 x 2,041 mm Weight: 6,600 kg

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2004, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 109566, turning length: 480 mm, turning diameter: 340 mm, spindle speed (max.): 4,500 rpm, spindle diameter: 100 mm, Machine with a large V12 turret for L- or M-sized tools and a hydraulic tailstock. Hfjdpfov I Tkajx Adweb TECHNICAL DETAILS Swivel diameter over bed: 530 mm Swivel diameter over longitudinal slide: 530 mm Swivel diameter over cross slide: 410 mm Number of controllable axes: 4 Turning length: 480 mm Turning diameter: 340 mm Speed: 4,500 rpm Spindle diameter: 100 mm Spindle Spindle diameter: 100 mm Spindle head type: JIS A2-6 Taper bore: Ø70 (2.75) x 1/10 mm Spindle bore: 62 mm Spindle speed: 38 - 4,500 rpm Longitudinal slide (Z-axis) Axis stroke: 500 mm Feed: 0.001 - 1,000 mm/rev Rapid traverse: 25,000 mm/min Cross slide (X-axis) Axis travel: 280 mm [70 + 210] Feed: 0.001 - 1,000 mm/rev Rapid traverse: 20,000 mm/min Y-axis Axis travel: +70 to -50 mm Feed: 0.001 - 1,000 mm/rev Rapid traverse: 10,000 mm/min Turret Type: V12 Number of tools: 12 (L or M tools) Tool size (external turning tools): 25 x 25 mm Tool size (internal turning tools): 40 mm C-axis Control angle: 360° (increment: 0.001°) Rapid traverse: 200 °/min Tailstock & Motor Tailstock spindle diameter: 90 mm Tailstock spindle stroke: 120 mm Spindle drive motor: 15/11 kW (20 min/continuous operation) Longitudinal slide feed (Z-axis): 6 kW Cross slide feed (X-axis): 4 kW MACHINE DETAILS Machine height: 2,200 mm Floor area: 2,200 x 1,720 mm Weight: 5,200 kg EQUIPMENT - Hydraulic tailstock

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1997, Distance between centers 2070 mm Swing over bed 700 mm Swing over carriage 430 mm Max turning diameter 460 mm diameter (2000 mm) Spindle bore 90 mm Spindle speeds 14-3200 rpm Z-axis movement 2070 mm X-axis movement 330 mm Turret w/12 stations Tailstock taper MT 5 Control: OSP 7000-L Equipped with: Hsdpfx Adsw Rkd Tjwofb Hydraulic steady rest Chip conveyor 10-20 tool holders 10-20 sets of jaws

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2014, operating hours: 10,810 h, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 1,000 mm, turning diameter: 300 mm, travel distance X-axis: 235 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,144 mm, rotational speed (max.): 4,500 rpm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Turning length: 1,000 mm Turning diameter: 300 mm Spindle bore: 68 mm X-axis travel: 235 mm Hedpfx Aex Exqfedwjfb Z-axis travel: 1,144 mm Turret: 12 stations – all driven Spindle speed: 45 – 4,500 rpm Tool holder: VDI 40 MACHINE DETAILS Power-on time: 33,509 h NC run time: 10,810 h Spindle run time: 9,643 h Control: OSP P300L-R Weight: 6,300 kg Required footprint: 3.55 m x 2.35 m x 1.93 m EQUIPMENT Chip conveyor Chuck (diameter: 250 mm) Touch setter Tailstock

Year of construction: 2021, condition: ready for operation (used), General Data Machine weight 10000 kg Measurements height 2330 mm Dimensions Machine Length 3530 mm Main Drive Number of axis 5 Spindle Speed 5000 RPM Spindle motor power 22 kW Movement Hedex Imriopfx Adwsfb X-Axis Movement 270 mm Y-Axis Movement 120 mm This 5-axis Okuma LT 300 MY was manufactured in 2021, featuring a max turning diameter of 350 mm and a bar capacity of 65 mm. It supports spindle speeds up to 5,000 RPM and includes a motorized 12-position turret. Ideal for complex turning operations, the machine also offers rapid traverse rates and a substantial distance between centers of 1,200 mm. Consider the opportunity to buy this Okuma LT 300 MY horizontal turning machine. Contact us for more information. Application Types Turning

Condition: good (used), We will only answer inquiries with your name and complete company name. Machine is newly arrived. Hjdpoixui Ijfx Adwjfb Data will follow shortly. Machine can be inspected under power at the Aachen location. Delivery at short notice by arrangement.

Condition: used, turning diameter 530 mm turning length 500 mm control OSP 700 L-G Description of features Machine type CNC lathe with milling unit (C-axis + driven tools) Machining axes X, Z and C-axis (C for rotating workpiece) Tool turret 8-12 stations, with driven tools Turning diameter above the bed: 530mm Turning diameter above the slide: 530mm Turning diameter above the cross slide: 340mm Centre distance: 500mm Spindle speed approx. 50 - 3500 rpm Hfedpfewugr Aex Adwsb Driven tools For drilling, milling, thread cutting on the workpiece circumferential surface C-axis Enables positioning in angular degrees (e.g. milling on circumference) Spindle bore approx. 50 mm Machine weight: approx. 5080kg All data without guarantee. This information is for guidance only. For further information, please contact . Translated with (free version)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 135667, turning diameter: 280 mm, spindle speed (max.): 4,000 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 210 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 330 mm, controller model: OKUMA OSP-T200L, workpiece length (max.): 200 mm, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! The payment deadline for the machine is 20/11/2025! Placing a bid obligates the buyer to collect the machine between 01/12/2025 and 05/12/2025! TECHNICAL DETAILS Swing diameter over bed: 320 mm Max. turning diameter: 280 mm Max. workpiece length: 200 mm X-axis travel: 210 mm Y-axis travel: 330 mm C-axis travel (indexing): 360° Spindle speed: 40–4,000 rpm Spindle bore: 62 mm Number of tool stations in turret: 12 MACHINE DETAILS Control: OKUMA OSP-T200L Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 5,000 x 1,500 x 2,400 mm Weight: 6,500 kg Hfjdpfsxnlh Tjx Adwjb EQUIPMENT Feeder belt Three pallets Note: The tool holders and tools visible in the working area are not included in the scope of delivery or sale. Any oil mist extraction unit or pallets shown on the feeder belt in the photos are also not included in the sale or delivery.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2005, Main Drive Number of spindles 1 Spindle speed range 4000 Spindle motor power 22/15 kW Tool taper VDI 40 Hfsdpjx D Ng Eofx Adwsb Number of axis 2 Movement X-Axis Rapid Traverse 60 m/min Z-Axis Rapid Traverse 30 m/min Workpiece Workpiece drm 280 mm Workpiece X 320 mm Tools Number of index 12 This Okuma LVT 300 was manufactured in 2005. A robust vertical turning machine featuring a max. turning diameter of 280 mm and a swing diameter of 320 mm. It offers a rapid traverse rate of 60 m/min on the X-axis and 30 m/min on the Z-axis, with a turning speed range up to 4000 U/min. Ideal for efficient, precise operations, the machine includes 12 tool positions. A great opportunity to buy this Okuma LVT 300 vertical turning machine. Contact us for more information. Application Types Turning

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2003, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 5746-01-358509.3, turning diameter: 280 mm, travel distance X-axis: 210 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 330 mm, controller model: OKUMA OSP-U100L, workpiece length (max.): 200 mm, No reserve price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! The payment deadline for the machine is 20.11.2025! Submitting a bid obligates you to collect the machine on time between 01.12.2025 and 05.12.2025! TECHNICAL DETAILS Swing diameter over bed: 320 mm Max. turning diameter: 280 mm Hfedpfx Adsxnlfrswob Max. workpiece length: 200 mm Travel X: 210 mm Travel Y: 330 mm C axis (indexing): 360° Spindle speed: 40–4,000 rpm Spindle bore: 62 mm Number of tool positions in turret: 12 MACHINE DETAILS Control: OKUMA OSP-U100L Length of feeder conveyor: approx. 3,500 mm Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 5,000 x 1,500 x 2,400 mm Weight: 6,500 kg EQUIPMENT Turret can accommodate driven tools Feeder conveyor Three pallets Note: The toolholders and tools visible in the working area, as well as the chuck, are not included in the scope of sale and delivery. Any oil mist extractor and pallets on the feeder conveyor visible in the photos are also not included in the scope of sale and delivery.

Year of construction: 1995, condition: ready for operation (used), General Data Measurements height 11700 mm Main Drive Number of axis 2 Spindle Speed 3800 RPM Spindle motor power 26 kW Tool taper VDI 40 Hfjdpfx Asx D Du Rsdwjb Movement X-Axis Movement 230 mm This Okuma LB 25 II was manufactured in 1995. It features a maximum turning diameter of 400 mm, turning length of 1,250 mm, and a swing diameter of 550 mm. The spindle supports speeds up to 3,800 rpm with a power of 26 kW. It includes a 12 station tool turret and a tailstock with an MT5 taper. Consider the opportunity to buy this Okuma LB 25 II horizontal turning machine. Contact us for more information. Application Types Turning

Year of construction: 1998, condition: ready for operation (used), General Data Measurements width 2620 mm Measurements depth 4865 mm Machine weight 11700 kg Control Unit Brand OKUMA Model n/a Main Drive Spindle speed range 3500 Tool taper ASA 8 Number of axis 2 Movement Hfjdpfx Adsx D R Rfoweb X-Axis Movement 230 mm Z-Axis Movement 670 mm Turret Tool taper VDI 40 This 3-axis Okuma LB 25 II-M was manufactured in 1998. A robust horizontal turning machine featuring an Okuma OSP 5020L control, it offers a spindle speed of 3,500 rpm and a 12-position tool turret. It handles a max workable diameter of Ø 420 mm and lengths up to 1,250 mm. Consider the opportunity to buy this Okuma LB 25 II-M horizontal turning machine. Contact us for more information about this machine. Application Types Turning

Year of construction: 2001, condition: ready for operation (used), General Data Machine weight 5500 kg Measurements height 1885 mm Measurements depth 1900 mm Dimensions Machine Length 2700 mm Movement X-Axis Movement 300 mm Z-Axis Movement 675 mm Hfsdsx D Dwxepfx Adwob This 3-axis Okuma LB 400 CM horizontal turning machine was manufactured in 2001. It features a maximum turning diameter of 420 mm, a spindle speed range of 28 – 2,800 rpm, and motorized tool stations with speeds up to 3,000 rpm. Ideal for precision turning, it also includes a VDI 40 turret with 12 positions. If you are looking to get high-quality turning capabilities, consider the Okuma LB 400 CM machine we have for sale. Contact us for more information. Application Types Turning

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2005, Main Drive Hfodpfox D Dqxsx Adweb Number of axis 2 This Okuma LVT 300 was manufactured in 2005. It features a stable, precise design with recent upgrades including a new SMW clamping cylinder and chuck in 2020, and a completely overhauled Z-axis with new guideways and spindle. Additional features include an EWAB conveyor for automated parts logistics and extensive tool holders. Consider the opportunity to buy this Okuma LVT 300 vertical turning machine. Contact us for more information. Application Types Turning