Used Spaner Line for sale (9,305)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1992, Manufacturer - ERW Iodpfsdlqkqsx Amyeat Year - 1992 Range of round pipe - 21 - 76 mm Range of square pipe - 20x20 - 60x60 mm Sheet thickness - 0,8 - 3,5 mm Speed - 60 m/min. Lenght of line - 50 m Tools : square pipes - 25,32,38mm round pipes - 40, 51 mm Welding power - 180 KW Anode voltage - 14 kv Anode dissipation - 70 kw Frequency - up to 30 Mhz

Year of construction: 1990, condition: like new (used), Short/ Noodles pasta line: - capacity 400 kg / h - Delivery conveyor - mixer - dispenser, water / flour, horizontal - worm conveyor - Press - Vibro feeder , reconditioned in 2010 - First dryer , reconditioned in 2010 - Secound Dryer - Two drying strips - Two strips for dried pasta Isdpfsh Dxgasx Amyoat - Metal Detector - Automatic packing unit

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 007928, Position 1: Brushing Machines CEFLA-EASY 2000 + TR2V-FV3 Position 2: spraying machine CEFLA-EASY 2000 + TR2V-FV3 Iedpfxowu Acks Amyjat Position 3: Ovens CEFLA-EASY 2000 + TR2V-FV3

Condition: used, For sale: URBAN line for PVC welding and cleaning. Isdpfx Aoy Nyfxjmyjat Four-head welder complete with a CNC cleaning unit, in daily use for many years, regularly maintained, suitable for various profiles and series. The minimum size of the welded part is 380 x 380 mm, and the maximum is 3300 x 2100 mm.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2017, Year: 2017 (November) Condition: perfect Counter condition: only 1.5 M - Inspection possible - Available - immediatley Configuration: - 2 x Tower DSC 10/60 - 1 x stitching and folding unit DBM 600 - 1 x front trimmer DBM 600T - 1 x long delivery - 1 x jogger Technical Specification - Duplo DSC 10/60 (gathering towers) - Paper Size and Media - Minimum size: approx. 120 × 148 mm - Maximum size: approx. 350 × 500 mm - (up to 350 × 610 mm for some versions) - Paper weight: - standard: approx. 52–300 g/m² - coated paper: approx. 79–300 g/m² - Media types: loose sheets, folded sheets, cross-folded sheets Capacity and Performance - Bin capacity: approx. 60–65 mm per station - Collating speed: up to 9,000–10,000 sets/hour (depending on configuration) - Inline production speed: approx. 4,000–5,000 booklets/hour Feeding and Transport System - vacuum belt feeding with air separation (Air Management System) - Error detection: double sheet detection, missing sheet detection, paper jam detection - Additional features: automatic calibration for different paper types Technical Specification - Duplo DBM-600 / DBM-600T (Stitching & Folding Unit – 600i Booklet System) - Paper Size and Media - Sheet size (min.): approx. 105 × 170 mm - Sheet size (max.): approx. 356 × 508 mm - (up to 230 × 610 mm for long sheets) - Supported formats: - A4, A3, B4, B5, Letter, Legal (various orientations) Capacity and Performance - Production speed: up to 5,200 booklets/hour - 2-up production speed: up to 9,000 booklets/hour (with trimmer) - Folding capacity: up to 30 sheets (80 gsm) - Stitching capacity: up to 50 sheets (80 gsm) Ijdpfx Aeyxf Nusmyjat - (approx. 5 mm thickness, depending on paper) - Maximum booklet thickness: approx. 6 mm (≈120 pages) Stitching System - Number of heads: 2 standard (optional 4 stitching heads – not included) - Stitch types: saddle stitching, side stitching, corner stitching - stitch & fold / fold only - Stitch head type: Hohner 43/6S - Stitch distance (1-up): approx. 60–320 mm Booklet Formats - Finished booklet size (1-up): - max: approx. 350 × 254 mm - min: approx. 120 × 75 mm - Untrimmed booklet size: - max: approx. 356 × 254 mm Trimming Unit - Duplo DBM-600T - Face trimming (standard): - adjustable trim range - head & foot trimming - 2-up processing capability - trim range: approx. 2–60 mm Folding System - Type: automatic roller folding system - Adjustment: fine tuning from approx. 0.1 mm Control and Automation - Control system: PC-controlled interface - graphical user interface (GUI) - Automation features: fully automatic setup, job memory and recall - quick changeover between jobs Electrical and Physical Data - Power supply: 220–240 V, 50/60 Hz - Power consumption: - DBM-600: approx. 465 W - DBM-600T: approx. 645 W - Dimensions (DBM-600): approx. 1848 × 929 × 1227 mm - Weight (DBM-600): approx. 377 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2017, machine/vehicle number: LC623, Used Thermoforming Packing water cup line - 11500 BPHTechnical Specifications & Performance DataThis used bottling line is a complete cup filling and packaging solution engineered for beverage production in water applications. The centerpiece is the TR-ALP 10 cup form-fill-seal machine, designed to thermoform, fill, seal, and cut PET cups with high efficiency. With a 5x2 format (10 cavities per cycle) and a working capacity of 17–20 cycles/min, the system achieves up to 12,000 cups/hour, ideal for second hand industrial packaging lines seeking reliable output. The integrated end-of-line equipment includes a robot cartoner, a case erector, a case sealer, and conveyors for smooth downstream handling.Production speed: up to 12,000 cups/hour (10,200–12,000 cups/hour typical)Cycle rate: 17–20 cycles/minCavity configuration: 5x2 (10 cavities per cycle)Punch size: 71 x 71 mmSupported cup formats: 100 ml and 200 mlBase material: PET film, 500–700 micronLid materials: Aluminum 40 µm or 12 µm / APET + 12 µm / HSL heat-sealable, peelableProduct contact parts: Stainless steel AISI 316Maximum film width: 390 mm (base), 375 mm (upper)Reel diameters: lower 800 mm, upper 300 mmMain machine weight: approx. 2,500 kgCase sealer model: GEM F470Case erector model: F2000Advanced Automation & Control SystemsThe line features robust automation for consistent cup forming, accurate dosing, and reliable sealing. The TR-ALP 10 employs a time-controlled gravimetric dosing system with 10 control valves for uniform fill volumes. Electrical architecture is industrial-grade with clear protection ratings and safety circuitry.Power supply: 3 x 380 V ACInstalled power: 25 kWCurrent: 40 AFrequency: 50 HzControl voltage: 24 V DCDosing system: time-controlled gravimetric, 10 valvesFilling temperature: 15–25 °CSafety hardware: integrated emergency and safety switching (industrial components)Production Line Integration CapabilitiesEngineered for seamless industrial packaging, the line integrates cup production with end-of-line case handling. A vacuum pick-and-place robot cartoner manages multiple cup sizes, with packing recipes for both 100 ml and 200 ml formats. Automatic case erecting, sealing, and three conveyors enable inline or modular operation in diverse layouts.End-of-line: robot cartoner, case erector F2000, case sealer GEM F470, conveyorsPacking configuration: 30 cups/carton (200 ml: 2 layers 15x2; 100 ml: 3 layers)Format flexibility: 100 ml and 200 ml tooling setsContainers: PET cups; secondary packaging in cartonsMachine Condition & Maint... Iedpfx Aey Icp Domyoat

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, operating hours: 68,702 h, machine/vehicle number: LC624, Used KRONES water bottling line - 32.000 BPHTechnical Specifications & Performance DataThis complete used bottling line is engineered for high-efficiency PET bottle handling and beverage production. Manufactured by Krones in 2006, it delivers reliable performance for industrial packaging operations at scale. The line integrates blow molding, filling, labeling, coding, shrink wrapping, handle application, palletizing, and pallet labeling, creating a robust end-to-end production solution suitable for second hand markets seeking dependable uptime and consistent output quality.Production speed: up to 32,000 bottles per hourBottle formats: Compatible with 0.5L and 1.5L bottle formatsContainers: Designed for PET bottle handlingManufacturer (core equipment): KronesYear of manufacture (core line): 2006Operating hours recorded: 68702Control platform: Siemens PLCsFilling control: Electronically controlled with flow switches (volumetric)Key models and modules:Krones Contiform S20 blow molder (2006)Krones Volumetic filler (2006)Krones capper (2006)Krones Checkmat bottle inspector (2006)Krones SynCo bottle conveyor system (2006)Krones Etima labeling machine (2006)Markem Smart Lase C350 laser coder (2015)Ocme Vega N70/2 shrink wrapperComag/Decimo HM 100/2 handle applicator (2006)Ocme Pegasus M400 palletizer (2006)Bema Silkworn Turbo pallet stretch wrapper (2006)Eidos 7P6ERLP pallet labeler (2020)M. Tanner AG/Prologic preform hopper (2018)M. Tanner AG preform unscrambler (2006)Gassner cap hopper (2006)Cryotech International nitrogen doserEuropool pack conveyorAdvanced Automation & Control SystemsThe line is equipped with Siemens PLC-based automation for coordinated control across blow molding, filling, labeling, and end-of-line operations. The filler uses electronically controlled flow switches to ensure accurate volumetric dosing and consistent fill levels at high speeds. Centralized controls, synchronized conveyors, and integrated inspection enhance efficiency while minimizing downtime and changeover complexity.Siemens PLC architecture across the production lineVolumetric filling with electronic flow controlIntegrated inspection via Krones CheckmatCoordinated conveyor logic with Krones SynCoLaser coding by Markem Smart Lase C350Production Line Integration CapabilitiesThis production line integrates seamlessly from preform handling through pallet labeling. The Krones SynCo and Europool conveyor systems ensure smooth transfers between modules, while the shrink wrapper, handle applicator, palletizer, stretch wrapper, and pallet labeler complete a fully automated packaging and logistics flow.Inline operation from blow molder to pallet labelerFormat compatibility: 0.5L and 1.5L PET... Iasdpey Icpqjfx Amyst

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: LC579, Used Isobaric Complete Bottling Line for Still and Sparkling Wine up to 4500 bph This complete bottling line has been designed and configured to provide a high-quality, consistent filling process for both still and sparkling wines. Built around an isobaric tribloc system, it integrates rinsing, filling, and capping functions in a continuous flow, ensuring excellent efficiency while maintaining product integrity. The line is currently set up for still wines at an output of 4,500 bottles per hour and for sparkling wines at 3,000 bottles per hour. It is already technically prepared for sparkling wine production and only requires the addition of a mushroom corker, a capsule applicator for spumante hoods, and a heating tunnel if needed. The system is equipped with dedicated conveyors, a centralized lubrication system, and separate control panels for conveyor management, enabling straightforward maintenance and integration into existing plant automation. The entire layout follows a linear configuration, optimised for space utilisation and ensuring smooth product transfer between each stage without unnecessary accumulation points. Bottling Process and Core Machinery At the start of the line, empty bottles are automatically fed into the system via a depalletizer. This equipment gently lifts and transfers the bottles onto the feeding table while maintaining their integrity. Bottles are then directed to the tribloc system, where three key operations are performed in sequence: rinsing, filling, and capping. Iaedpfx Asw Imp Hemyst The isobaric filling technology ensures precise fill levels and consistent carbonation retention for sparkling wines, while also being perfectly suited for still wine bottling. The filling valves are designed to minimise oxygen pickup, which is crucial for preserving the wine’s sensory qualities and shelf life. The rinser operates with clean water or a sanitising solution, ensuring bottles are free from contaminants prior to filling. The capping turret, currently configured for still wine closures, applies either BVS screw caps or traditional corks, depending on the selected format. A dosing unit for gum arabic is integrated into the line. This system allows for precise addition of stabilising agents post-filling, which helps maintain wine clarity and prevent precipitation during storage. A dedicated steam generator (vapouriser) is included for both line sanitisation and, when required, pre-heating applications. Prior to filling, a microfiltration unit is positioned to ensure that the product entering the tribloc meets the desired microbiological standards. This step is essential for ensuring product stability and quality without the need for excessive chemical preservatives. Downstream, bottles are transferred to the labelling station. While the labelling unit is supplied by a third-party manufacturer, it is elect...

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, band width 230mm two feeding speed motor power 5,5kW pneumatic pressure of feeding roll Ijdpfjy N N Nmox Amyoat diameter of sanding shaft 310mm

Condition: new, A complete pallet production line. Number/Pos Part no/Name/Quantity 1/OKKR-100/Opti-Cutter Magasin/L=3000mm/1 2/RON120/Block feeder carousel/1 3/OM-1500EL/Leg Machine/1 4/LP-OM/Leg positioning system/1 Ijdswduudjpfx Amysat 5/D-1000EL/Deck Machine/1 6/KTR-1006/Chain conveyor L=6000/1 7/GRG/Gantry Robot mechanical Gripper/1 8/SMS-1000EL/Assembly Machine/1 9/HKR/Automatic corner cutting machine/1 10/KTR-1004/Chain conveyor L=4000/1 11/ROB-G/Robot with mechanical gripper/1 Average capacity: 1500 pallets/8 hours (800x1200 mm pallet with max 6 deck boards) Maximum capacity: 1900 pallets/8 hours (800x1200 mm pallet with max 6 deck boards)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1996, operating hours: 12,171 h, Colour: Grey BOERE sanding line 'Compact' Elite Year of construction 1996 (CE) 12171 Operating hours Maximum height 150 mm Maximum width 1300 mm Elite BKKS 1300 First generator 45kW engine Second generator 30kW engine Third generator 18.5kW engine Voltage 380V, 183Amp Elite TKKS 1100 First generator 45kW engine Second generator 30kW engine Third generator 18.5kW engine Voltage 380V, 172Amp Revised by Boere in 2019 - Year: 1996 - Documentation available: No - Bottom sander: - CE certificate present: No - Operating hours: 12171 - Max. working width [mm]: 1300 - Max. working height [mm]: 150 - Motor power first unit [kW]: 45 - Motor power second unit [kW]: 30 - Motor power third unit [kW]: 18.5 - Sanding pad present: No - Top sander: - Motor power first unit [kW]: 45 - Motor power second unit [kW]: 30 - Motor power third unit [kW]: 18.5 - Structuring brush present: No - Sanding pad present: No - Voltage [V]: 380 - Current consumption [A]: 172 Financial information Isdpfx Amjwnh Eqjysat VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Yorick Diebels

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1997, travel distance X-axis: 1,300 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,100 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,000 mm, controller manufacturer: Mazatrol, overall weight: 36,000 kg, controller model: M-Plus, tool weight: 2,200 g, CNC Horizontal Machining Centre with Palletech Table size 800 x 800 mm. Table NCRT. Number of pallets 14. Movement x-Axis 1300 mm. y-Axis 1100 mm. z-Axis 1000 mm. Table indexing 0,001°. Number of tools in magazine 237 pieces. Maximum spindle speed 35-7.000 min. Tool taper DIN 69871A-50. Iaodpfxey N A Euj Amyst CNC control M-plus If you have any questions concerning the machine, please do not hesitate to contact us by phone or e-mail. Feel free to view our other advertisements for a complete overview of our stock.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, warranty duration: 12 months, type of input current: three-phase, total width: 1,600 mm, total length: 1,300 mm, total height: 1,600 mm, overall weight: 530 kg, power of the servo motor: 1,000 W, hopper volume: 150 l, input voltage: 400 V, BIG-BAG UNLOADING SYSTEM Dedicated for clean unloading of big-bags and dosing into production line. Suitable for chemicals, ingredients and other bulk and/or dusty materials. Used when it is necessary to meet high hygiene requirements when working with incompatible or allergenic raw materials or components. Ijdpfxey I U S Ds Amyoat - Made of stainless steel AISI304 (framing) and AISI316 (parts in contact with product), CE and FDA certified - Maximum big bag load 1500kg - Preinstalled connection for dust extraction - Discharging station on weighs, the real time monitoring and control of weight unloaded - Full process and data control via Touch screen HMI - Bag agitation - Lower hopper vibration - Product collection hopper with level sensor - Slowing down and stopping the unloading process at any time - Clamping the sleeve of an incompletely unloaded bag for tying - Easy access for disassembly, cleaning and disinfection - Integrated safety circuit Can be equipped with a lower mechanical shutter or with an easily removable screw conveyor

Condition: used, breader suitable for standard and Japanese crumbs and corn flakes all stainless steel mobile adjustable speed belt width 900 mm with extra outfeed belt Iajdpfoy N Tx Sex Amyjt with air knives dimensions (l x w x h) : ± 3.200 x 1.800 x 2.200 mm 2,73 kW

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, BULK PRODUCTS BAGGING LINE PUDAS-50NB is designed for automated packaging of bulk products (type of peat, turf, pellets, sand or simillar) by weight • The process is managed via color Touch-screen, multilingual Menu. Iaodpfx Aoi El Hrjmyot • Suites for dosing into bags from 5 to 50 kg. • Capacity arround 3000 kg/hour. (depending on the product charactersitics and the size of the bags) operated by one person • Power supply 1ph., 230V, 3.2kW • Dimensions: L6.6m x W2.5m x H2.0m Made in Lithuania. CE certified.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, type of input current: three-phase, AUTOMATIC BULK PRODUCTS PACKAGING LINE PUDAS-AL is designed for automatic packaging of bulk products by weight into prepared bags and consists of: Product hopper 350 ltr • Automatic pre-prepared bag feeding unit • Automatic dispenser with scales and bag fastening unit PUDAS • Conveyor for transporting filled bags • Bag sealing unit • Bag pusher for changing the position and direction of the bag • Motorized unloading conveyor Capacity up to 180 bags/hour (depends on the product) Operated product: bulk materials, eg grain, pellets, granulates, flour and ect Packing materials Premade PP, PET or similar type plastic sealable bags with size from 300x400 up to 800x1200mm. Sealing: impulse heat sealer with adjustable height. The seal is single straight line without clustering on sides as for pouch bag. Weighing dosing range 5 to 50 kg/package (can be customised) Accuracy ±1% Conveyor speed Adjustable Interface Colour Touch-screen 7“ (Delta HMI), multilingual Power 380V, 2,4kW Compressed air supply 200ltr/min, 8bar Features: Bag discharge conveyor. Iasdpexry U Nefx Amyet Fast and convenient service and adjustment Sertificates, region of origin: CE certified, produced in Lithuania (European Union) , FDA certificates for materials in contact with food products, protection class IP65

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, PUDAS-50 , semi-automatic open-mouth bag filling line dedicated for fast and efficient filling of premade bags. Suitable for working with bags of different sizes and weights. Designed for packing wood pellets, granular products, fertilizer, grains, seeds and other free flow bulk products. Iedpjif Ef Ejfx Amyoat Dosing range: 5-60kg Capacity: up to 5tons/hour can be equiped with a sealing machine for plastic bags or a sewing machine for paper and polypropylene bags

Condition: good (used), Ari Vislanda sawmill Isdpfxsy Dpnrj Amyoat Kockums chippers + double profiling line capacity 75,000 m3 timber per shift. Only one operator required. Lisker control for Ari/Kockums line and edging line as well.

Condition: used, mileage: 4,75,766 km, power: 471 kW (640.38 HP), first registration: 03/2022, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 8,057 kg, overall weight: 18,000 kg, axle configuration: 2 axles, brakes: retarder, driver cabin: sleeper cab, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro6, suspension: air, number of beds: 2, front tire size: 385/55R22,5, rear tire size: 315/70R22,5, number of seats: 2, Equipment: ABS, additional headlights, air conditioning, central locking, compressed air brake, cruise control, differential lock, fog lights, navigation system, onboard computer, parking heater, spoiler, truck registration, MAN TGX 18.640 XXL Full Air Suspension | Leather seats, independent roof air conditioning | Automatic transmission, EURO 6 | Intarder, refrigerator | Heated/ventilated seats, auxiliary heater, cruise control | Air conditioning, electric windows, heated electric mirrors | Radio/CD, differential lock | 2 tanks | Austrian vehicle | Subject to error, input mistakes, and prior sale. Iedpfx Amsyttkhsyjat

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, Thom Multi-Line-Loader | Shuttle Conveyor (2 units) Manufacturer: Thom Metall- und Maschinenbau GmbH Model: Multi-Line-Loader Machine number: 72392-001-00 Year of manufacture: 2018 Power: 19.75 kW Belt type: Modular plastic Conveyor details No. 1: Belt width: 250 mm Unit weight: approx. 630 kg Dimensions: 2800 × 800 × 1650 mm Conveyor details No. 2: Belt width: 650 mm Iajdpfx Amjy Rhygjyot Unit weight: 1360 kg Dimensions: 2650 × 1200 × 1250 mm Thom shuttle conveyors are high-quality process devices made of stainless steel, designed for use in the food industry. Their primary function is the dynamic distribution or accumulation of product flow on production lines. Thanks to the use of high-power drives (almost 20 kW), these systems are characterized by high crosswise movement dynamics, enabling precise control of product flow prior to packaging or freezing stages.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, total length: 33,300 mm, input voltage: 400 V, type of input current: AC, Equipment: documentation/manual, Insulation glass production line for Low-E glass LiSEC – Austria, h=2.00 m with Gas Press, Sealing Robot, … Glass dimensions: max. 3500 (4500) x 2000 mm Year: 2007. In good condition. Inspection during production is possible by appointment. 1. AKL, vertical edge deletion system for coated glass sheets, 2. RTL-20B (2003), washing and drying machine, 6 brushes, 3. PSL-35/20V (1989), automatic assembly station for insulating glass, 4. FPS-35/20U2B, gas filling press, 5. UKL-35/23VA, tilting table Iajdpfsy R Tc Hex Amyst 6. KFL-35/22, horizontal roller conveyor 7. VFL-1D/16 + DOS (PS), automatic sealing system / robot with dosing unit, 8. A complete set of appropriate transport stations (inlet and outlet).

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, conveyor belt width: 650 mm, input voltage: 400 V, total length: 7,600 mm, working width: 650 mm, total width: 950 mm, total height: 915 mm, TOP fine pastry line Iasdpfoy Ild Rox Amyjt Rondo model: PMML 102.B Stainless steel design LED panel Cutting station for 2 rollers Folding shoes and rolling unit Filling unit/dispenser Calibrator/calibration head with Mehler Moistening unit Mobile table Guillotine max. 100/min Working width 650 mm Connection 400V, 16A-CEE plug Dimensions: 7600 x 950 x 915 mm (W x D x H) Used machine We have more bakery machines in stock!

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, Used angle head for Holz Her CNC machining centers Year of manufacture: 2018 HSK 63 F holder with torque support Iodpswkbcnsfx Amyjat with 2 horizontal tool spindles suitable for holding a CLAMEX grooving cutter and a saw blade Technical data: max. drive speed: 8,000 rpm max. output speed: 12,000 rpm Permissible operating temperature: 85°C Unit swivels 360° around drive axis Sound level: 80 dB(A) Weight: 3.257 kg Availability: short-term Storage location: Hochheim

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 008505, Position 1: Front-Loading Panel Saws HOLZMA-HPP 350/43/43 - HEE 38/22 Position 2: Lift Table HOLZMA-HPP 350/43/43 - HEE 38/22 Iaodsy Hcd Sjpfx Amyst

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2011, functionality: fully functional, total length: 3,000 mm, total width: 2,500 mm, total height: 3,000 mm, A professional automatic hanging system from the renowned MEYN company – a world leader in poultry processing equipment. The machine was designed specifically for use in modern poultry processing plants. Main application: the automatic transfer of poultry carcasses from one slaughter line to another. Year of manufacture: 2011 Condition: used, fully functional Complete construction Ready for operation after connection Inspection available before purchase Capacity: up to 6,000-12,000 bph Continuous 24/7 operation Dimensions: 3,000 x 2,500 x 3,000 mm This hanging system easily integrates with existing overhead conveyor systems, improving efficiency and ensuring consistent product handling in medium- and large-scale poultry processing plants. Iedoy N Smnepfx Amyjat MEYN / POULTRY / OVERHANGER / SLAUGHTER LINE / COOLING LINE / TRANSFER