Used Dowel Drill for sale (4,594)

Condition: new, neu ca. 2 - 4 Wochen ab Auftr Polen 1695 € 12 mm 19 mm Weldon 0.45 kW 316 mm 235 mm 328 mm 115 kg 12 mm 36 mm 50 mm 70 mm 260 U/min 6 mm The PRO-36 Battery is a drilling machine designed to drill holes of diameters up to 36 mm (1 7/16”) by using annular cutters. The machine can also drill holes of diameters up to 12 mm (0.47”) by using twist drill bits. Cordless drill is equipped with LED monitoring system that generates signals in green and red colours to indicate current condition of the drill and give safety information. Control panel is equipped with so called „vandal resistant” illuminated start/stop switches (green/red) Features and benefits: • LED Monitoring System indicates current condition of the drill and gives safety information • LED interface flashes green when inadequate adhesion is detected due to e.g. gap or thin work piece • dual bars guide system ensures extraordinary stiffness and adjustment free operation • overload protection • Tilt sensor stops the motor if machine breaks away • Magnetic Field Shape Control (MFSC) provides maximum holding power on thin materials • Energy Saving Base(ESB) uses only 50% of its power when motor is not running • innovative smart magnet with reduced weight Standard shipping set: • Cordless drilling machine • Plastic box • Battery 4.0 Ah • Handle (3 pcs) Cgjdpfoyrhqtjx Agkep • Safety strap • Cooling system • 4 mm hex wrench with a handle • Operator’s Manual OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT (PRICES ON REQUEST): Battery charger Pipe attachment Pressure cooling system Vacuum pad Vaccum pump Compressed air ejecto

Condition: new, neu ca. 2 - 4 Wochen ab Auftr Polen 595 € 12 mm 19 mm Weldon 0.1 kW 175 mm 250 mm 312 mm 10 kg 12 mm 36 mm 51 mm 70 mm 350 U/min The PRO-36 makes holes up to 36 mm in diameter by using annular cutters. The machine can also drill holes up to 12 mm in diameter by means of twist drill bits with Weldon shank 19mm (3/4’’). Compact design and excellent ratio weight/power make this mag drill a very popular choice for customers. Features & benefits: • Dual bars guide system ensures extraordinary stiffness and adjustment free operation • Compact size and ultra-lightweight - ideal for site work • Rugged one piece slide and gear box for extra stability • Purpose designed motor with heavy duty gear box • Maintenance-friendly design makes it easy to use • Magnetic Field Shape Control (MFSC) provides maximum holding power on thin materials • Magnetic Power Adhesion Control (MPAC) detects adhesive force of electromagnetic base and protects both the machine and theoperator from work on too thin work piece Standard shipping set: • Magnetic Base Drilling Machine • Plastic Box • Swarf Shield/Cutter Guard • Coolant Bottle Assembly • Safety Chain with Snap Hook Codpfx Agoyrhqmeksgp • Allen wrench hex s=4 • Operator’s Manual • Standard shipping weight - 16,7 kg (36 lbs OPTIONS (PRICES ON REQUEST): Coolant system 2 lt Vacuumpad Compressed air ejector Pipe attachment

Condition: new, neu ca. 2 - 4 Wochen ab Auftr Polen 995 € 23 mm 19 mm Weldon 1.15 kW 331 mm 254 mm 456 mm 155 kg 23 mm 50 mm 50 mm 160 mm 240 / 480 U/min 6 mm PRO-50 featuring purpose designed motor and 2-speed gear box 240/480 rpm is optimized to provide appropriate speed for work with HSS cutters up to ? 45 mm and twist drills up to ? 23 mm. Rigid construction, optimized by means of FEA (finite element analysis) software extends tool life and enables depth of cut up to 75 mm. Compact design along with innovative smart magnet with reduced weight make it a lightweight machine. PRO-50 provides maximum holding power on thin materials thanks to Magnetic Field Shape Control (MFSC). The drill protects both the machine and the operator from work on too thin work piece by means of Magnetic Power Adhesion Control (MPAC). PRO-50 is also equipped with Energy Saving Base (ESB) that uses only 50% of its power when motor is not running. Features and benefits: • Compact design with excellent ratio weight/power • Purpose designed motor • Motor Speeds 240/480 rpm (under load) • Spindle equipped with MT2 • Innovative smart magnet with reduced weight • Rigid design to extend tool life • Large stroke enables the use of long tools • Motor cable with additional protective cover • Magnetic Field Shape Control (MFSC) provides maximum holding power on thin materials • Magnetic Power Adhesion Control (MPAC) detects adhesive force of electromagnetic base and protects both the machine and the operator from work on too thin work piece • Energy Saving Base (ESB) uses only 50% of its power when motor is not running Standard shipping set: • Drilling machine • Plastic box • Handle (3pcs) • MT2 arbor with 19 mm (3/4”) Weldon tool holder • Safety strap • Cooling system • Protective spring for cooling system hose • MT2 drift • 2.5 mm hex wrench • 5 mm hex wrench • 5 mm hex wrench with a handle • 8 mm combination wrench • Operator’s manual OPTIONS (PRICES ON REQUEST): Pipe adjustment Cedpoyrhp Nsfx Agkegp Pressure cooling system Vacuumpad Vackuumpump Compressed air ejector

Condition: new, neu ca. 2 - 4 Wochen ab Auftr Polen 1055 € Csdpfx Agsyrhp Askegp 12 mm 19 mm Weldon 1.1 kW 400 mm 126 mm 185 mm 10 kg 12 mm 40 mm 40 mm 45 mm 370 U/min 6 mm PRO-40 AD is a low profile mag drill, that fits in the tightest of spots. Perfect solution for any applications in confined spaces, wheretypical mag drills are too large. Its powerful motor enables drilling of holes up to 40 mm (1-9/16”) in diameter and up to 40 mm (1-9/16”) deep. An innovativeultra-strong magnetic base with high performance on air gaps makes it possible to work even on painted, rusted or thin surfaces. Magnetic Power Adhesion Control (MPAC) protects both the drill and the operator from working on too thin or inadequate surfaces, preventing the motor from engaging if the adhesive force is dangerously low. PRO-40 AD accepts both TCT and HSS cutters as well as twist drill drills with 19,05 mm (3/4”) Weldon shank. Features&benefits: • Low profile mag drill of 185 mm height only • Ultra-strong magnetic base with 1009 kgf (9900 N) holding force • Compact and lightweight design of just 10 kg • Milling capacity up to 40 mm with annular cutters • Accepts also twist drills with 19,05 mm (3/4”) Weldon shank • Extended stroke of 45 mm allows up to 40mm depth of cut • Magnetic Field Shape Control (MFSC) provides maximum holding power on thin materials • Integrated swarf guard • Detachable feed lever (feat. ratchet) can be fixed from either side • Lifting handle for easy transportation • Cooling with a bottle Standard set includes: • Drilling machine • Plastic box • Handle • Pilot pin 6.34 x 102 mm for HSS cutters • Pilot pin 7.98 x 103 mm for TCT cutters • Safety strap • Hex wrench 4 mm • Operator’s Manual OPTIONS (PRICES ON REQUEST): Cutter extension Coolant bottle with nozzle 250ml

Condition: new, neu ca. 2 - 4 Wochen ab Auftr Polen 1445 € 19 mm Weldon 1 kW 307 mm 221 mm 317 mm 135 kg 36 mm 51 mm 70 mm 350 U/min 6 mm New PRO-36 AUTO is equipped with unique LED monitoring system that indicates current condition of the drill and gives additional safety and diagnostic information. Auto Feed Smart Drive System optimizes parameters for each cutting/milling operation, when drill works in automatic mode. The drill controller keeps choosing the most effective working conditions based on the correlation of motor load, feed speed and the range of allowable cutting parameters for a given tool type and hole diameter. It results in extending tool life of both HSS and TCT cutters and enhanced machine performance. Countersinking and working on thin workpieces, when the LED shows that the clamping force is low (flashing green) are possible in manual mode only. A safety strap protects the machine from falling in case of a clamping loss. Features and benefits: • LED Monitoring System indicates current condition of the drill and gives safety and diagnostic information • LED Monitoring System flashes green when inadequate adhesion is detected due to e.g. gap or thin workpiece Cgsdpfoyrhppjx Agkop • Auto Feed Smart Drive optimizes the milling parameters for each tool individually depending on its type (HSS or TCT) and hole diameter from 12 mm up to 36 mm, that significantly extends tool life • tilt sensor stops the motor if machine breaks away • dual bars guide system ensures extraordinary stiffness and adjustment free operation • Magnetic Field Shape Control (MFSC) provides maximum holding power on thin materials • Auto-feed control stops the machine when cutter goes through • protection against auto restart after power cut off • compact, rigid design with ultra-light weight of 13.5 kg Standard shipping set: • Drilling machine • Metal box • Safety strap • Cooling system bottle • Chip guard • 4 mm hex wrench • Operator’s Manual

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 6608 TECHNICAL DATA - Number of spindles: 21 pcs - Distance between outermost spindles: 640 mm - Spindle pitch: 32 mm - Max drilling depth: 60 mm Cgsdex Sq Amopfx Agksp - Vertical drilling width: 60 mm - Adjustable drilling (up/down and at an angle) - Right/left drill bits, mounted with hex screws - Pneumatic clamps: 2 pcs - Table surface dimensions: 490x1040 mm - Height to table surface: 920 mm - Main motor: 2.2 kW - Operating pressure: 6-8 bar - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2830/1150/1320 mm - Weight: 442 kg - German manufacture - Original DTR documentation - Unpainted - Mobile Net price: 7,900 PLN Net price: 1,880 EUR (based on a rate of 4.2 EUR) (Prices may vary in case of significant fluctuations)

Condition: good (used), Nagel Citoborma 480AB Paper Drill This machine is in very good condition. It has four drilling heads. Technical specifications: Drill bit distance: 45-285 mm Drill diameter: 2-20 mm Stack height: 60 mm Cgjdpeynfvfefx Agkep Weight: 275 kg Automatic drilling cycle, controlled by a foot pedal. Sturdy construction on a pedestal. The drill table is adjustable in all planes. This is one of the newest Citoborma models. Includes operating tools, instructions, and a new cutting stick and drill bits.

Condition: good (used), Nagel Citoborma 180 Paper Drill with Pedestal The machine is in 100% working order. Very good condition. Solid construction – weighs approximately 100 kg. This is one of the newest Citoborma drill models. 380V power supply. Cgjdpfxsynfu Ue Agkep One drilling head. Drill diameter: 2-20 mm. Stack height: 60 mm. The drill table is adjustable in all directions (sides, front/back). It has stops for setting the drilling spacing. In addition, the drill has an automatic table lock that releases after each cycle. The set includes drill bits, tools, a new cutting stick, and instructions.

Condition: good (used), Uchida GA-4W Four-Head Paper Drill This machine is in very good condition and ready for operation. Made in Japan. The machine has a number of features that make it easy to use, including: – four drilling heads with independently adjustable positions – a sliding programming bar – spacers for easy setup for drilling holes Technical specifications: Drill diameter: 2-10 mm, Stack height: 50 mm, Head spacing: 65 mm – 330 mm Weight: 370 kg 380V power supply Automatic drilling cycle, controlled by a foot pedal. Sturdy construction on a pedestal. Waste discharge is directed outwards. Cgodsynfu Ijpfx Agkep Front and side margins. Includes operating tools. New cutting stick, drill bits, and sharpener.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, Glass drilling machine – year of manufacture 2019 Technical condition: very good | Ready for operation For sale: glass drilling machine from 2019. The machine is fully functional, operates stably and maintains high drilling precision. Cgedpfxeyn Sk Nj Agksp Key information: Year of manufacture: 2019 Usage: approximately 35,000 holes drilled Feed: electronic Maximum bar descent (Y axis): 850 mm Spindles replaced with new type Smooth operation, no play The machine is ready for further use Visual condition: Visible signs of corrosion are exclusively cosmetic in nature. They do not affect operating parameters or drilling accuracy. Additionally: It is possible, for an additional fee, to arrange: commissioning of the machine at the client's site by an authorized service, full calibration, operator training. The machine can be inspected before purchase – test drilling is possible.

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7787 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - Tool diameter: 14mm - Maximum drilling depth: 170mm Cedpfx Ajxt It Aegkogp - Maximum milling length: 180mm - Adjustment of drilling apparatus front/rear - Table adjustment up/down and sideways - Table swivel angle: +/-20˚ - Working table dimensions: 620x280mm - Material clamping - Motor power: 1.5kW - Brake - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1070x660x1250mm - Weight: 300kg ADVANTAGES – Polish production – Very good condition – Used drilling machine Net price: 5900 PLN Net price: 1400 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In the case of major exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7689 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - Tool diameter: 16mm - Maximum drilling depth: 160mm - Maximum milling length: 160mm - Adjustment of drilling unit: forward/backward, up/down and sideways - Working table dimensions: 600x320mm - Material clamping system - Motor power: 2.2kW - Dimensions (L/W/H): 950x740x1330mm Codpfx Asyarazegkjgp - Weight: 283kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Poland – Very good condition – Used drilling machine Net price: 6300 PLN Net price: 1500 EUR (depending on the exchange rate of 4.2 EUR) (Prices may change with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, neu 2024 3983 prompt, Zwischenverkauf v Spanien 7400 € 142.82 € 1 1 32 mm MK 3 250 mm 65 - 125 - 185 - 365 - 54 U/min 1,8 / 2,6 kW M24 600 mm 640 mm 2020 mm Cgedpfswirzrjx Agkep 260 kg 100 mm 85 - 635 mm 1.170 mm 300 x 270 mm 600 x 380 mm 120 mm ERLO (MADE IN SPAIN) FOR DEMANDING WORKSHOP USE geardrive machine manual feed left-right drilling table with t-slots depth adustable end tool ejector drill guard CE norms user manual in GERMAN (sample photo) OPTIONS (PRICES ON REQUEST): lighting equipment coolant equipment and machine base with T-slots reverse for tapping DELIVERY TIME WITH OPTIONS APPROX. 6 WEEKS.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, neu 2024 3982 prompt, Zwischenverkauf v Spanien 10830 € 207.94 € 1 35 mm MK 4 300 mm stufenlos 100 - 2.000 U/min 3 kW bis M 27 1100 mm 600 mm 1950 mm 360 kg 0,10 / 0,20 / 0,30 (3) mm/U 150 mm 125 mm 90-890 mm 1250 mm 480 x 480 mm ERLO (MADE IN SPAIN) Cgjdpowiqvujfx Agkop FOR DEMANDING WORKSHOP USE column drilling machine with vario gear 1-stage V-belt drive with stepless variable speed with a frequency converter and digital speed display 3 automatic feeds chuck guard left-right drilling T-Slots and integrated coolant equipment in base stand integrated lighting drill guard HEIGHT ADJUSTABLE, ROTATING AND TILTING TABLE WITH T-SLOTS reverse for tapping fast and precise setting and control of the speed without switching operations and without defined levels more particularly robust parts for wear resistant operation and smooth running compact design with high performance CE norms user manual in GERMAN

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2003, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 030724/2003, Used drilling and milling machine Serrmac TCO 40. Model TCO 40/P Clamping: MK4 Drilling up to 40mm Year of manufacture: 2003 Belt transmission - 3 pulleys Spindle speed: from 100 - 2200rpm Speed change - 2 x with motor 5x with belt shifting Csdpfxowrb Sxe Agkegp Table dimensions: 630x255mm Table stroke: 425x240mm Coolant pump

Condition: new, neu ca. 2 - 4 Wochen ab Auftr Deutschland 15095.86 € 289.84 € 30 mm MK 3 300 mm 0 - 4000 U/min 3 kW M30x3,5 900 mm 610 mm 1980 mm 385 kg 0,10 / 0,16 / 0,25 mm/U 125 mm 150 - 700 mm 590 x 450 mm 125 mm INCLUDES FREE SPRING PACKAGE (with purchase until March 31, 2026) - VÖLKEL Precision Package (List price €54.90) Contents: Cedpsynnczofx Agkjgp + MGB GREEN RING FORM B 1 x M4 (35330) 1 x M5 (35334) 1 x M6 (35338) 1 x M8 (35342) + LÖHER Core Drill Bits (M4, M5, M6, M8) - FLOTT quick-release drill chuck 3-16 mm B18 (List price €115.43) - FLOTT tap holder B16 (List price €191.57) - Taper mandrel DIN 238 MK2/B16 (List price €26.18) - Taper mandrel DIN 238 MK3/B18 (List price €28.57) - Reducing sleeve DIN 2185 MK3/MK2 (List price €26.18) - Felix 2.0 - 120 mm (List price €571.15) YOU SAVE: 1.013,98 € Drilling capacity / normal drilling capacity 30/35 (in E335/ST60) Main switch Dispositif de taraudage Control panel with OLED display Robust, high quality drill head hood with ergonomically inclined front LED lighting Quickly adjustable and ergonomic drill depth stop Stepless speed control via central rotary knob Emergency stop button Thermal overload protection Spindle stop Drill protection with electr. Fuse Connection cable with CEE plug 3 years warranty for single shift operation Mechanical feed of the Z-axis incl. electromagnetic clutch for (3) feed rates Drilling cross with pushbutton (on/off) for feed rate In tapping mode: Right-left lifting via drill cross switch or optional foot switch OPTIONS: Drill package 5 (vice & keyless chuck) Coolant device LED lighting with pivot arm

Condition: new, neu ca. 2 - 4 Wochen ab Auftr Deutschland 5309.85 € 102.48 € 18 mm MK 2 240 mm 30 - 3000 U/min 0.75 kW M12 (steigungsabhängig) 705 mm 355 mm 1825 mm 195 kg manuell mm/U 82 mm 180 - 870 mm 340 x 280 mm 100 mm INCLUDES FREE SPRING PACKAGE (with purchase until March 31, 2026) - VÖLKEL Precision Package (List price €54.90) Contents: + MGB GREEN RING FORM B 1 x M4 (35330) 1 x M5 (35334) 1 x M6 (35338) 1 x M8 (35342) + LÖHER Core Drill Bits (M4, M5, M6, M8) - FLOTT quick-release drill chuck 3-16 mm B18 (list price €115.43) - FLOTT tap holder B16 (list price €191.57) - Taper mandrel DIN 238 MK2/B16 (list price €26.18) - Taper mandrel DIN 238 MK2/B18 (list price €26.18) - Felix 2.0 - 100 mm (list price €428.36) YOU SAVE: 842,62 € Drilling capacity / normal drilling capacity 18/20 (in E335/ST60) Thread cutting system Control panel with OLED display Robust, high quality drill head hood with ergonomically inclined front LED lighting Quickly adjustable and ergonomic drill depth stop Stepless speed control via central rotary knob Manual feed EMERGENCY STOP pushbutton Thermal overload protection Spindle stop Drill protection with electr. Fuse Codpfx Agsynmz Ajkogp Connection cable with Schuko plug 3 years warranty for single shift operation OPTIONS: Drill package 3 (vice & keyless chuck) Coolant device LED lighting with pivot arm

Condition: used, gebraucht 3985 prompt, Zwischenverkauf v Schweden 1800 € Cgodpfxsynmyxo Agksp 1 25 mm MK 3 235 mm 100 - 2080 (8) U/min 750 mm 900 mm 1550 mm 250 kg Quill travel by handwheel Height adjustable and swiveling drilling head Cross table with manual feed in X and Y axes Does not comply with the German UVV and Austrian AMVO no operating manual

Condition: new, neu ca. 6 Monate ab Auftragse Taiwan 39200 € 748.72 € 50 mm MK 5 350 - 1.600 mm 56 - 1.450 (12) U/min Stahl/Guß: M40/M50 2670 mm 1120 mm 2410 mm 3300 kg 465 - 1.420 mm 0,06 - 0,2 (3) mm/min 3.7 kW 320 mm 270 mm 2.550 x 970 x 200 mm 1,5 kW 630 x 500 x 500 mm 2760 mm 0,75 kW left/right rotation automatic feed drilling depth limit manual headstock adjustment with hydraulic clamping electric height adjustment of extension arm andhydraulic clamping hydraulicclamping of swivel movement of extension arm central operation panel on the front side power load readout for drilling spindle hand wheel for spindle fine feed coolant equipment Cedpfoynmt Ssx Agkogp machine lamp box table machine and equipment according to the CE-regulations operating manual in GERMAN and ENGLISH

Condition: new, neu ca. 6 Monate ab Auftragse Taiwan 30100 € 574.91 € 50 mm MK 5 360 - 1.250 mm 44 - 1.206 (12) U/min Stahl/Guß: M40/M50 2060 mm 995 mm 2240 mm 2300 kg 441 - 1.345 mm 0,06 - 0,2 (3) mm/min 3.7 kW 300 mm 270 mm 1.785 x 785 x 190 mm 0,75 kW 635 x 520 x 420 mm 2645 mm 0,75 kW left/right rotation automatic feed drilling depth limit manual headstock adjustment with hydraulic clamping electric height adjustment of extension arm andhydraulic clamping hydraulicclamping of swivel movement of extension arm central operation panel on the front side Cgedpfx Agoynmt Ejksp power load readout for drilling spindle hand wheel for spindle fine feed coolant equipment machine lamp box table machine and equipment according to the CE-regulations operating manual in GERMAN and ENGLISH

Condition: new, neu ca. 12 - 14 Wochen ab Auf Spanien 50410 € 952.75 € 35 mm MK 4 390 mm 94- 2.225 (16) 50 Hz 113 U/min M35 1660 mm 1510 mm 2600 mm 910 kg 180 mm 190 - 650 mm 1310 mm 125 mm 400 x 420 mm 0,10 - 0,18 - 0,24 (3) mm/min 750 - 1.500 U/min ERLO (MADE IN SPAIN) Cgjdpfx Agoynmtxoksp FOR DEMANDING WORKSHOP USE drilling and milling machine automatic feed precision electromagnetic clutches geared drive cross table fixed base and displaceable headstock control panel cooling equipment with electric motor pump hand wheel for fine tuning clamping device for tools adjustable stop drill guard OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT (PRICES ON REQUEST): Digital read out for drilling depth Tapping device Motorized longitudinal and/or transverse feed Digital read out for table axes and/or drill head height adjustment

Condition: used, Technical details: bore capacity in steel (diameter): 28 mm throat: 345 mm bore stroke: 190 mm drill capacity in cast iron: Ø 35 mm spindle taper MT: MK 4 spindle speed:: 50 - 1280 / 4 steples U/min feed: 0,1; 0,2, 0,3 manuell/automastic mm/U Distance spindle/table max.: 200 - 800 mm Csdpfx Asyq Rpisgkogp table clamping surface:: 450 x 600 mm table rotating: 360 ° table adjustment: vertical 600 mm column diameter: Ø 160 mm weight of the machine ca.: 273 kg dimension machine xH: 1,0 x 0,71 x 2,0 m Thread cutting with right and left rotation via foot switch Table adjustment via hand crank Without coolant tank Machine vice Quick-action clamping chuck Röhm Supra 3 - 16mm i.D. *

Condition: used, Used machine 350 W power Codpfx Agoxwz N Eeksgp 230 V, 1420 rpm 5-stage speed adjustment 660/1020/1460/1980/2860 rpm Maximum drilling capacity in steel: 13 mm Availability: short-term Storage location: Röllbach

Condition: used, Used machine Equipment and technical data: - Universal dowel drilling machine for horizontal and vertical drilling - Working width 720 mm - With drilling beam, drive motor 3 HP, 2800 rpm - 23 drilling spindles, drilling pitch 32 mm Cedpfsyq T Iuox Agksgp - Pneumatic workpiece clamping via foot pedal - 2 stop rails 1000 mm - with undercarriage Availability: short-term Storage location: 63934 Röllbach

Condition: used, Fehlmann Picomax 20 Drilling and Milling Machine Csdpfxeyrgtas Agkegp Condition: Used Specifications Travel X/Y axis: 280 mm / 210 mm Quill travel Z axis: 110 mm Table length: 530 mm Table width: 255 mm Max. table load: 150 kg Max. spindle speed: 6300 rpm 3-axis digital readout; Heidenhain Positip 880 Automatic feed on X and Y Right- / left-hand rotation Coolant system