Used Setting Planer for sale (9,543)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 8024 Lodpfx Aozf I N Usbyshh TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - roller width 640mm - max thickness of workpiece 210mm – from top: - pawls - toothed infeed roller, pulling - pressure roller - planing roller - pressure roller - smooth outfeed roller, pulling, metal - 2 adjustable sliding rollers at the bottom - motor approx. 5.5kW - manual table lifting - 2 feed speed settings - dust extraction nozzle diameter 130mm - dimensions L/W/H 1300x1200x1200mm - weight 950kg ADVANTAGES - German-made - used thickness planer, very good condition Net price: 8900 PLN Net price: 2119 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.20 EUR (Prices may vary due to significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 8023 TECHNICAL DATA - Shaft width 610mm - Number of knives 4 pcs - Max. thickness of workpiece 200mm – Top: - Ratchets - Toothed, infeed shaft - Pressure roller - Planing shaft - Pressure roller - Smooth, outfeed shaft – Bottom: - 2 smooth sliding shafts - Adjustable rollers in the lower table - 4kW motor - Stepless feed speed adjustment 7-14m/min - Diameter of dust extraction port 170mm - Dimensions (L/W/H) 1380x1100x1500mm - Weight 970kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – Robust construction – Used thickness planer, very good condition Net price: 9500 PLN Net price: 2262 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.20 EUR Ljdpfxjzf I Iwj Abyohh (Prices may vary due to exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7739 TECHNICAL DATA SURFACE PLANER: - shaft width: 410 mm - 3-knife cutterblock - sound-dampening comb - shaft guard - adjustable angle guide fence - table length: 2060 mm - both tables adjustable THICKNESSER: - max material thickness on thicknesser: 240 mm Ljdpfsxbp Ansx Abyjhh - thicknesser shaft guard *from above: - anti-kickback fingers - serrated, sprung feed roller - pressure bars - planing cutterhead - pressure bar - smooth outfeed roller - 2 adjustable rollers in lower table - main motor: 5.5 kW - electric brake - electric table height adjustment (up/down) - dust extraction port diameter: 120 mm - dimensions (L/W/H): 2060x970x1150 mm - weight: 660 kg ADVANTAGES – Italian-made – sound-dampening comb – not repainted – in perfect condition – used planer-thicknesser Net price: 22,900 PLN Net price: 5,450 EUR (calculated at 4.2 PLN/EUR) (Prices may fluctuate with larger exchange rate changes)

Condition: new, Catalogue No. S0336 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - Surface planer table length: 1800 mm - Working width: 410 mm - Working height: 225 mm - Spindle speed: 4500 RPM - Number of knives: 4 pcs - Spindle diameter: 100 mm - Motor power S1: 4/5.6 kW - Voltage: 400 V - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1900/800/1300 mm - Weight: 495 kg Four-knife cutterblock ensures precise machining, High-grade construction and finish, Foldable planer tables to the rear—do not limit thicknesser functionality, Table made of grey cast iron with ground surface, Adjustable thicknessing rollers for optimal workpiece feed, Sturdy tiltable fence adjustable from 90° to 45°, Precisely mounted reversing knife spindle, Thicknesser table with central column guidance and stabilizer, Space-saving side-mounted profile fence. Scope of delivery: – Knives (installed), – Heavy profile fence, – Two rollers in the lower thicknesser table Lodpfx Aoyyylaebyohh Optional equipment: – Horizontal borer, – Spare knives 410 x 25 x 3.0 mm Net price: 15,700 PLN Net price: 3,710 EUR (based on exchange rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may vary due to significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number: 7775 TECHNICAL DATA - Cutterblock width: 640 mm - Number of knives: 4 pcs - Maximum working thickness: 300 mm – From above: - Anti-kickback fingers - Toothed, pulling, swiveling infeed roller - Pressure bar - Planing cutterblock - Pressure bar - 2 smooth, pulling, rubber-coated outfeed rollers - Digital thickness display - Main motor: 5.5 kW - Electric table lift: 0.7 kW Ljdpfsy Rrr Hjx Abyohh - Variable feed speed: 6–20 m/min - Feed motor: 1.1 kW - Dust extraction port diameter: 150 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1000 x 1400 x 1200 mm - Weight: 950 kg ADVANTAGES – Italian manufacture – Electric thickness display – Electric table lifting – Used thickness planer in very good condition, complete with original technical documentation (DTR), CE marking Net price: 31,900 PLN Net price: 7,590 EUR based on 4.2 PLN/EUR (Prices may vary with exchange rates)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 7130 TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum working width: 800mm - Maximum working thickness: 200mm Top section: - Pawls - Toothed feed roller - 3 rows of pressure rollers - Planing shaft 810mm, for 4 knives (2 blades fitted), approx. 7.5kW - Pressure - Smooth, metal feed roller Bottom section: Ledpfx Aboy Tkk Teyohh - Adjustable infeed table with slip roller - Planing shaft 810mm, for 4 knives (2 blades fitted), 7.5kW - Smooth, metal slip roller - Electric table raising - Extraction nozzle diameter: 120mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1900x1450x1350mm - Weight approx. 2500kg – Czech manufacture – Very good condition – Used planer Net price: 33,500 PLN Net price: 7,970 EUR depending on EUR 4.2 rate (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number 7289 TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum workpiece width: 230 mm - Maximum workpiece height: 170 mm 6 spindles: 1) Bottom horizontal, 230 mm, 5.5 kW 2) Right vertical, 170 mm 3) Left vertical, 170 mm (spindles 2 and 3), 11 kW 4) Top horizontal, 230 mm, 11 kW 5) Top horizontal, 230 mm, 7.5 kW 6) Bottom horizontal, 230 mm, 11 kW - All spindles adjustable up/down, left/right - Spindles 4 and 5 electrically adjustable up/down - Spindle speed: 8,000 rpm - Spindle diameter: 40 mm - All spindles equipped with electric braking - 6 feed-in, driven, toothed upper rollers, including 1 double - Double exit, driven, rubber-coated upper roller Ledpfey N Ahisx Abyehh - Double exit, driven, rubber-coated lower roller - Side pressure unit - Feed via Kardana shafts - Pneumatically tensioned rollers - Infinitely variable feed speed: 6–24 m/min - Feed motor: 4 kW - Electric planing thickness adjustment - Body lifting motor: 0.55 kW - Central table lubrication - Extraction nozzle diameter: 6 × 140 mm - Dimensions (L×W×H): 4,900 × 2,400 × 2,000 mm - Weight: approx. 4,000 kg FEATURES – German-made, WEINIG brand – With 6 heads – Not repainted – Used planer, very good condition Original pictures Net price: PLN 142,900 Net price: EUR 34,000 (based on an exchange rate of 4.2 EUR) (Prices may vary with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue no. 6815 TECHNICAL DATA - shaft width: 640 mm - number of knives: 4 pcs - max workpiece thickness: 230 mm top side: - toothed feed shaft, driven, sequential - pressure rollers - planing shaft - pressure rollers - smooth outfeed shaft, driven bottom side: - feed roller + infeed table - adjustable roller in lower table - outfeed table + roller - main motor: 5.5 kW - stepless feed speed adjustment - feed motor: 0.5 kW Ledpfsy T Rf Rjx Abyehh - extraction port diameter: 150 mm - dimensions (LxWxH): 1630x1630x1140 mm - weight: 920 kg FEATURES - Italian-made - used thickness planer, in very good condition Net price: 17,900 PLN Net price: 4,260 EUR Net price calculated at 4.2 PLN/EUR (in case of significant currency fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7618 TECHNICAL DATA - shaft width: 500 mm - number of knives: 4 pcs - max thickness of workpiece: 230 mm top section: - anti-kickback fingers - toothed, feed, swivel, sequential infeed shaft Lsdpfey Tufnox Abyshh - pressure rollers - planing shaft - pressure roller - smooth feed outfeed shaft bottom section: - 2 slip rollers in the table - motor: 5.5 kW - manual table height adjustment - 2 feed speeds: 7.5; 13 m/min - extraction port diameter: 160 mm - dimensions (L/W/H): 1100x1000x1200 mm - weight: 600 kg ADVANTAGES – made in Italy – original paint (not repainted) – used thickness planer, in very good condition Net price: 15,900 PLN Net price: 3,780 EUR (based on exchange rate 4.2 PLN/EUR) (Prices may change with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7802 TECHNICAL DATA - Shaft width: 410 mm - Table length: 2560 mm - Cast iron tables - Both tables adjustable - Original cast iron fence, angle-adjustable - Motor: 2.2 kW - Shaft guard - Extraction port diameter: 150 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2560x700x1170 mm - Weight: 695 kg ADVANTAGES – German manufacture – Used jointer – In very good condition Lodpfx Aboxr Dgcjyohh Net price: 6,500 PLN Net price: 1,550 EUR depending on the exchange rate 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7599 TECHNICAL DATA - Shaft width 410mm - Number of knives 4 pcs - Max thickness of workpiece 240mm - Top: - Ratchets - Toothed, pull-type, and helical feed roller - Pressure rollers Lhjdpsy T Rfqefx Abyjh - Planing roller - Pressure roller - Smooth pull-type delivery roller - Motor 5.5kW - Electric brake - Manual table lifting - 2 feed speed types 7, 14 m/min - Diameter of extraction nozzle 120mm - Dimensions (L/W/H) 900x1030x1100mm - Weight 350kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Italy – Used thickness planer, very good condition Net price: 12900 PLN Net price: 3071 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may vary due to significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7679 TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum planing width: 610 mm - Maximum planing height, double-sided: 200 mm - Electrically adjustable table height (up/down) - Maximum planing height, four-sided: 100 mm Top section: - Driven infeed shaft, toothed - Kickback devices - Pressure unit Lhjdpfx Abjy T Rhxoyjh - 2 driven shafts, toothed - Pressure unit - 610 mm planing shaft, 4-knife, 7.5 kW - Pressure unit - Outfeed driven shaft, smooth Bottom section: - Guide bar - Driven roller, toothed - 610 mm planing shaft, 4-knife, 5.5 kW - 2 smooth driven rollers Rear section: - 2 side spindles with pressure unit 1) Right vertical, 100 mm, 4 kW 2) Left vertical, 100 mm, 4 kW - Spindle diameter: 35 mm - Spindles adjustable vertically and horizontally - Manual planing width adjustment - 6 feed rates: 7 / 9 / 11.5 / 14 / 18 / 23 m/min - Feed motor: 3.1 kW - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2500 x 1800 x 600 mm - Weight: approx. 3000 kg FEATURES - Perfect for log, flooring, and similar applications - Manufactured by German brand KUPFERMUHLE - 2 horizontal planing shafts + 2 vertical spindles - Used planer, in very good condition Net price: 56,900 PLN Net price: 13,550 EUR (based on an exchange rate of 4.2 EUR) (Prices may vary with exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: new, Catalogue number: S 0335 - New machine, in stock - CE certificate SURFACE PLANER: - Working table dimensions: 1500 х 320 mm - Max. planing depth: 5 mm - Aluminium guide fence dimensions: 1100 x 155 mm THICKNESS PLANER: - Working table dimensions: 316 x 600 mm - Max. planing depth: 3 mm - Feed speed: 7 m/min - Material thickness: 4 - 230 mm - Motor power: 3 kW - Cutterhead speed: 5600 min⁻¹ - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1500/600/1050 mm - Weight: 315 kg * Cast iron tables with ground surface * Tables with precise adjustment for longitudinal planing * Stable aluminium fence adjustable from 90° to 45° * Cutterhead guard Ledpjy Ryxhefx Abyshh * Thickness planer table with central guide column and support * Power on/off without stopping the machine * Mortiser with left-hand rotation Net price: 14,500 PLN Net price: 3,440 EUR Price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 6647 TECHNICAL DATA - shaft width: 350 mm - max. workpiece thickness: 230 mm - planing shaft: 3-knife * from above: - anti-kickback fingers - toothed, powered, swiveling infeed shaft Ljdpfx Abjy R A A Aeyjhh - pressure bar - planing shaft - smooth, powered outfeed shaft * from below: - adjustable roller on bottom table - motor: 2.2 kW - 2 feed speeds - dimensions (L/W/H): 720x810x1000 mm - weight: 352 kg Net price: 9900 PLN Net price: 2360 EUR Net price calculated at exchange rate 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number 7994 TECHNICAL DATA Lodey T Nu Dopfx Abyshh - max. width of the workpiece 230mm - max. height of the workpiece 130mm 7 spindles: 1) horizontal lower 230mm 4kW 2) vertical right 130mm 3) vertical left 130mm (2 and 3 spindles) 11kW 4) horizontal upper 230mm 5.5kW 5) horizontal upper 230mm 5.5kW 4 and 5 spindles are electrically adjustable up/down 6) horizontal lower 230mm 4kW 7) universal 230mm, adjustable at an angle of 360° 5.5kW - all spindles adjustable up/down, left/right - spindle diameter 40mm - 4 infeed rollers from above, geared, pulling - 4 outfeed rollers from above, pulling, rubber, smooth, including 3 double rollers - metal roller from below, pulling - feed on cardan shafts - rollers pneumatically pressed - stepless speed adjustment of the feed rate on an inverter - feed motor 3kW - working pressure 6-10 bar - electric adjustment of the planing thickness - central lubrication of the table - length of the infeed table 1960mm - diameter of the dust extraction nozzles 3x120mm, 4x140mm - dimensions L/W/H 5360x1800x1660mm - weight approx. 4000kg ADVANTAGES – German production, WEINIG brand – with 7 heads – DTR documentation – universal spindle – used planer, very good condition Net price: 75900 PLN Net price: 18070 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may vary due to significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number 7995 TECHNICAL DATA - max. planing width 240mm - max. planing height 140mm 4 spindles: 1) horizontal bottom 240mm, 5.6kW 2) vertical right 140mm, 5.6kW 3) vertical left 140mm, 7.5kW 4) horizontal top 240mm, electrically adjustable up/down, 0.37kW - 7.5kW - diameter of all spindles 40mm Lhedpfxjy T N Ahj Abyoh - all spindles adjustable up/down and right/left - from above, 5 toothed, twisting feed rollers, including 1 double roller - from above, 2 rubber feed rollers - from below at the outlet, a split metal feed roller - rollers are pneumatically pressed - 3 side pressure rollers - electric adjustment of planing thickness, 0.37kW - length of infeed table 2080mm - stepless feed rate adjustment via frequency inverter - feed via Cardan shafts - feed motor 3.7kW - central lubrication - diameters of dust extraction nozzles 4x125mm - dimensions L/W/H 3600x1650x1700mm - weight approximately 3000kg ADVANTAGES – German-made, GUBISCH brand – with 4 heads – DTR documentation available – used planer, very good condition Net price: 32900 PLN Net price: 7840 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices are subject to change due to significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 6393 TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum workpiece width: 200 mm - Maximum workpiece height: 150 mm - Number of spindles: 4: 1) Bottom horizontal, 200 mm, 5.5 kW 2) Right vertical, 150 mm, 4 kW 3) Left vertical, 150 mm, 4 kW 4) Top horizontal, 200 mm, 5.5 kW - All cutterheads adjustable vertically and horizontally - Spindle diameter: 40 mm - Spindle speed: 6,000 rpm From above: - 6 feed-in traction rollers, toothed (including 2 double) - 1 feed-out traction roller, rubber-coated From below: - Feed-in drive roller, toothed, steering, integrated in lower table - 3 side pressure rollers - Feed-out traction roller, metal, smooth - All rollers pneumatically loaded - Infeed table length: 2,130 mm - Height-adjustable table - Centralized lubrication system - Electric adjustment of planing thickness - Lift motor: 1.1 kW - Stepless feed speed control via inverter - Feed drive motor: 3 kW - Feed via Cardan shafts - Fully enclosed in cabin - Extraction port diameters: 4 x 130 mm - Dimensions (LxWxH): 3,550 x 1,750 x 1,800 mm - Approx. weight: 3,000 kg ADVANTAGES – Equipped with 4 cutterheads – Ideal for wet and dry timber – DTR operation and maintenance manual included – Used machine, very good condition Net price: 65,900 PLN Net price: 15,690 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR Lodpfxey Ti R Es Abyshh (In case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7981 TECHNICAL DATA - shaft width: 410mm - 3-knife shaft - shaft guard Lhedey Id Twepfx Abyjh - table length: 2530mm - cast iron tables - both tables adjustable - original angle-adjustable fence - motor: 3.3 kW - brake - dimensions (L/W/H): 2550x850x970mm - weight: 604kg ADVANTAGES – Polish production, ŻEFAM brand – 3-knife shaft – brake – used jointer, in very good condition Net price: 5900 PLN Net price: 1400 EUR depending on 4.2 EUR exchange rate (Prices may change with significant currency fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 7606 Technical data: - Shaft width: 500mm - Number of knives: 3 pcs - Shaft guard - Table length: 2530mm - Cast iron tables - Both tables adjustable - Original cast iron fence adjustable at an angle - Motor: 3kW - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2530x1000x1100mm - Weight: 920kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Italy – 3-knife shaft – Used jointer – Very good condition Lsdpfxjy R Azrj Abyjhh Net price: 8,900 PLN Net price: 2,100 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7620 TECHNICAL DATA - shaft width: 410 mm - table length: 2220 mm - cast iron tables - both tables adjustable - original cast iron fence - motor approx. 3kW - dimensions (L/W/H): 2220x800x1140 mm - weight: 504 kg Lhjdpfx Abey R Az Seysh ADVANTAGES – German-made – used jointer – in very good condition Net price: 6900 PLN Net price: 1640 EUR based on 4.2 EUR rate (Prices may vary with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7134 TECHNICAL DATA - Max. planing width: 500 mm - Max. planing height: 190 mm Top section: - Anti-kickback fingers - Pulling feed roller, sequential - 2 rows of pressure rollers - Pull-in feed roller, sequential Lhodpfx Abjy R Dzmjyoh - 500 mm planing cutterhead, 4-knife, 7.5 kW motor - Pressure rollers - Smooth, pulling outfeed roller - Outfeed pressure roller Bottom section: - Adjustable infeed table + pressure roller - Smooth sliding roller - 500 mm planing cutterhead, 4-knife, 5.5 kW motor - 2 smooth sliding rollers - Side pressure roller Rear section: - Side spindles: 1) Right vertical 140 mm, 4 kW 2) Left vertical 140 mm, 4 kW - Spindle diameter: 40 mm - Spindles adjustable up/down, right/left - Stepless feed speed adjustment: 8–30 m/min - Electric table lifting - Extraction port diameters: 2x145 mm, 2x160 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2050 x 1700 x 1700 mm - Weight: 2100 kg FEATURES – Ideal for flooring production – Electric table lifting – Czech manufacture – Used planer, in very good condition Net price: 37,900 PLN Net price: 9,020 EUR (based on EUR rate 4.2) (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number: 7303 TECHNICAL DATA - Shaft width: 640mm - Number of knives: 3 pcs - Max. thickness of the workpiece: 250mm From above: - Pawls - Toothed infeed shaft, pulling - Pressure rollers - Surfacing shaft - Pressure rollers - Smooth outfeed shaft, pulling From below: - Adjustable rollers in the lower bed: 2 pcs - Motor: 7.5kW Lodpfjy S Ad Aox Abyshh - Electric bed lifting - Lifting motor: 0.75kW - 4 feed speed settings - Feed motor: 1.5kW - Diameter of dust extraction nozzle: 140mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1120x1250x1680mm - Weight: 1033kg - Made in Poland - Used thickness planer, very good condition Original photos Net price: 19900 PLN Net price: 4738 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may change due to larger fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER: 6935 TECHNICAL DATA - Shaft width: 630 mm - Number of knives: 4 pcs - Maximum thickness of the workpiece: 210 mm * From above: - Pawls - Toothed infeed shaft, pull-type - Pressure rollers - Planing shaft - Pressure rollers - Smooth outfeed shaft, pull-type * From below: - Adjustable rollers in the lower bed, 2 pcs - Motor: 4.4 kW - 2 types of feed speeds - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1220x950x1060 mm - Weight: 750 kg ADVANTAGES - Made in Germany - Used thickness planer, very good condition Net price: 12,900 PLN Net price: 3,071 EUR Ljdpfx Absy T Rfwjyohh Net price calculated based on an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (The price may change in the event of significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), TECHNICAL DATA - Shaft width: 500 mm - Number of knives: 4 pcs Lhsdpfsy R Dntox Abyoh - Max thickness of the processed workpiece: 230 mm From above: - Pawls - Serrated, driven, sequential infeed roller - Pressure units - Planing shaft - Pressure unit - Smooth, driven outfeed roller From below: - Adjustable driving rollers in the lower table: 2 pcs - Motor: 5.5 kW - Electrically operated table lift - Table lift motor: 0.37 kW - Infinitely variable feed speed regulation - Extraction nozzle diameter: 150 mm - Dimensions (LxWxH): 1000x1000x1350 mm - Weight: 690 kg ADVANTAGES – Electric table lifting – 4-knife shaft – Driving rollers in the lower table – Used thicknesser, in very good condition Net price: 16,900 PLN Net price: 4,020 EUR at a 4.2 EUR exchange rate (Prices may vary with exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7573 Technical data: - Shaft width: 640 mm - Number of knives: 4 pcs - Max thickness of machined element: 270 mm - Top section: - Safety pawls - Toothed infeed shaft, driven - Hold-downs - Planing shaft - Hold-downs - Outfeed smooth shaft, driven - Bottom section: - Adjustable rollers in lower table: 2 pcs - Main motor: 7.5 kW - Electric table lifting – lifting motor: 0.75 kW - 2 feed speeds – feed motor: 1.1 kW - Suction outlet diameter: 160 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1150x1240x1170 mm Lhjdpfxsy T Rd Hj Abysh - Weight: 1073 kg ADVANTAGES: – Polish manufacture – Electric table height adjustment – Operating documentation (DTR) – Used thickness planer, in very good condition Net price: 26,900 PLN Net price: 6,400 EUR (depending on 4.2 EUR rate) (Prices may vary with higher fluctuations)